Phenotropic and stigmergic webs: the new reach of networks

This article proposes a conceptual extension of sensor–actuator networks, taking in all “things” that can be sensed by sensors, or acted upon by actuators, in various physical modalities. These things become nodes of a web, graph, or virtual network overlaid on the existing sensor–actuator networks that make up the “Internet of Things”. The paper explains how the broader concepts of phenotropics and stigmergy may account for the special kind of connections that these networks entail. Phenotropics refer to a model of communication between nodes by way of pattern recognition. Stigmergy refers to a model of self-organization that uses communication between entities by modifications of a shared physical environment. Phenotropic–stimergic webs “loop back” sensor–actuator networks by way of the physical world. Graph-based complexity models provide a means of analyzing the hybrid systems made up by these networks and the additional nodes attached to them in this way. The evolution toward such paradigms in the realm of network-to-environment interfaces draws upon a similar, long-standing evolution in the realm of human-to-information interfaces. The paper explores the consequences of these new networking paradigms on the architecture, management, and organization of networks. It also shows how these ideas can expand and enrich present-day applications of pervasive networking, by taking full advantage of the physical nature of the new end points of digital networks, and how they bear upon human interfaces to networked services, possibly opening up new territories for universal access.     

The pressure is on [computer systems research]

That computing and communication systems are becoming increasingly interdependent is evident in almost every aspect of society. Applications of these integrated systems are also spreading. As this trend continues, it will force the computing community not only to develop revolutionary systems but also to redefine “computer system” and the roles of traditional research disciplines, such as operating systems, architectures, compilers, languages, and networking. Systems research faces an unprecedented challenge. Systems developers are facing a major discontinuity in the scale and nature of both applications and execution environments. Applications are changing from transforming data to directly interacting with humans; they will use hardware and data that span wide area, even global, networks of resources and involve interactions among users as well. Even the architecture of individual processors is uncertain. The authors look at three challenges facing systems research, describe developing solutions, and review remaining obstacles. Using this information, they formulate three clear first steps to addressing the identified challenges: (a) define a new paradigm for systems research; (b) attack problems common to all system development; (c) build a research infrastructure     

A survey of identity and handoff management approaches for the future Internet

Since its inception almost 40 years ago, the Internet has evolved and changed immensely. New technology solutions are desired to keep up with this unprecedented growth. Besides the traditional computing devices, different types of mobile devices need to be supported by the future Internet architecture. In this work, a survey of identity and handoff management solutions proposed in future Internet architectures is presented. Mobility protocols developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force initiatives are discussed to give the background on the user mobility support challenges with the current architecture. The next generation network architectures supported by global initiatives are presented and analyzed in terms of their support for seamless user and device mobility. Furthermore, this survey is extended to include the architectures proposed for wireless mesh networks, which are envisioned to be a part of the next generation networks with their self organizing and self configuring network characteristics.     

Social networks on the Internet

The rapid development and expansion of the Internet and the social–based services comprised by the common Web 2.0 idea provokes the creation of the new area of research interests, i.e. social networks on the Internet called also virtual or online communities. Social networks can be either maintained and presented by social networking sites like MySpace, LinkedIn or indirectly extracted from the data about user interaction, activities or achievements such as emails, chats, blogs, homepages connected by hyperlinks, commented photos in multimedia sharing system, etc. A social network is the set of human beings or rather their digital representations that refer to the registered users who are linked by relationships extracted from the data about their activities, common communication or direct links gathered in the internet–based systems. Both digital representations named in the paper internet identities as well as their relationships can be characterized in many different ways. Such diversity yields for building a comprehensive and coherent view onto the concept of internet–based social networks. This survey provides in–depth analysis and classification of social networks existing on the Internet together with studies on selected examples of different virtual communities.     

