咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪的合成

咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪是第四代头孢类抗生素——头孢唑兰的3位侧链。以马来酸酐为起始原料,通过肼解、卤代、氨解、成环、脱卤合成了咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪。采用强酸为反应介质,可使马来酰肼的收率达到96%。采取一锅法合成中间体3,6-二氯哒嗪,产品收率由两步法的74.4%提高至88%。采用微波辅助合成3-氨基-6-氯哒嗪,反应时间从17 h缩短到0.5 h。在咪唑环形成过程中,以乙醇为溶剂,采用价格低廉的氯乙醛,简化了反应后处理过程。在6-氯咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪脱氯过程中,使用钯碳作催化剂,在常压下通入氢气即可完成反应。各单步收率均高于80%。     

咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪的合成研究

咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪是第四代头孢菌素——头孢唑兰的重要中间体。以3，6-二氯哒嗪为原料，经氨解得到3-氨基-6-氯哒嗪，与溴乙醛成环形成6-氯咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪，再在催化剂作用下氢解成咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪。考察了反应温度、时间、物料配比、压力、催化剂用量等反应条件对收率的影响。总收率达到41％。用熔点，核磁共振谱和元素分析对产品结构进行表征。     

咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪的合成

咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪是第四代头孢类抗生素—头孢唑兰的3位侧链。本文以马来酸酐为起始原料,通过肼解、卤代、氨解、成环、脱卤合成了咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪。采用强酸为反应介质, 可使马来酰肼的收率达到96%。采取一锅法合成中间体3,6-二氯哒嗪,产品收率由二步法的74.4%提高至88%。采用微波辅助合成3-氨基-6-氯哒嗪,反应时间从17小时缩短到0.5小时之内。在咪唑环形成过程中,以乙醇为溶剂,采用价格低廉的氯乙醛,简化了反应后处理过程。在6-氯咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪脱氯过程中, 使用钯炭作催化剂, 在常压下通入氢气即可完成反应。由于各单步收率均高于80%,具有相当的工业实用价值。     

咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪

介绍了咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪的合成方法、用途、生产及需求.以3,6-二录哒嗪为原料,经氨化、环合、脱氯得咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪。咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪是合成头孢类抗生素的侧链中间体,因合成难度较大,成为国内开发头孢唑兰的瓶颈.     

咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪合成方法综述

咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪是头孢唑兰的重要中间体。本文综述了中间体6-氯咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪的六条合成路线，以及由6-氯咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪合成咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪的两种方法，探讨了各条路线的优缺点。     

6-氯咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪的合成

以水合肼和马来酸酐为原料,经缩合、氯化、氨解和关环4步反应合成头孢唑兰的中间体6-氯咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪,总收率为65.5%.探讨了影响反应的主要因素,并通过1HNMR对产物结构进行了表征.     

新型除草剂丙嗪嘧磺隆的合成研究

以6-氯-3-氨基哒嗪和溴乙酸为起始原料,在三乙胺的作用下反应得到-亚氨基-6-氯-2,3-二氢哒嗪-2-乙酸,然后在三氯氧磷的催化下环化,再经正丙基溴化镁格氏反应得到2-氯-6-正丙基咪唑并[1,2b]吡嗪;2-氯-6-正丙基咪唑并[1,2b]吡嗪经磺酰氯磺酰化和胺化,最后与4,6-二甲氧基-2-嘧啶胺碳酸苯酯反应得到目的化合物丙嗪嘧磺隆。总收率35.0%。经核磁共振分析,所得化合物与目的产物丙嗪嘧磺隆结构一致。     

盐酸头孢唑兰的合成研究

盐酸头孢唑兰是第四代头孢菌素类抗菌素.以7h氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)为原料,经硅烷化反应后,与1-三甲基硅基咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪氢盐酸盐反应,得到中间体3-氨基-3-[(3-咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪)甲基]-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸盐酸盐(7-ACP),然后与(Z)-2-(5-氨基-1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基)-2-甲氧亚氨基硫代乙酸(S-2-苯并噻唑)酯进行缩合反应,得到盐酸头孢唑兰.反应条件优化后总收率可达25％,产品纯度在98％以上.     

泊那替尼的合成

文中以2-甲基-5-硝基三氟甲苯,3-碘-4-甲基苯甲酸,咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪为主要原料通过自由基反应,还原反应,酰化反应及sonogashira偶联反应等合成泊那替尼。最终产物及中间体的结构经1H NMR。     

5,6,7,8-四氢吡啶并[3,4-b]吡嗪的合成

3,4-二氨基吡啶与乙二醛环化得到吡啶并[3,4-b]吡嗪,进一步与氯甲酸乙酯在硼氢化锂的作用下发生还原反应得到乙基5,6-二氢吡啶并[3,4-b]吡嗪-6(5H)-羧酸酯,然后经钯碳氢化得到乙基-5,6,7,8-四氢-二氢吡啶并[3,4-b]吡嗪-6(5H)-羧酸酯,最后在碱性条件下去保护基团合成了5,6,7,8-四氢吡啶并[3,4-b]吡嗪。对还原反应进行了工艺研究,确定优化反应条件:硼氢化锂为还原剂,反应时间为1 h,反应温度为-15℃。总收率为48.4%。产品结构经1H NMR确证。     

