结合集中式与分布式特征的多路径QoS组播路由协议

提出了一个结合集中式算法与分布式算法优点的多路径启发式QoS组播路由算法和协议,它以单播路由协议OSPF传播链路的代价信息为基础,运用最小代价Dijkstra算法计算端节点到当前在树节点的最小代价路径,然后启动一个分布式计算过程得到一个可选路径集,加入节点通过一个综合性启发式选择其中的最佳路径连接到组播树．算法能够有效地支持延时和带宽受限的代价优化组播树构造,具有无环选路、呼叫接收成功率高、呼叫建立时间短、伸缩性好等特点．     

Multicast routing for delay variation bound using a modified ant colony algorithm

The delay and delay variation-bounded Steiner tree problem is an important multicast routing problem in real-time multimedia networks. Such a constrained Steiner tree problem is known to be NP-complete. This paper proposes an ant colony algorithm with orientation factor and applies it to multicast routing problem with the constraints of delay variation bound. The orientation factor enables the ant to get rid of the initial blindness when searching paths, makes use of the search results and reduces the misguiding effect of pheromone on irrelevant paths, thus overcoming the drawbacks of slow convergence existing in the basic ant colony algorithm, increasing the speed of convergence and speeding up the finding of feasible solution to the problem. The simulation results show that the modified algorithm makes it possible to find a feasible solution to the multicast routing problem with delay variation bound. Compared with the conventional ant colony algorithm, the convergence speed of the modified algorithm is improved.     

Traffic distribution for end-to-end QoS routing with multicast multichannel services

With the development of multimedia group applications and multicasting demands, the construction of multicast routing tree satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) is more important. A multicast tree, which is constructed by existing multicast algorithms, suffers three major weaknesses: (1) it cannot be constructed by multichannel routing, transmitting a message using all available links, thus the data traffic cannot be preferably distributed; (2) it does not formulate duplication capacity; consequently, duplication capacity in each node cannot be optimally distributed; (3) it cannot change the number of links and nodes used optimally. In fact, it cannot employ and cover unused backup multichannel paths optimally. To overcome these weaknesses, this paper presents a polynomial time algorithm for distributed optimal multicast routing and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees in networks with multichannel paths which is called Distributed Optimal Multicast Multichannel Routing Algorithm (DOMMR). The aim of this algorithm is: (1) to minimize End-to-End delay across the multichannel paths, (2) to minimize consumption of bandwidth by using all available links, and (3) to maximize data rate by formulating network resources. DOMMR is based on the Linear Programming Formulation (LPF) and presents an iterative optimal solution to obtain the best distributed routes for traffic demands between all edge nodes. Computational experiments and numerical simulation results will show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the existing methods. The simulation results are obtained by applying network simulation tools such as QSB, OpNet and MATLB to some samples of network. We then introduce a generalized problem, called the delay-constrained multicast multichannel routing problem, and show that this generalized problem can be solved in polynomial time.     

基于QPSO的QoS组播路由算法

对带宽、延时、延时抖动约束最小代价的QoS组播路由问题进行了研究，提出一种基于量子行为微粒群优化（QPSO）算法来设计路由优化算法。该算法采用一种节点序列编码方案，将路由优化问题转化成一种准连续优化问题，并采用罚函数处理约束条件。应用QPSO算法求解QoS组播路由问题的算例，并与遗传算法和改进后的遗传算法进行比较。计算机仿真实验证明，该算法可以更有效地求得QoS组播路由问题的优化解，可靠性较高。     

基于预测时延的无线mesh网络组播路由算法

通过对无线mesh网络的特性分析及其对路由的影响,提出一种基于预测时延的路由选择的组播路由算法,该算法通过选择从源节点到目的节点传输时延最小的路径,通过路径合并,形成组播路由树。这种路由算法具有低时延QoS保障能力,并具有局部修复能力。基于NS2对算法进行仿真,结果证明了算法的有效性。     

Adaptive two-way uniform partition for multicast routing problem with separate paths in ad hoc networks

Finding a near-optimal routing solution for multicast requests is a challenge for supporting different multicast applications including video and group communications over wireless ad hoc networks. A heuristic partitioning algorithm for solving the multicast routing problem with separate paths in ad hoc networks is presented. We consider scheduling a set of multicast requests which may have a source node with multiple destinations respectively through a wireless network. Our heuristic method for partitioning arbitrary routing requests is both effective in finding a near-optimal solution, and efficient to solve large multicast requests. Our simulation shows that the average overall latency reduces up to 38%. We also find that the handling scales up well from 8 nodes to 64 nodes.     