Optimized traffic engineering in Software Defined Wireless Network based IoT (SDWN-IoT): State-of-the-art,research opportunities and challenges

Wireless networks have been in focus since the last few decades due to their indispensable role in the future generation networks like the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the associated challenges in wireless network implementation such as distance, line-of-sight, interference, weather, power issues, etc., affect the performance adversely. Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a future generation networking technology and has been proven to alleviate the performance challenges in the existing wireless IoT networks. It helps to evolve the wireless IoT domain in the form of Software Defined Wireless Network based IoT (SDWN-IoT). Traffic Engineering (TE) has been part of traditional network designs since long back, to improve the performance of the communication networks. However, its more optimized forms and their usefulness in SDWN-IoT networks have been under active investigation. This work explores the existing literature related to the major types of SDWN-IoT networks namely, Software Defined Wireless Sensor Network based IoT (SDWSN-IoT) and Software Defined Wireless Mesh Network based IoT (SDWMN-IoT). Additionally, the article also draws some useful inferences, and compares respective contributions and shortcomings. Finally, various research opportunities and challenges have been discussed with respect to the SDWSN-IoT and SDWMN-IoT networks.     

Using Markets to Engineer Resource Management for the Information Grid

Information systems are continually expanding as evidenced by the doubling of Internet connections every year. Similar growth is exhibited by information systems in defense. The Air Force's goals to achieve global awareness, dynamic planning/execution, and global information exchange involve the technologies to provide information to the warrior anywhere, anytime, and for any mission. This far-reaching enterprise will necessarily span multiple networks and computing domains of both the commercial and military varieties. As a result, many users with different goals and priorities vie for the communication and computing resources of the information grid. Managing this vast system to assure dependable operation that maintains users' quality of service levels has led researchers to propose economic models to solve the resource management problem. Information technology has begun to fundamentally alter the way business is conducted, and there is synergy between e-commerce and the management of the underlying information resources on which it runs.This paper examines the envisioned market-based, large-scale information systems for defense. Due to their criticality, these systems must also manage resources to provide survivability in the presence of information attacks. This potential for technology transfer from the defense sector to the commercial sector are described. Conversely, the leveraging of research performed in the non-military realm of e-commerce to reach the Air Force's goals will also be explored.     

Comprehensive survey of UAVs communication networks

Recently, technologies related to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) are growing rapidly particularly sensors, networking, and processing technologies. Accordingly, governments and industry have heavily invested in the studies of UAVs and improvingtheir performances for reliable and secure deployments. The design methods and the investigation of UAVs systems have progressed from mono-UAV uses to multi-UAVs and cooperative UAVs systems that need a high level of coordination and collaboration to perform tasks which require new networking models, approaches, and mechanisms for highly mobile nodes involving many complex parameters and constraints. In this context, this paper provides more details and offers a thorough investigation concerning UAV communication protocols, networking systems, architectures, and applications. In addition, we discuss UAV solutions as well as highlighting important technical challenges and open research issues requiring further studies and R&D work.     

Architectures for the future networks and the next generation Internet: A survey

Networking research funding agencies in USA, Europe, Japan, and other countries are encouraging research on revolutionary networking architectures that may or may not be bound by the restrictions of the current TCP/IP based Internet. We present a comprehensive survey of such research projects and activities. The topics covered include various testbeds for experimentations for new architectures, new security mechanisms, content delivery mechanisms, management and control frameworks, service architectures, and routing mechanisms. Delay/disruption tolerant networks which allow communications even when complete end-to-end path is not available are also discussed.     

Elastic Optical Networking for 5G Transport

The 5th generation of mobile communication system (5G) is expected to change the communication landscape by 2020. 5G will provide a unified platform for connecting billions of devices and offering a wide range of networking services. The use-cases and the disruptive capabilities of 5G will bring forward a number of challenges for both the wireless radio and wired part of a 5G network. The wired transport network, typically consisting of access and core domains, has to adopt tailored networking solutions satisfying differentiated quality of service requirements as envisioned in 5G. While optical transport technology has been prevalent in core segments, it is also perceived as a key enabler for the 5G access networks due to its very high capacity and low transmission delay. However, existing optical transport technologies are hindered by inflexibility, poor resource utilization, and high costs, and cannot be stretched to 5G scale. On the other hand, optical technologies have been going through a paradigm shift towards an elastic optical network that is considered as the promising solution for future high-speed transport networks. This paper outlines key challenges for the design of a flexible, programmable, and dynamic 5G transport network, and discusses the enabling technologies and directions to address these challenges.     

