Predicting effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease

The possibility of using some erythrocyte fatty acids relations describing their metabolic interconversion for predicting efficiency of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet has been justified. This method can be used to judge the individual sensitivity of patients with ischemic heart disease to diet treatment.     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的药理作用

目的综述n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的药理作用。方法对国内外有代表性的文献加以归纳总结。结果与结论n-3多不饱和脂肪酸具有调血脂,降胆固醇,抑制血小板聚集,抗氧化,影响中枢神经系统和调节免疫功能的作用。     

Inhibition of oxidation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish oil by quercetin glycosides

The antioxidant properties of naturally occurring flavonols, quercetin glycosides, were examined and compared with common food antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and α-tocopherol. Antioxidants were incorporated into selected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or fish oil in aqueous emulsions and bulk oil systems. The effectiveness of quercetin was similar to or greater than quercetin glycosides in inhibiting lipid oxidation in the oil-in-water emulsion systems when oxidation was induced by heat, light, peroxyl radical or ferrous ion. In bulk fish oil, C-3 glycosylation enhanced the antioxidant activity of quercetin. The effectiveness of quercetin and its glycosides was greater than that of α-tocopherol in the emulsions. Quercetin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside exhibited a better antioxidant activity than BHT in bulk fish oil; however, the reverse was observed in the emulsions of omega-3 PUFA and fish oil systems in agreement with the polar paradox theory. Quercetin and its glycosides were more effective than α-tocopherol in emulsion systems.     

多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs）对人体有重要的生理功能。它能调节人体的脂质代谢,治疗和预防心脑血管疾病,促进生长发育,此外对抗癌、免疫调节、延缓衰老、减肥、美容等方面均具有重要的生理作用。因此,PUFAs的食品资源开发正成为功能食品研究的热点领域之一,许多PUFAs已在保健食品和医学研究中得到应用。主要阐述了多不饱和脂肪酸的分类、命名、来源、生物学特性以及最新的研究动态,并对其在食品、医药、日用品方面的应用及应注意的问题、研究进展进行了综述。     

Production and bioavailability of calcium and magnesium salts of omega-3 fatty acids

In order to provide an alternative to traditional liquid fish oil gelatin capsules, we developed a solid, powdered form of omega-3 fish oil concentrate by forming calcium- and magnesium-fatty acid salts. These salts were produced using a concentrated fish oil ethyl ester that contained in excess of 60% omega-3 fatty acids. The bioavailability of these omega-3 salts was compared with that of fish oil ethyl ester in mice. Animals were given 8 mg of omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester concentrate (control), calcium- or magnesium-omega-3 salts daily for three weeks. The omega-3 salt products resulted in omega-3 fatty acid content in serum and red blood cell membranes comparable to that produced by the ethyl ester supplementation. In addition, fecal excretion of omega-3 fatty acids was not increased by the presence of calcium or magnesium. In fact, there was a tendency for less omega-3 fatty acids to be excreted.     

Use of biologically active supplement containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

35 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 complicated with hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease were treated during 8 months with poseidonol--polyunsaturated fatty acid family omega 3 (PUFA--omega 3). It was shown that hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis in these patients occurred. Treatment with poceidonol increased plasminogen activator activity and decreased coagulation and reduced atherogenic index.     

Impact of microalgal feed supplementation on omega-3 fatty acid enrichment of hen eggs

In many Western countries, the average intake of the health beneficial omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is below the recommended level, raising interest in food enrichment with n-3 LC-PUFA. To that end, the impact of feed supplementation with EPA rich autotrophic microalgal biomass on n-3 L-PUFA enrichment of eggs was studied. Hens were divided in three groups receiving different diets for 28 days: a standard diet (C) for laying hens, (C) supplemented with 5.0% spray dried Nannochloropsis gaditana, and (C) to which 10.0% of these microalgae were added. Microalgal EPA was hardly accumulated in yolk lipids, but preferentially converted to DHA and deposited in yolk phospholipids. The efficiency of deposition of microalgal n-3 LC-PUFA to eggs was rather low. Switching back to standard feed ensured that the n-3 LC-PUFA level obtained in enriched eggs decreased back to that of the control eggs. Moreover, the colour of egg yolk shifted from yellow to more orange-red, which is presumably due to transfer of microalgal carotenoids to egg yolk. Thus, the use of autotrophic microalgae as supplement for standard feed offers an alternative to current sources for the production of DHA enriched eggs.     