基于遗传算法的多约束QoS组播路由优化算法

在计算机网络中,随着大量新兴多媒体实时业务的应用,组播路由问题成为越来越重要的课题。组播路由问题在计算机网络中是著名的Steiner树问题,同时也是NP完全问题。目前许多研究者在单约束(特别是延时约束)组播路由中取得了较好的成果,但对于多约束Qos组播路由方面的研究相对比较少。论文提出了一种基于遗传算法的多约束组播路由优化算法,该算法在满足带宽、延时、延时抖动和包丢失率约束条件下寻找代价最小的组播树,文中描述了一种适应于研究Qos组播路由的网络模型。最后通过仿真实验证明该算法操作简单、搜索速度快、效率高且具有较强的实用性和鲁棒性。     

一种满足时延和时延差约束的组播路由算法

针对时延和时延差约束的组播路由优化问题,提出一种最优代价组播路由算法。基于Dijkstra最短路径树算法,通过指示函数调整新加入节点的优先级,利用局部信息构建低代价组播树,使其能较好地平衡组播树代价、时延和时延差之间的关系。仿真实验结果表明,该算法能正确构造出满足时延和时延差约束的组播树,同时具有时间复杂度低、求解成功率高等综合性能。     

The cost optimal solution of the multi-constrained multicast routing problem

In this paper, we define the cost optimal solution of the multi-constrained multicast routing problem. This problem consists in finding a multicast structure that spans a source node and a set of destinations with respect to a set of constraints, while minimizing a cost function. This optimization is particularly interesting for multicast network communications that require Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. Finding such a structure that satisfies the set of constraints is an NP-hard problem. To solve the addressed routing problem, most of the proposed algorithms focus on multicast trees. In some cases, the optimal spanning structure (i.e. the optimal multicast route) is neither a tree nor a set of trees nor a set of optimal QoS paths. The main result of our study is the exact identification of this optimal solution. We demonstrate that the optimal connected partial spanning structure that solves the multi-constrained multicast routing problem always corresponds to a hierarchy, a recently proposed generalization of the tree concept. We define the directed partial minimum spanning hierarchies as optimal solutions for the multi-constrained multicast routing problem and analyze their relevant properties. To our knowledge, our paper is the first study that exactly describes the cost optimal solution of this NP-hard problem.     

基于Tabu搜索的QoS多播路由快速优化算法

QoS多播路由算法的核心问题是建立满足QoS约束的多播树,这就是计算机网络中著名的受约束最小Steiner树问题,是一个NP完全问题.目前已有的启发式算法的时间复杂度大,不能获得最优解.提出了一个基于Tabu搜索的QoS多播路由选择快速优化算法,它选择延迟与带宽约束为QoS参数,利用Tabu搜索的集中性与广泛性并存的优点,在提高搜索速度的同时可以更加接近最优解.仿真结果表明:该算法具有快速、易实施等特点,更加适合在组规模比较大的情况下应用.     

Bandwidth-delay-constrained least-cost multicast routing based on heuristic genetic algorithm

We present an heuristic genetic algorithm for the quality of service (QoS) multicast routing that depends on: (1) bounded end-to-end delay and link bandwidth along the paths from the source to each destination, and (2) minimum cost of the multicast tree, where the link delay and the link cost are independent metrics. The problem of computing such a constrained multicast tree is NP-complete. We show by experiments that our proposed genetic algorithm is efficient and effective.     

基于遗传模拟退火算法的多约束QOS组播路由优化算法

组播路由问题在计算机网络中是著名的Steiner树问题,是NP完全问题.通过考虑组播通信服务质量需求与网络资源约束,研究了基于服务质量的组播路由选择算法问题,首次提出了一个基于遗传算法和模拟退火算法的多约束组播路由优化算法,该算法在满足带宽、延时、延时抖动及包丢失率约束条件下寻找代价最小的组播树.     

Algorithms for multicast connection under multi-path routing model

Given a source node and a set of destination nodes in a network, multicast routing problem is usually treated as Steiner tree problem. Unlike this well-known tree based routing model, multicast routing under multi-path model is to find a set of paths rooted at the source node such that in each path at most a fixed number of destination nodes can be designated to receive the data and every destination node must be designated in a path to receive the data. The cost of routing is the total costs of paths found. In this paper we study how to construct a multicast routing of minimal cost under multi-path model. We propose two approximation algorithms for this NP-complete problem with guaranteed performance ratios.     

