Throughput analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function considering erroneous channel and capture effects

This paper presents a performance study of the distributed coordination function (DCF) of 802.11 networks considering erroneous channel and capture effects under non-saturated traffic conditions employing a basic access method. The aggregate throughput of a practical wireless local area network (WLAN) strongly depends on the channel conditions. In a real radio environment, the received signal power at the access point from a station is subjected to deterministic path loss, shadowing, and fast multipath fading. The binary exponential backoff (BEB) mechanism of IEEE 802.11 DCF severely suffers from more channel idle time under high bit error rate (BER). To alleviate the low performance of IEEE 802.11 DCF, a new mechanism is introduced, which greatly outperforms the existing methods under a high BER. A multidimensional Markov chain model is used to characterize the behavior of DCF in order to account both non-ideal channel conditions and capture effects.     

改进的非理想信道IEEE802.11DCF性能分析模型

为了提高分析的精确性,考虑发送成功的站点可能连续发送和重传次数限制的影响,给出了分析非理想信道下IEEE 802.11 DCF性能的改进二维马尔可夫链模型,用该模型对IEEE 802.11 DCF访问机制进行分析,求出饱和吞吐量和平均帧时延表达式。并通过仿真加以验证。     

Stochastic modelling and analysis of 802.11 DCF with heterogeneous non-saturated nodes

The Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) in the IEEE 802.11 protocol is a random access scheme based on the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). In recent years, there have been numerous research on the performance analysis and modelling of DCF under the assumption that the transmission queue is always nonempty (i.e. saturation state). In this paper, we propose a stochastic analysis approach to study the operation of the DCF in the non-saturation state. We also consider the fact that most 802.11 deployments use the infrastructure mode of operation in which all traffic is routed through an access point; this implies that access points will have much more traffic to transmit than the clients. within this realm, we allow for asymmetric finite rate clients to account for the heterogeneous nature of the wireless Access points. Our modelling approach is an extension of that described in Winands et al. [E. Winands, T. Denteneer, J. Resing, R. Rietman, A finite-source feedback queueing network as a model for the IEEE 802.11 DCF, in: Eur. Trans. Telecommun. 16 (1) (2005) 77–89], which is an adaptation of the homogeneous finite-source machine repair queueing model.     

Throughput analysis and bandwidth allocation for IEEE 802.11 WLAN with hidden terminals

Motivated by observations from real world wireless local area network (WLAN) deployments, we develop in this paper a novel analytical model to characterize the saturation throughput of an IEEE 802.11-based access point (AP) and stations under the influence of hidden terminals. Unlike existing models, our model can accommodate different numbers of hidden nodes without increasing the model complexity. Given any number of hidden nodes, only four constraints are needed to describe the interaction between stations and the AP with the consideration of both uplink and downlink traffic. Simulation evaluation shows that our model predicts network performance accurately over a wide range of network sizes and indicates the existence of a throughput starvation problem. To address this problem, based on our model, we formulate a bandwidth allocation problem to optimize the network throughput and fairness under some predefined requirements by systematically tuning the AP and stations contention windows. Simulation results show that the starvation problem is resolved with our approach, and the target throughput is met.     

面向多跳无线网络的无冲突MAC协议

多跳无线网络中隐藏节点导致节点之间的冲突频繁、数据重传率高、网络吞吐量下降.而802.11 DCF 中的RTS/CTS(ready-to-send/clear-to-send)机制不能有效地防止隐藏节点,特别是随着网络中节点通信速率的提高,由 于节点的信噪比要求也相应提高,接收节点受到更大范围内隐藏节点的干涉,RTS/CTS 机制防止隐藏节点的效率急剧降低.首先,在考虑网络积累干涉以及环境噪音的情况下分析了多跳无线网络中的隐藏节点问题.然后,提出一种双信道无冲突MAC(media access control)协议DCCFMA(double channel collision free media access).DCCFMA 协议采用双信道结构,接收节点根据数据信道中发送节点的信号强度动态调节控制信道的发射功率,以完全覆盖接收节点周围所有的隐藏节点,保证接收节点在接收过程中不受干涉.DCCFMA 协议能够有效地解决多跳无线网络中的隐藏节点问题.仿真结果表明,与802.11DCF 相比,DCCFMA 机制下的平均网络吞吐量增加了24%.     