乌贼油中多不饱和脂肪酸的提取

研究了尿素包合法提取乌贼油中多不饱和脂肪酸的各种影响因素,得到提取的最佳条件：低温贮藏4．5d,m（乌贼油）：m（尿素）：m（乙醇）为1：2：4,室温（25℃）下包合1h,4℃下包合12h,-20℃下包合8h。提取物含有82．55％的多不饱和脂肪酸。提取后剩余的乌贼油脂肪酸以及尿素予以回收,回收后的尿素可循环使用,剩余的乌贼油脂肪酸也可再利用。     

Oxidative stabilization of ultra-high omega-3 concentrates as ethyl esters or triacylglycerols

A comparative study of the oxidative stability of “ultra-high” ω3 concentrates (80%) from fish oils as triacylglycerols (TAG) or ethyl esters (EE), as well as their stabilization by supercritical extracts of rosemary (SER), α-tocopherol or their mixture, by Rancimat method and throughout storage time, was carried out. No significant differences were found between EE and TAG on oxidative stability when measured by Rancimat conditions in the range of 50?90 °C. However, storage experiments revealed a poor stability of the EE concentrate form, measured by the monitorization of peroxide and p-anisidine values. Concerning the stabilization by antioxidants, there was a lack of antioxidant effect of evaluated compounds when Rancimat assays were performed at 70 °C, whereas an antioxidant effect began to evidence at 60 °C, and a clearest antioxidant protection was measured at 50 °C for the mixture of the SER plus α-tocopherol in both EE and TAG forms. This selected binary mixture efficiently stabilized the ω3-TAG concentrate throughout 50 days of storage conditions, whereas the stabilization of ω3-EE concentrate was worse. Therefore, the combination of SER and α-tocopherol seemed to be a good antioxidant mixture for the efficient stabilization of extremely labile ultra-high ω3 concentrates, especially in the form of ω3 TAG oils.     

一步法制备多不饱和脂肪酰丙醇胺的方法

以藻油甘油酯为原料,利用KOH既作为强碱和缩合剂一步法制备多不饱和脂肪酰丙醇胺。研究了反应时间、KOH用量、反应温度和物料质量比对反应收率的影响,并利用单因素实验对一步法工艺条件进行了优化。在最佳反应条件下,得到多不饱和脂肪酰丙醇胺收率为25.08%。反应粗产品采用硅胶柱层析技术进行分离纯化,对制备化合物的主要成分进行了红外光谱以及高效液相色谱―质谱联用的初步鉴定。     

Intakes of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls via consumption of fish from Taihu Lake, China: A risk-benefit assessment

Exposure risks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via consumption of nine fish species from Taihu Lake in China and associated benefits, through ingestion of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in fish, were evaluated. The concentrations of PBDEs, PCBs and ω-3 PUFAs in fish from Taihu Lake ranged from 98.2 to 269 pg/g, from 279 to 1071 pg/g and from 0.9 to 2.0 mg/g, respectively. Omega-3 PUFAs accounted for 11.2-20.9% of the total fatty acid amounts. The PBDE/PCB contamination levels were moderate. To achieve the recommended intake of 250 mg/d of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the associated PUFA and PBDE/PCB intakes from the species were estimated. Consumption of the species, to achieve the recommended EPA + DHA intake, did not exceed the allowable daily consumption of contaminated fish. Even though, consumers should make a sensible choice for fish species to maximise benefits and minimise risks.     

An independent validation association study of carcass quality,shear force,intramuscular fat percentage and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content with gene markers in Australian lamb

Previous association studies revealed several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that explained the observed phenotypic variation for meat tenderness and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of Australian lamb. To confirm the validity of these associated SNPs at predicting meat tenderness and omega-3 PUFA content, an independent validation study was designed. The OvineSNP50 genotypes of these animals were used to impute the 192 SNP Meat Quality Research (MQR) panel genotypes on nearly 6200 animals from the Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation Information Nucleus Flock and Sheep Genomics Falkiner Memorial Field Station flock. Association analysis revealed numerous SNP from the 192 SNP MQR panel that were associated with carcass quality – fat depth at the C-site and eye muscle depth; shear force at day 1 and day 5 after slaughter (SF1 and SF5); and omega-3 PUFA content at P < 0.01. However, 1 SNP was independently validated for SF5 (i.e. CAST_101781475). The magnitude of the effect of each significant SNP and the relative allele frequencies across Merino-, Maternal- and Terminal-sired progeny was determined. The independently validated SNP for SF5 and the associated SNP with omega-3 PUFA content will accelerate efforts to improve these phenotypic traits in Australian lamb.     