时延约束动态不重组组播路由优化

针对时延约束的组播路由问题,提出了一种动态不重组组播路由算法NDMADC。算法将DGA和Floyd最短路径优化算法相结合,确保节点在满足时延约束的前提下动态选择到组播树有最小代价的路径加入组播会话。由于采用贪心算法思想,NDMADC算法保证了节点加入组播树时不需要组播树重组。仿真表明,该算法能正确地构造出满足时延约束的组播树,具有较低的代价和计算复杂度。     

Ad Hoc网络中有效的费用优化组播路由算法

Ad Hoc无线网络组网灵活、快捷,不受有线网络的影响,具有广阔的发展前景。随着无线通信技术的发展,组播应用日益广泛,组播技术正成为重要的研究课题。本文研究Ad Hoc网络时延约束组播路由问题,针对已有算法复杂性高、难于应用于实际的缺点,提出快速有效的组播路由算法DCMR。该算法首先找到足够的满足时延约束的源点与接收节点间路径;然后,对满足时延约束的路径依费用排序,并依序选择路径建立覆盖所有接收节点的组播树;最后,检查组播树的有效性,去掉可能存在的环路,并进行费用优化。仿真实验表明,在构造的组播树费用方面,DCMR算法稍差于KPP算法,但是,DCMR算法执行时间远低于KPP算法执行时间,可减少43.9%CPU执行时间。     

一种基于遗传算法的多约束QoS多播路由优化算法

随着Internet、移动网络和高性能网络的不断发展,在网络和不确定参数下具有多约束QoS多播路由优化技术已成为网络及分布式系统领域的一个重要研究课题,这也是下一代Internet和高性能网络的难题。它吸引了许多爱好者。论文研讨了具有多约束QoS多播路由问题,其中主要包含延迟、延迟抖动、带宽、分组丢失率等QoS约束,文中描述了一种适应于研究QoS多播路由的网络模型。论文在网络环境及不确定参数下,提出了一种在网络规模、可行性方面优化Internet、移动网络和其他高性能网络的基于遗传算法的多约束QoS多播路由优化算法(MQROGA)。MQROGA在网络环境及不确定参数下能够优化网络资源,如带宽、延迟、分组丢失率等得到一个最优解和次优解。仿真实验结果表明,MQROGA为QoS多播路由提供了一种新的有效途径。     

基于遗传算法的带宽-时延约束多播路由优化算法

随着许多多媒体在高速网络中的应用,多播路由问题成为越来越重要的课题。多播路由问题在计算机网络中是著名的Steiner树问题,同时也是NP完全问题。该文提出了一种基于遗传算法的多播路由优化算法,采用可变长度染色体(多播树)和基因(路径)应用于编码问题。该算法在满足带宽和时延约束条件下寻找代价最小的多播树。仿真实验证明该算法能快速找到最优解,收敛速度快,可靠性高,能够满足多媒体网络对实时性的要求。     

A new scalable multicast routing algorithm for interactive real-time applications

Quality of service (QoS) provisioning generally assumes more than one QoS measure that implies that QoS routing can be categorized as an instance of routing subject to multiple constraints: delay jitter, bandwidth, cost, etc. We study the problem of constructing multicast trees to meet the QoS requirements of real-time interactive applications where it is necessary to provide bounded delays and bounded delay variation among the source and all destinations while keeping overall cost of the multicast tree low. The main contribution of our work is a new strategy for constructing multiconstrained multicast trees. We first derive mathematically a new delay-variation estimation scheme and prove its efficiency. Thereafter, we propose a simple and competitive (in terms of running time) heuristic algorithm, for delay and delay variation constrained routing problem based on the proposed delay-variation estimation scheme and using the Extended Prim-Dijkstra tradeoffs’ algorithm. Our contribution also extends previous works in providing some properties and analyses of delay bounded paths satisfying delay variation constraints. Extensive simulation results show that our algorithm outperforms DVDMR in terms of multicast delay variation with the same time complexity as DVDMR.     

A distributed multicast routing protocol for real-time multicast applications

Multicast routing is establishing a tree which is rooted from the source node and contains all the multicast destinations. A delay bounded routing tree is a tree in which the accumulated delay from the source node to any destination along the tree does not exceed a pre-specified bound. This paper presents a distributed routing protocol which constructs delay bounded routing trees for real-time multicast connections. A constructed routing tree has a near optimal network cost under the delay bound constraint. The proposed algorithm is fully distributed, efficient in terms of the number of messages required, and flexible in multicast membership changes. A large number of simulations have been done to show the network cost of the routing trees generated by our method is better than the other major existing algorithms.     

基于共享边的时延约束组播路由算法

为了优化在时延约束下的组播树代价,降低算法计算复杂度,研究了时延受限的Steiner树问题.分析了最短路径启发式(MPH)算法的执行过程,以此为基础提出一个基于共享边的时延约束组播路由算法ESAMPH.该算法在构建组播路由树时能够优先采用包含有较多的最短路径经过的节点,这样后面的组播成员节点到树上的最短路径也有可能经过这些节点,由此实现边的共享,降低了组播树的代价.仿真结果表明,ESAMPH算法在代价、延迟和计算时间之间能获得较好的平衡,综合性能较好.