Nonsaturation throughput enhancement of IEEE 802.11b distributed coordination function for heterogeneous traffic under noisy environment

In this paper, we propose a mechanism named modified backoff (MB) mechanism to decrease the channel idle time in IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF). In the noisy channel, when signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, applying this mechanism in DCF greatly improves the throughput and lowers the channel idle time. This paper presents an analytical model for the performance study of IEEE 802.11 MB-DCF for nonsaturated heterogeneous traffic in the presence of transmission errors. First, we introduce the MB-DCF and compare its performance to IEEE 802.11 DCF with binary exponential backoff (BEB). The IEEE 802.11 DCF with BEB mechanism suffers from more channel idle time under low SNR. The MB-DCF ensures high throughput and low packet delay by reducing the channel idle time under the low traffic in the network. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no previous works that enhance the performance of the DCF under imperfect wireless channel. We show through analysis that the proposed mechanism greatly outperforms the original IEEE 802.11 DCF in the imperfect channel condition. The effectiveness of physical and link layer parameters on throughput performance is explored. We also present a throughput investigation of the heterogeneous traffic for different radio conditions.     

噪声环境下IEEE 802.11 DCF的性能仿真及算法改进

在对噪声环境下IEEE 802．11 DCF性能进行仿真分析的基础上，提出了一种适应于无线噪声环境的DCF改进算法，该算法通过接收端反馈消息来区分因冲突和误码产生的数据包传输失败，并在发送端针对不同的传输失败原因分别采取不同的退避算法。仿真结果表明改进算法的性能优于DCF，饱和吞吐量比DCF最多能够提高103％。     

捕获效应下的无线Ad Hoc网络饱和吞吐量分析

分析了捕获效应下节点随机分布的、无中心控制的分布式无线ad hoc网络的饱和吞吐量,得出了节点均匀分布的ad hoc网络捕获概率的表达式,以及在一定捕获概率下吞吐量的表达式,并使用网络仿真进行了验证。     

基于竞争终端个数区间的IEEE 802.11性能优化

IEEE 802.11的MAC协议采用基于CSMA/CA的DCF机制,研究发现,上述协议的性能随无线局域网中竞争终端个数的增加而迅速恶化.当竞争终端个数在一定范围内变化时,使用相同的优化协议参数,系统的性能都能接近最优.因此,设计了一个基于状态检测与竞争终端个数区间的自适应性能优化机制,DOOR(dynamicootimization on range).根据相关性能模型的分析,先将竞争终端的个数分为若干区间,并分别计算出各区间的优化协议参数.当系统检测到竞争终端个数发生变化时,根据其所处的区间,对相关的参数进行动态调整,从而有效地改善了协议的整体性能.同时还给出了相关理论模型和计算的详细说明,并尝试给出了划分区间的基本原则与方法.最后,实验仿真结果验证了新的方法能够根据竞争终端个数的变化对系统性能进行整体优化,在吞吐量和延迟等方面明显优于标准的IEEE 802.11协议.     

Performance analysis of the broadband wireless network with decentralized control and hidden terminals

A new method of analytical modeling of the broadband wireless networks with hidden terminals operating under the IEEE 802.11 protocol was proposed. It was assumed that the network stations operate in saturation and access the wireless channel using both the basic and alternative RTS/CTS methods. Results of analytical modeling and simulation were presented.     

Performance evaluation of a new backoff method for IEEE 802.11

Since DCF is the main protocol of accessing other mobile stations in ad hoc networks such as IEEE 802.11 WLANs, a self-controlling method for each station is necessary, called the backoff algorithm. An exponential backoff method has been used in WLANs and significant efforts have been made to analyze its throughput and other important properties such as delay and jitter. In this article, we propose a new backoff algorithm and model it with a discrete-time Markov chain; measuring its saturation throughput under several conditions and several set of parameters which are to be adjusted according to the network condition, with the aim of approaching maximum throughput when stations are saturated.     

一种新的噪音信道接入控制机制

为提高IEEE802.11 DCF在噪音信道中的性能,在DCFf机制的基础上,通过改进网络规模调整参数q的算法,提出基于网络规模的信道接入机制SDCFf,建立其Markov链模型,模型中考虑了传输误码对协议的影响。应用数据成功发送概率和饱和吞吐量等指标衡量SDCFf的性能,根据网络规模和信道状态,以q值动态调整竞争窗口的加倍和重置,使无线局域网的性能达到最优。实验结果表明,当网络规模发生变化时,SDCFf的性能明显优于DCFf。     

Channel access using opportunistic reservations and virtual MIMO

We propose ORCHESTRA, a channel-access protocol that uses reservations and virtual MIMO to provide high throughput and bounded channel-access delays. The channel-access process is divided into a contention-based access period and a scheduled access period. To attain high throughput, nodes build a channel schedule using the contention-based access period, and utilize the spatial multiplexing gain of virtual MIMO links in the scheduled access period. To attain bounded channel-access delays, nodes reserve time slots through opportunistic reservations. We evaluate the performance of ORCHESTRA through numerical analysis and simulations, and show that it results in much better throughput, delay, and jitter characteristics that simply using MIMO nodes together with scheduled access (i.e., NAMA) or contention-based access (i.e., IEEE 802.11 DCF).     