Production of n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate from sardine oil by lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis

The production of n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n − 3 PUFAs) concentrate from oil extracted from Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax) was studied using lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis. Commercially available microbial lipases, from Candida Rugosa (CR), Candida cylindracea (CC), Mucor javanicus (MJ), and Aspergillus niger (AN) were used for enzymatic hydrolyses with extracted sardine oil, run at 37 °C with constant stirring for 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 h. Fatty acid composition analysis by gas chromatography showed that the refined unhydrolyzed oil contained 26.86% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 13.62% of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (wt/wt%). CR lipase was the most effective in concentrating n − 3 PUFA. Hydrolysis with 250 U CR lipase increased EPA concentration to a relatively constant level of 33.74% after 1.5 h. DHA levels were also significantly increased from 13.62% to 29.94% with 500 U after 9 h. Compared to CR and CC lipases, MJ and AN lipases resulted in low n − 3 PUFA concentration. Triacylglycerol levels decreased significantly as reaction time progressed.     

The effects of early life polyunsaturated fatty acids and ruminant trans fatty acids on allergic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Early life nutritional exposures could modify the gene expression and susceptibility of allergic diseases (AD). This systematic review aimed to evaluate whether early life (the first 1,000 days) natural exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and ruminant trans fatty acids (R-TFA) could affect the AD risk. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception through September 10, 2017 for relevant full-text articles in English. Observational studies were selected if they examined the effects of early life PUFA or R-TFA on AD (eczema, asthma, wheeze, and allergic rhinitis) or sensitization. The quality of studies was examined by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the best evidence synthesis (BES) was applied. We included 26 observational studies, and 8 of them showed high quality. BES showed a moderate evidence for the protective effect of vaccenic acid (VA, an R-TFA) on eczema, while insufficient or no evidence was found in other associations. Meta-analysis showed that higher n-6/n-3 ratio and linoleic acid were associated with higher risk of eczema (pooled odds ratio [OR] = 1.06, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.00 ?1.13; 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01 ?1.15). However, VA was inversely associated with eczema pooled OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25 ?0.72). Early life natural exposure to VA showed evident benefit on decreasing the risk of eczema, while PUFA and other R-TFA showed limited effects on AD. More robust studies especially for R-TFA are required.     

The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet on the indices of lipid metabolism in patients with ischemic heart disease

To study the dietetic effect of canned natural Ivasi herring, containing up to 10% of eicosopentenic acid, the blood serum was analyzed in 37 patients with coronary heart disease at Vladivostok City Hospital and in 73 patients at the Regional Cardiological Sanatorium. Lipid characteristics of the blood serum (total cholesterol, alpha- and beta-cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins) were comparatively studied in 5 groups of subjects: normal subjects, two control groups (who did not receive the dietetic product) and two groups who received Ivasi herring. A favourable effect on all above parameters was recorded in more than 50% of patients in the sanatorium. The frequency of favourable shifts was higher in patients who received Ivasi herring than in the controls, the highest changes concerned beta-cholesterol. No significant improvement was recorded in coronary patients during the acute period (the group at the City Hospital). The results of the investigation have evidenced the expediency of using canned Ivasi herring in the diet therapy and prevention of coronary heart disease during the rehabilitation period.     

Mercury and omega-3 fatty acids in retail fish sandwiches

Mercury and fatty acids were measured in fish sandwiches from six retail restaurant chains. Average mercury concentrations ranged from 5 to 132 ppb and were well below the Food and Drug Administration action level (1,000 ppb). The average concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid ranged from 91 to 620 mg per sandwich. Consuming one or two fish sandwiches per week could result in the consumption of 2 to 40% of the reference dose for mercury for a 60-kg individual and would provide 18 to 126% of the adequate intake for eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid as recommended for a pregnant or lactating woman.     

The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the clinico-biochemical indices and kidney nitrogen-excreting function in patients with chronic kidney failure]

The addition of fish oil (20 g for 3 weeks) to diets of 7 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) contributed to correction of metabolic derangement and nitrogen release, to alleviation of clinical symptoms. The most pronounced positive shifts were reported in early CRF. This gives evidence for a preventive value of diets supplemented with fish oil which secure delay of terminal CRF.     

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸营养研究进展

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3PUFA）为一独特的生物活性物质，在生物系统中具有广泛而重要的作用。本文介绍了ω-3PUFA的发展简史和主要来源，同时，对ω-3PUFA的营养功能和在功能食品上的应用也作了简单的叙述。