Networking issues in wireless sensor networks

The emergence of sensor networks as one of the dominant technology trends in the coming decades (Technol. Rev. (February 2003)) has posed numerous unique challenges to researchers. These networks are likely to be composed of hundreds, and potentially thousands of tiny sensor nodes, functioning autonomously, and in many cases, without access to renewable energy resources. Cost constraints and the need for ubiquitous, invisible deployments will result in small sized, resource-constrained sensor nodes.While the set of challenges in sensor networks are diverse, we focus on fundamental networking challenges in this paper. The key networking challenges in sensor networks that we discuss are: (a) supporting multi-hop communication while limiting radio operation to conserve power, (b) data management, including frameworks that support attribute-based data naming, routing and in-network aggregation, (c) geographic routing challenges in networks where nodes know their locations, and (d) monitoring and maintenance of such dynamic, resource-limited systems. For each of these research areas, we provide an overview of proposed solutions to the problem and discuss in detail one or few representative solutions. Finally, we illustrate how these networking components can be integrated into a complex data storage solution for sensor networks.     

信息中心网络中的内置缓存技术研究

互联网的应用方式正从以面向主机的点对点通信为主转向以海量内容获取为主.为适应这一转变,研究界提出了多种以信息/内容为中心的新型网络架构.这类网络架构中最重要的特征之一是利用网络内置缓存提高接收者驱动的内容获取的传输效率和网络资源的利用率.与传统的Web缓存、CDN缓存等相比,ICN缓存系统呈现了缓存透明化、泛在化和细粒度化等新特征,对缓存系统的建模、行为理解和优化方法都提出了新的挑战.在介绍了ICN缓存系统的新特征及带来的挑战后,首先从多方面着重阐述和比较了缓存网络的优化方法,之后对缓存网络系统的理论模型研究现状加以阐述,然后分析了仍待解决的关键问题和未来的研究方向.     

Framework of a flexible computer communication network

With the increasing speed of computers and communication links, and the successful convergence of both fields, computers connected by high speed links now represent an enormously large distributed computing system. At the same time, communication between man and machine is also becoming more diverse and personalized. Networking issues such as evolution of user services, seamless communication between hosts, failure recovery and integration of new technologies arise daily. Problem-specific approaches and corresponding solutions are available at considerable cost. However, a common requirement is adaptability of the computer network to a variety of changes. In this paper, we propose Flexible Computer Communication Networks (FN) as a uniform solution to most of these networking problems. The framework of Flexible Networks can be considered as an intelligent shell enclosing existing networking architectures. An agent-oriented implementation of a flexible network is outlined. The conversion of existing networks to flexible networks is shown to be incremental, and therefore practicable.     

Networking and communication challenges for post-exascale systems

With the significant advancement in emerging processor, memory, and networking technologies, exascale systems will become available in the next few years (2020–2022). As the exascale systems begin to be deployed and used, there will be a continuous demand to run next-generation applications with finer granularity, finer time-steps, and increased data sizes. Based on historical trends, next-generation applications will require postexascale systems during 2025–2035. In this study, we focus on the networking and communication challenges for post-exascale systems. Firstly, we present an envisioned architecture for post-exascale systems. Secondly, the challenges are summarized from different perspectives: heterogeneous networking technologies, high-performance communication and synchronization protocols, integrated support with accelerators and field-programmable gate arrays, fault-tolerance and quality-of-service support, energy-aware communication schemes and protocols, softwaredefined networking, and scalable communication protocols with heterogeneous memory and storage. Thirdly, we present the challenges in designing efficient programming model support for high-performance computing, big data, and deep learning on these systems. Finally, we emphasize the critical need for co-designing runtime with upper layers on these systems to achieve the maximum performance and scalability.     

