华山松籽油理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

华山松籽为我国特产,该文对华山松籽油理化性质和脂肪酸组成进行分析测定,该油不饱和脂肪酸含量近90％,γ-亚麻酸含量达15.79％,系为γ-亚麻酸很好来源。     

牡丹籽油的脂肪酸组成及理化特性分析

实验在分析测定牡丹籽油的理化特性指标的基础上,采用气相色谱仪分析了牡丹籽油的脂肪酸组成含量,其不饱和脂肪酸含量高达92.00%。这些不饱和脂肪酸主要以油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸为主,含量分别为23.92%、27.58%、40.50%;采用棒状薄层色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器测得牡丹籽油中除游离脂肪酸外,含有95.89%的甘三酯和4.11%的甘二酯;猪胰脂酶水解分析牡丹籽油的Sn-2脂肪酸组成,结合1,3-随机-2-随机分布学说计算出牡丹籽油甘三酯组成。牡丹籽油中主要是以油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸为主的甘三酯,其中三不饱和脂肪酸甘三酯的含量达到71.00%以上,一饱和二不饱和脂肪酸甘三酯含量大于15.00%;高压液相色谱法测定牡丹籽油中维生素E总含量为0.56 mg/g;Rancimat法测定的氧化稳定性结果为110℃,2.85 h。为牡丹籽油的进一步研究和深度开发利用提供参考依据。     

番茄籽油甘三酯组成及氧化稳定性的分析研究

本文采用气相色谱、胰脂酶水解法分析了番茄籽油脂肪酸组成和甘三脂结构,其不饱和脂肪酸含量达85.0%,亚油酸、亚麻酸含量为66.0%;根据1,3-随机-2-随机分布学说计算出番茄籽油甘三酯组成,主要甘三酯是LLL含量达22.16%、Sn-LLP 6.57%、Sn-LLO 5.64%;高效液相色谱、Rancimat仪测定番茄籽油中维生素E含量为34.58mg/100g;氧化稳定性值在100℃时2.03h;番茄籽油是具开发价值的食用植物油。     

3种海洋鱼油脂肪酸组成及其位置分布

采用米黑根毛霉源固定化脂肪酶(Lipozyme RM IM)对常见的海洋鱼油甘三脂进行水解,分析了凤尾鱼、金枪鱼、三文鱼甘三酯中脂肪酸的组成及位置分布。采用硅胶色谱柱分离3种海洋鱼油甘三脂,利用Lipozyme RM IM的sn-1,3特异性,将酯化在sn-1,3位上的脂肪酸(EFA)水解成游离脂肪酸(FFA),然后通过薄层层析(TLC)分离得到sn-2-单甘酯,再甲酯化后利用气相色谱(GC)测定sn-2位脂肪酸组成,并按照脂肪酸的不饱和程度和n-3,6-多不饱和脂肪酸归类分析海洋鱼油甘三酯中各类脂肪酸位置分布的特点。结果表明:3种海洋鱼油(凤尾鱼油、金枪鱼油、三文鱼油)中不饱和脂肪酸含量达到60%以上,其中单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)占24.67%~33.51%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)占26.89%~36.15%,而且一半以上PUFA分布在sn-2位,有利于其吸收和提高其耐氧化性;而SFA和MUFA倾向于分布在sn-1,3位上。n-3与n-6PUFAs之间的比例均10,均符合FAO/WHO推荐摄入的标准(4),是理想的n-3PUFA天然营养补充剂。     

华山松籽油脂肪酸组成及其理化性质研究

通过气相色谱(GC)分析了华山松籽油的主要脂肪酸组成。结果表明华山松籽含油率为56.5%,其中主要含有亚油酸63%,油酸26%,棕榈酸5%,硬脂酸2%,花生酸1%,芥酸1%,不饱和脂肪酸总量达90%。理化测定结果表明华山松籽油相对密度为0.915,折光率为1.4778,酸价为5.1,皂化价为190.8,碘价为142.6,过氧化值为0.04305%。     

