稀土元素Er对Ti-6Al-4V-0.5Si合金组织与性能的影响

利用粉末冶金工艺制备了Ti-6Al-4V-0.5Si-xEr(wt%)合金,随后采用OM、XRD、TEM和拉伸试验机等分析手段研究了Er元素含量对固溶时效态(950 ℃×30 min(WQ)+480 ℃×4 h(AQ))试验合金显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明:试验合金经固溶时效处理后均为等轴和片状的双态组织。烧结过程中产生的Er₂O₃氧化物颗粒可以作为形核中心促进α相和β相的析出,起到细化晶粒的作用。随着Er元素含量的增加,晶粒尺寸由10~20 μm细化至5~10 μm。当Er元素含量为1.2%时,试验合金的抗拉强度达到峰值,为930.5 MPa,此时伸长率为9.24%,比未添加Er元素时Ti-6Al-4V-0.5Si合金分别提高了22.3%和10.0%。试验合金的拉伸断口形貌显示有韧窝出现,仅有少量的解理台阶,韧窝的存在可以分散材料断裂时产生的应力,使材料断裂前承受更大的变形。     

原位TiB2增强铝基复合材料的时效行为及性能演变

通过对比原位TiB₂颗粒增强铝基复合材料和基体合金的时效行为,研究了TiB₂颗粒对时效行为的影响以及颗粒促进时效沉淀的机制。此外,还研究了时效过程中TiB₂/Al-4.5Cu复合材料和基体合金的拉伸性能和硬度的变化。结果表明,TiB₂颗粒加速了复合材料的时效过程,同时TiB₂颗粒附近的高密度位错导致了Al₂Cu相的不均匀析出。相较于基体合金,TiB₂/Al-4.5Cu复合材料的峰时效时间由20 h缩短至8 h。复合材料力学性能随时效时间的变化可以分为2个阶段,这与Al₂Cu析出相的变化具有良好的一致性。复合材料的屈服强度比时效前提高了24%,比时效的基体合金提高了82%。     

原位合成5TiB2/Al-4.5Cu复合材料的组织及性能

采用机械搅拌辅助混合盐法制备了TiB₂质量分数为5%的Al-4.5Cu复合材料，借助光学显微镜、XRD、SEM、DES和TEM等手段对复合材料微观组织进行观察和分析，并通过拉伸试验测试了其力学性能。结果发现，TiB₂颗粒通过产生位错塞积、位错环以及增加位错密度等方式阻碍位错的运动来强化基体合金。添加5%的TiB₂的Al-4.5Cu合金屈服强度和抗拉强度比Al-4.5Cu合金分别提高了68.94%和32.65%,伸长率降低了45.56%,但其综合力学性能仍提高了11.33%。     

挤压铸造Al-6.8Zn-2.6Mg-2.3Cu的组织和性能

采用金相、扫描电镜和DSC热分析仪研究了挤压铸造Al-6.8Zn-2.6Mg-2.3Cu合金的显微组织、铸造性能和力学性能,并与Al-5.5Si-4.0Cu合金进行了对比研究。结果表明,熔体温度为720℃和740℃时,Al-6.8Zn-2.6Mg-2.3Cu合金的流动性能比Al-5.5Si-4.0Cu合金分别提高了10.9%和2.9%;挤压压力从0.1MPa增加到75.0MPa时,铸态Al-5.5Si-4.0Cu合金的抗拉强度和伸长率都略高于Al-6.8Zn-2.6Mg-2.3Cu合金,但经过T6热处理后,Al-6.8Zn-2.6Mg-2.3Cu合金的抗拉强度增幅比Al-5.5Si-4.0Cu合金高100MPa以上,这主要是因为Al-6.8Zn-2.6Mg-2.3Cu合金具有更强的时效强化效果。     