面向无人机自组网编队控制的通信组网技术

随着技术的发展,多无人机系统协同作业的研究得到越来越多的关注。编队控制是无人机协同作业的关键技术,对具有动态信道与拓扑特征的无人机自组网的通信组网技术提出了极高的要求。首先介绍了无人机自组网编队控制的相关模型;基于此,从编队保持和重组、任务更新、编队可靠性等方面综述并分析了5种编队控制策略以及它们对无人机自组网通信组网技术的不同需求;最后展望了面向无人机自组网编队控制的通信组网技术的发展前景和方向。     

Resilience and survivability in communication networks: Strategies,principles, and survey of disciplines

The Internet has become essential to all aspects of modern life, and thus the consequences of network disruption have become increasingly severe. It is widely recognised that the Internet is not sufficiently resilient, survivable, and dependable, and that significant research, development, and engineering is necessary to improve the situation. This paper provides an architectural framework for resilience and survivability in communication networks and provides a survey of the disciplines that resilience encompasses, along with significant past failures of the network infrastructure. A resilience strategy is presented to defend against, detect, and remediate challenges, a set of principles for designing resilient networks is presented, and techniques are described to analyse network resilience.     

Peer-to-peer-netzwerke für das ressourcenmanagement

This survey reviews key concepts of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networking. The management of resources such as bandwidth, storage, information, files and CPU cycles based on P2P networks are highlighted. A model differentiating P2P infrastructures, P2P applications and P2P communities is introduced, which provides a better understanding of different perspectives of P2P. Core technical and social challenges are discussed which still limit the potentials of information systems based on P2P architectures.     

P2P网络的NAT穿越技术研究

P2P网络基于互联网,在网络电话、在线游戏、多媒体通信、即时消息、文件和工作空间共享等领域有重要的应用,这促进了健壮、可靠的网络地址转换（NAT）穿越技术的需求。讨论当前P2P网络中NAT穿越技术及面临的挑战;对检测NAT进行分类并讨论UDP和TCP穿越技术;分析中继、反向连接和打洞等方法;最后简单介绍测试平台的开发,用来评估NAT穿越技术,并且在P2P网构建时给出适合的配置。     

Rethinking the architecture design of data center networks

In the rising tide of the Internet of things, more and more things in the world are connected to the Internet. Recently, data have kept growing at a rate more than four times of that expected in Moore’s law. This explosion of data comes from various sources such as mobile phones, video cameras and sensor networks, which often present multidimensional characteristics. The huge amount of data brings many challenges on the management, transportation, and processing IT infrastructures. To address these challenges, the state-of-art large scale data center networks have begun to provide cloud services that are increasingly prevalent. However, how to build a good data center remains an open challenge. Concurrently, the architecture design, which significantly affects the total performance, is of great research interest. This paper surveys advances in data center network design. In this paper we first introduce the upcoming trends in the data center industry. Then we review some popular design principles for today’s data center network architectures. In the third part, we present some up-to-date data center frameworks and make a comprehensive comparison of them. During the comparison, we observe that there is no so-called optimal data center and the design should be different referring to the data placement, replication, processing, and query processing. After that, several existing challenges and limitations are discussed. According to these observations, we point out some possible future research directions.     

主动互联的关键技术

主动互联是下一代网络技术。与传统网络相比，主动网络灵活、可扩展并能动态升级。但是，在主动网络的实现中有诸如安全性、性能、互操作和合适的操作系统等技术上的挑战。该文介绍了主动网络并讨论了这些技术上的挑战，提出了一些解决方法。     

软件定义无线传感器网络研究综述

研究了分布式无线传感器网络在异构互连和资源管理等方面存在的问题,深入分析了软件定义网络与无线传感器网络结合的必要性,在总结大量软件定义无线传感器网络架构后,给出了通用架构,并对应用面、控制面和数据面进行了详细阐述.进一步,从异构互连、资源管理、可靠控制、网络安全这4个方面梳理出当前存在的挑战及相应关键技术,在此基础上,通过案例比较说明了软件定义无线传感器网络的优势和前景,并对未来研究工作进行了展望.