一种基于邻接节点信息的合作式Ad Hoc网络协议

在802.11协议中,DCF（Distributed Coordination Function）机制是节点共享无线信道进行数据传输的基本接入方式,为了解决无线网络中隐藏节点问题,使用RTS/CTS机制减少冲突,然而当网络节点数增加时,节点传输的冲突次数亦增加,从而使网络性能明显下降。因此,需要设计新的MAC协议,以适应当前Ad Hoc网络应用的快速发展。在IEEE 802.11的分布式协调功能访问机制（DCF）基础上,本文设计新的节点合作式的网络协议（C-MAC）。C-MAC节点通过控制帧获得本节点2跳内的邻接节点信息,并且根据邻接节点的信息设计调度算法,使节点以轮询的合作方式传输数据,有效地避免冲突。仿真实验表明,在改变节点速率、帧长度、网络节点数等参数情况下,分别以吞吐量、单帧传输时间和公平性为指标,对DCF和C MAC协议进行性能比较。在节点传输速率为11Mbps时,C MAC协议吞吐量比标准DCF最多可增加50%。     

非饱和无线局域网环境中Idle Sense机制研究

Idle Sense是一种非常著名的MAC层机制,它在饱和环境中表现出了比IEEE 802.11 DCF更好的性能。然而,饱和情况在实际的无线局域网中很少出现。研究了Idle Sense在非饱和环境中的性能。根据Idle Sense的设计原理,揭示了其在非饱和环境中的性能不如IEEE 802.11 DCF机制。提出了一种对原Idle Sense进行改进的新机制,该机制克服了原Idle Sense机制在非饱和情况下的缺点。新机制的有效性通过NS2模拟进行验证。     

支持QoS的IEEE 802.11的分布协调功能(DCF)算法

IEEE802．11是一种无线局域网标准，它采用CSMA／CA算法，有两种工作模式——DCF和PCF。当无线站点工作于DCF模式时，可以方便地构建自组网络.DCF模式是一种随机的无线信道共享方式，不能保障语音、视频等实时业务。本文按照各种业务的服务需求，在DCF中引入并行优先级队列，使这些队列接入信道的参数DIFS和CW与各种类型应用相对应，从而在MAC层中实现服务区分。     

一种IEEE 802.11接入机制的新退避算法

无线传感器网络采用类似开放式系统互联模型的协议栈,作为第一个完全针对无线传感网络设计的MAC协议,S-MAC采用了IEEE802.11DCF的接入机制。本文在分析了IEEE802.11协议的二进制指数退避算法(BEB),以及倍数增线性减退避算法(MILD)后,提出了一种基于网络性能指标的新退避算法。新算法将无线信道中的时隙利用率映射网络性能指标传输概率,对网络中连续两次发送的时隙利用率进行平均滤波处理,改变重传节点的发送优先级,来调整节点在竞争使用窗口的退避值,以达到有效减少网络的碰撞、提高无线信道的使用效率和网络吞吐率的目的。仿真结果表明,新退避算法能更准确地估计网络当前的竞争状态,有效地提高了网络吞吐率,获得较好的网络性能。     

基于802.11e EDCA的无线网络传输性能仿真与分析

首先从理论上对比分析了IEEE 802.11 DCF和IEEE 802.11e EDCA这两种MAC接入机制;然后运用NS2网络模拟软件,仿真网络中视频、FTP和背景流在不同MAC协议网络中的性能表现,证实了IEEE 802.11e EDCA能提供QoS支持,提升无线网络传输性能。     

无线网络中实时业务的信道预留

随着无线数据服务的流行和多媒体应用需求的增长,需要无线网络能够为不同种类的业务提供有区别的服务质量(QoS),因此如何在无线网络中提供有区分和有保证的服务质量,成为一个非常重要的问题。论文提出了一种在IEEE802.11无线网络中为实时业务提供服务质量保证的有效方法,即通过修改介质访问控制(MAC)层的分布式协调功能(DCF),为实时数据预留信道。当一个节点竞争到信道后,可以连续向同一个目标节点发送多个实时数据帧,称作传送突发(TB,TransmissionBurst),即在一个TB中第一个数据帧将为实时业务预留信道,直到这个TB结束,这样实时业务将比其他业务占有更多的信道资源。仿真结果表明,该方法能够明显改进实时业务的吞吐率和延迟性能,提高无线网络的信道利用率,而且,对DCF的修改没有增加任何控制开销。     

IEEE802. 11无线局域网MAC机制性能比较

通过仿真实验,对分布式协调功能、快速冲突分解和新型自适应DCF 3种IEES02.11无线局域网媒体访问控制机制的性能进行了分析和比较.仿真结果表明,与分布式协调功能相比,快速冲突分解机制大幅提高了网络的吞吐量,但网络的时延抖动和公平性却更加恶化;新型自适应DCF机制对网络的时延抖动和公平性改善较为明显,对网络吞吐量也有所提高.