Al2O3/TiB2/Al复合材料的微观结构和高温力学性能

以细雾化铝粉和TiB₂颗粒为原料,通过粉末冶金和热轧制制备微米TiB₂和纳米Al₂O₃颗粒增强铝基复合材料。室温时,由于TiB₂和Al₂O₃的综合强化作用,Al₂O₃/TiB₂/Al复合材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为258.7 MPa和279.3 MPa,测试温度升至350℃时,TiB₂颗粒的增强效果显著减弱,原位纳米Al₂O₃颗粒与位错的交互作用使得复合材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度达到98.2MPa和122.5 MPa。经350℃退火1000 h后,由于纳米Al₂O₃对晶界的钉扎作用抑制晶粒长大,强度和硬度未发生显著的降低。     

Sc元素对激光选区熔化TiB2/AlSi10Mg复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用稀土元素Sc对激光选区熔化TiB₂/AlSi10Mg复合材料进行变质处理,借助场发射扫描电镜、电子探针显微分析仪、显微硬度计以及电子万能试验机等,分别研究了添加Sc元素和固溶时效热处理对复合材料显微组织、密度和力学性能的影响。结果表明:与TiB₂/AlSi10Mg复合材料相比,Sc元素的加入可以进一步细化Al-Si共晶,产生细晶强化和弥散强化作用,TiB₂/AlSi10MgSc复合材料的抗拉强度和显微硬度分别提升了56.7 MPa (14.4%) 和15.3 HV0.1 (11.3%)。激光选区熔化TiB₂/AlSi10MgSc复合材料的硬度和强度随着固溶温度升高而逐渐降低,但伸长率得到明显改善。     

时效处理对深冷轧制Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.1Er合金显微组织与力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子万能试验机等研究了时效处理对深冷轧制Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.1Er合金板材显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,经时效处理后,Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.1Er合金中析出相数量增多,分布更均匀,主要为S(Al₂CuMg)相和θ(Al₂Cu)相。随时效温度的升高及时效时间的延长,部分第二相回溶、粗化,造成合金性能下降。深冷轧制态Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.1Er合金板材经180℃×8 h时效处理后获得了最佳综合性能,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为541 MPa和11.33%,比深冷轧制态铝合金分别提高了58 MPa和7.11%,此时合金的断裂类型为韧性断裂。     

TiB2对AlSi10MnMg合金压铸态组织及力学性能的影响

基于TiB₂增强AlSi10MnMg合金压铸件,研究TiB₂颗粒对AlSi10MnMg合金铸件组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,引入TiB₂降低了预结晶晶粒(ESCs)的尺寸,改善了富铁相的尺寸及形貌,AlSi10MnMg合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率同步提高。当TiB₂添加量为0.018%时,合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率达到160.5 MPa、296.3 MPa和6.7%,较AlSi10MnMg合金分别提高了5.3%、11.5%以及115.9%。试样的拉伸断口观察发现有许多细小的韧窝和较少的撕裂棱,主要断裂机制为韧脆混合断裂。进一步增大TiB₂添加量,韧窝数量减少,断面处脆性断裂比例升高。     

均匀化处理对挤压态Al-4Si(-0.2Er)合金显微组织及性能的影响

为改变Al-Si合金中第二相的尺寸、形貌及分布,改善合金的电学和力学性能,选用稀土元素Er作为合金化元素,制备了Al-4Si、Al-4Si-0.2Er合金,探究了稀土Er及均匀化处理对挤压态Al-4Si、Al-4Si-0.2Er合金显微组织及电学、力学性能的影响。结果表明:稀土Er有利于促进固溶态Si的析出且形成新相ErSi₂,增加了合金中第二相数量,弥散强化效果明显,提高了合金的力学性能,且导电率保持稳定。均匀化处理工艺为540 ℃×1 h炉冷的Al-4Si-0.2Er合金综合性能较强,均匀化处理促进了第二相的析出,同时减小了第二相尺寸,使其以颗粒状弥散分布,Al-4Si-0.2Er合金的导电率由挤压态的51.61%IACS提高至56.44%IACS,提高了9.4%,炉冷过程导致了合金的力学性能略有下降,抗拉强度为87.80 MPa,伸长率为35.9%,硬度为36.00 HV0.3。     