沙棘油脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸及甘三酯的测定与分析

采用超临界CO_2萃取得到沙棘籽油和沙棘全果油,并采用气相色谱和超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱对其脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸及甘三酯组成进行测定与分析。结果表明:沙棘籽油中亚油酸、亚麻酸和油酸的含量较多,分别为38.71%、25.66%和20.68%,这3种脂肪酸也是其主要的sn-2位脂肪酸,含量分别为46.46%、25.49%和23.02%;LOL(13.65%)、OLO(12.06%)和LLn O(11.23%)是沙棘籽油的主要甘三酯类型;沙棘全果油中棕榈油酸(36.86%)、棕榈酸(27.27%)和油酸(18.00%)的含量较高,主要的sn-2位脂肪酸为棕榈油酸(45.57%)和油酸(32.06%);沙棘全果油的主要甘三酯为POPo(14.38%)、PoOPo(13.77%)和OPO(12.06%)。     

不同产地瓜蒌籽油组分分析

对安徽、河南、山东3个产地的瓜蒌籽油的基本理化指标、脂肪酸组成、甘油酯组成、甘三酯组成及微量组分进行了对比。结果表明:3个产地的瓜蒌籽油均呈深绿色,瓜蒌籽油中的组分主要是甘三酯,主要脂肪酸组成为油酸(17. 13%～26. 17%)、亚油酸(35. 83%～37. 91%)、瓜蒌酸(22. 57%～37. 47%),不饱和脂肪酸含量达93%以上;河南瓜蒌籽油中瓜蒌酸含量最高,达37. 47%;瓜蒌籽油sn-2位脂肪酸主要是亚油酸和油酸,瓜蒌酸主要分布在甘三酯sn-1,3位上;3个产地的瓜蒌籽油甘三酯组成主要为β-Tc LO、β-TcLL、β-TcLTc; 3个产地的瓜蒌籽油中生育酚总量在415. 71～486. 59 mg/kg,其中γ-生育酚含量最高(67%～74%),其次是α-生育酚(25%～33%); 3个产地的瓜蒌籽油中有5种植物甾醇,总含量在0. 19%～0. 28%。     

丝瓜籽油的理化性质及成分分析

以丝瓜籽为原料提取丝瓜籽油,对其理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析和测定.结果表明,丝瓜籽油主要由8种脂肪酸组成,其中油酸、亚油酸含量分别为38.84%、40.34%;通过测定丝瓜籽油Sn-2位脂肪酸组成,确定了丝瓜籽油甘三酯的分布.使用GC/MS对丝瓜籽油的不皂化物成分进行了分析,检测出11种主要物质,其中豆甾三烯醇含量最高,相对含量达到35.42%.     

樱桃仁油的理化性质及成分分析

对樱桃仁油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成进行了分析,结果表明,樱桃仁油主要由6种脂肪酸组成,其中油酸、亚油酸含量分别为51.39%、34.58%;通过测定樱桃仁油Sn-2位脂肪酸组成,确定了樱桃仁油甘三酯的脂肪酸分布.樱桃仁油VE总含量为174.5 mg/kg.使用GC/MS对樱桃仁油的不皂化物成分进行了分析,检测出6种主要物质,其中麦角甾醇含量最高,达到38.02%.     

硝酸银-硅胶柱层析法分离纯化华山松籽油亚油酸

采用KOH-乙醇皂化再通过盐酸酸化的方法制备华山松籽油混合脂肪酸,利用硝酸银-硅胶柱色谱分离纯化华山松籽油中亚油酸,对纯化过程中硝酸银-硅胶对多不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸)的动态吸附特性进行初步研究。在12.0 g活化的银化硅胶色谱柱中,加入与吸附剂比例1︰15脂肪酸,洗脱剂流速0.8 m L/min,以丙酮-正己烷为洗脱剂,可使华山松籽油中亚油酸由原来的57.7%柱层析分离后提高到98.12%。结果表明,以硝酸银-硅胶为吸附剂,采用柱层析法是一种高效分离亚油酸的方法。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.