Al和Li含量不同的时效态Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr-Ag合金的组织和力学性能

研究了铝和锂元素含量不同的Mg-12Gd-1Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Ag(质量分数,%)合金经T6热处理后的组织演变和力学性能。结果表明,T6热处理后,有新的Mg3Gd颗粒从Mg-12Gd-1Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Ag合金中析出,且Mg-12Gd-4Al-3Li-1Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Ag和Mg-12Gd-6Al-5Li-1Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Ag合金中的大多数Al2Li3相变得更细小,分布更均匀。时效态Mg-12Gd-4Al-3Li-1Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Ag和Mg-12Gd-6Al-5Li-1Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Ag合金中的晶粒尺寸和c/a比值相比时效态Mg-12Gd-1Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Ag合金有显著的减小,这有利于提高抗拉强度和塑性。时效态Mg-12Gd-6Al-5Li-1Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Ag合金具有最佳的抗拉强度、弹性模量和塑性匹配,其抗拉强度为210 MPa,弹性模量为50.7 GPa,延性率为24.8%。     

Selective Laser Melting of Al-7Si-0.5 Mg-0.5Cu: Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution,Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance

Al-7Si-0.5 Mg-0.5Cu alloy specimens have been fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). In this study, the effects of solution treatment, quenching, and artificial aging on the microstructural evolution, as well as mechanical and wear properties, have been investigated. The as-prepared samples show a heterogeneous cellular microstructure with two different cell sizes composed of α-Al and Si phases. After solution-treated and quenched (SQ) heat treatment, the cellular microstructure disappears, and coarse and lumpy Si phase precipitates and a rectangular Cu-rich phase were observed. Subsequent aging after solution-treated and quenched (SQA) heat treatment causes the formation of nanosized Cu-rich precipitates. The as-prepared SLMs sample has good mechanical properties and wear resistance (compressive yield strength: 215 ± 6 MPa and wear rate 2 × 10^-13 m³/m). The SQ samples with lumpy Si particles have the lowest strength of 167 ± 13 MPa and the highest wear rate of 6.18 × 10^-13 m³/m. The formation of nanosized Cu-rich precipitates in the SQA samples leads to the highest compressive yield strength of 233 ± 6 MPa and a good wear rate of 5.06 × 10^-13 m³/m.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu Matrix Composites Reinforced byTiB2/TiN Ceramic Reinforcements

Cu matrix composites reinforced by TiB₂/TiN ceramic reinforcements (Cu/TBN composites) were prepared by hot pressing method. Prior to the hot pressing, Cu/TiB₂/TiN composite powders (CTBN powders), which were used as the starting materials of Cu/TBN composites, were fabricated by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method. The CTBN particles were found to be in a special core-shell structure with a Cu-Ti alloy core and a TiB₂/TiN ceramic shell. The test results presented obvious improvements in mechanical properties. The highest ultimate tensile strength reached up to 297 MPa, 77 MPa higher than that of Cu. And the highest hardness reached up to 70.7 HRF, 15.7 HRF higher than that of Cu. A comparative study indicated that the core-shell structured particles could bring about more obvious strengthening effect than the traditional irregularly shaped particles, which was due to the improved Cu/ceramics interfacial bonding, the linkage strengthening effect of both TiB₂ and TiN, and higher load bearing ability of the core-shell structured reinforcements.     

电弧熔炼Ti6Al4V/B4C复合材料微观组织与力学性能

采用真空电弧熔炼技术制备了不同含量B₄C的Ti6Al4V/B₄C钛基复合材料,并采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计、静态压缩及拉伸测试等对其微观组织及力学性能进行了表征分析. 结果表明,电弧熔炼过程B₄C与钛基体原位反应生成TiB,TiC及TiB₂相,TiB呈现一维生长晶须状,TiC呈现颗粒状,在B₄C质量分数为10%时生成块状TiB₂,并可能会形成特殊的中空棱柱状结构Ti(B_xC_y)聚合物. 原位反应生成的TiB₂可显著提高钛基复合材料的显微硬度. 当B₄C质量分数为0.5%时,钛基复合材料原位反应生成的连续网状、均匀分布的TiB和TiC试样具有最优力学性能,试样最大抗压强度值达到1 990 MPa,最大压缩应变为35.5%,压缩性能超过熔炼钛合金,抗拉强度达到1 034 MPa,与熔炼钛合金材料相比提高近24%,但塑性有所降低,并随着B₄C含量增加,抗拉强度逐渐下降,其断裂方式由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂.     

Effect of Minor Er on the Microstructure and Properties of Al-6.0Mg-0.4Mn-0.1Cr-0.1Zr Alloys

As-cast Al-6.0Mg-0.4Mn-0.1Cr-0.1Zr alloys containing different additions of Er were prepared. Then, the specimens were carried out homogenization heat treatment, hot rolling, cold rolling, and annealing. The effects of minor Er on the microstructure and properties of Al-6.0Mg-0.4Mn-0.1Cr-0.1Zr alloy were investigated. Results show that addition of Er can refine the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of the alloys. As for the annealed alloys, the addition of 0.33%Er can increase the tensile strength by 29 MPa. Strength increment is mainly attributed to refinement and the precipitation of Al₃Er and Al₃(Er, Zr). Additionally, the minor Er can improve the corrosion resistance of the alloys, which can be attributed to the compact composite oxide film of Er-O and Al-O, purification, and modification.     

Effect of La addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of hypoeutectic Al-7Si aluminum alloy

The effect of La addition (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, wt.%) on the microstructure, tensile properties and fracture behavior of Al-7Si alloy was investigated systematically. It is found that the La appears in the Al-7Si alloy in the form of Al₄La and Al₂Si₂La phases. La addition can refine the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) and eutectic Si particles, which are decreased by 7.9% and 7%, respectively, with the optimal La content of 0.1wt.%. Because when 0.1wt.% La is added, a relatively higher nucleation undercooling of 37.47 °C is observed. Higher undercooling degree suggests that nucleation is accelerated and subsequent growth is restrained. After T6 heat treatment, compared with the without La, the ultimate tensile strength of the alloy with 0.1wt.% La is enhanced by 5.2% from 333 MPa to 350.2 MPa and the elongation increases by 73% from 7.37% to 12.75%, correspondingly. The fracture mode evolves from the ductile-brittle mixed fracture to ductile fracture mode. However, when La element content reaches a certain value of 0.4wt.%, serious segregation takes place during the solidification process. The formed brittle phases deteriorate the tensile properties of the alloy and the fracture mode of Al-7Si-0.2/0.4 La changes to mixed ductile-brittle fracture mode.

     

固溶处理对Al-8.8Zn-2.0Mg-2.1Cu-0.1Zr-0.1Ce合金组织性能的影响

采用拉伸性能和导电率测试、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、差热分析(DSC)、透射电镜(TEM)研究了固溶温度和时间对Al-8.8Zn-2.0Mg-2.1Cu-0.1Zr-0.1Ce合金板材微观组织、拉伸性能及断口形貌的影响。结果表明,试验合金适宜的固溶工艺为470 ℃×60 min,使冷轧态金属间化合物充分固溶。在此工艺下合金时效后的抗拉强度、屈服强度(以R_p0.2计)以及伸长率分别为646 MPa、581 MPa和14.5%。TEM观察发现合金板材固溶时效后晶内强化相η′仅为2~5 nm,并且晶界析出相η呈现断续分布。此外,合金拉伸断面韧窝中大量弥散分布的AlCuCeZn粒子有利于合金塑性的明显提升。