PNAM氢解脱苄合成NAM的反应动力学

采用湿Pd(OH)2/C催化剂在排除扩散影响的条件下,研究了常压下N-乙酰保护胞壁酸(PNAM)在w(乙酸)=80%的溶剂中氢解脱苄合成N-乙酰胞壁酸(NAM)的反应动力学。通过空白实验消除湿Pd(OH)2/C及溶剂对吸氢量的影响,以吸氢量来表征反应程度。通过积分反应速率方程,对不同温度下该反应的实验数据进行了动力学计算。实验结果表明,在实验条件下,PNAM加氢脱苄反应合成NAM反应表现为一级,反应表观活化能Ea为76.496 kJ.mol-1,指前因子A为4.868×1010min-1。用IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、LC-MS和元素分析对产物进行了表征,证实了该化合物即是目标产物NAM。     

Selective liquid-phase hydrogenation of 2,6-dinitrotoluene with platinum catalysts

The kinetics of the consecutive liquid-phase hydrogenation of 2,6-dinitrotoluene to 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene and 2,6-diaminotoluene was studied in ethanol with 0·5% Pt/Al₂O₃ as a catalyst using a stirred tank slurry reactor in the temperature and pressure ranges of 313 to 348 K and 0·5 to 10 MPa, respectively. The intrinsic kinetics of the consecutive reaction can be described by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type model with non-competitive adsorption of organic species and hydrogen on the catalyst surface. At 313 K a maximum yield for the intermediate 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene of over 95% can be achieved if heat and mass transfer effects are eliminated.     

Simultaneous absorption and reaction of two gases in a liquid/formation of ethyl chloride from ethylene and hydrogen chloride

The simultaneous absorption of ethylene and hydrogen chloride with chemical reaction in a medium of nitrobenzene containing dissolved catalyst (aluminium chloride) was studied. The experimental results indicated that the absorption occurs in the kinetic regime. The reaction was found to be first-order with respect to the reactants (ethylene and hydrogen chloride) as well as the catalyst. The rate constants calculated were 1·16×10⁵, 2·80×10⁵, 6·11×10⁵ and 1·44×10⁶ [cm³/g mole]²/sec at 30, 40, 50 and 60°C respectively and the activation energy 16600 cal/g mole.     

磷钨酸绿色催化氧化环己酮合成己二酸

以30%H2O2为氧源,NaHSO4.H2O、KHSO4为酸性配体,磷钨酸为催化剂催化氧化环己酮合成了己二酸。考察了催化剂用量、H2O2用量、酸性配体用量、反应时间以及催化剂重复使用性等因素对己二酸收率的影响。结果表明,磷钨酸在反应体系中有良好的催化活性,并且具有操作方便,条件温和等优点。适宜反应条件为n(环己酮)∶n(磷钨酸)=1∶0.002(摩尔比),硫酸氢钠0.1 g,30%H2O245 mL,回流反应6 h,己二酸收率66.7%;以KHSO4为酸性配体时,己二酸的收率可达71.2%。     

活性炭负载硫酸氢钠催化合成乙酸丁酯动力学

在间歇反应釜中以活性炭负载硫酸氢钠为催化剂,丁醇和乙酸为原料催化合成乙酸丁酯。在消除内外扩散影响的前提下,以初始速率法回归动力学方程。结果表明:在催化剂粒径小于0.075 mm,实验转速为200 r/min条件下,反应内外扩散可以消除。在实验范围内获得了本征动力学方程,反应动力学方程表达式为:-r_A=f(w)k_0exp(-E_a/RT)(C_AC_D-C_EC_W/K)=(0.028w+0.0135)×4.31×10~5×exp(-4.39×10~4/RT)×(C_AC_D-C_EC_W/2.78)。其中,反应活化能为43.99 kJ·moL~(-1),指前因子k0=4.31×10~5 moL~(-1)·L·min~(-1)。     

Dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane over Pt supported on Mg–Al mixed oxides catalyst: The effect of promoter Ir

To enhance the hydrogen release during hydrogen storage, several Pt–Ir supported on Mg–Al mixed oxide catalysts were prepared and then applied into the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane (MCH) in this study. The effects of iridium content, reduction temperature on the activity and stability of the catalysts were studied in detail. In the presence of Ir, metal particle size was decreased and electron transfer between Ir and Pt was observed. High reduction temperature increased the metallic Ir content but enlarged the particle size of active sites. During the dehydrogenation reaction on Pt–Ir bimetallic catalyst, MCH was efficiently converted into toluene and PtIr-5/Mg–Al-275 exhibited the highest activity. After prolonging the residence time and raising the reaction temperature to 350 °C, the conversion and hydrogen evolution rate were increased to 99.9% and 578.7 mmol·(g Pt)⁻¹·min⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, no carbon deposition was observed in the spent catalyst, presenting a high anti-coking ability and good potential for industrial application.     

Raney镍上松香加氢制备二氢和四氢枞酸的本征动力学

采用FYX-2G型高压搅拌釜,以Raney镍为催化剂,在温度423～453K、压力4.0～7.0MPa下进行松香催化加氢反应动力学的研究。利用改进搅拌器类型、提高搅拌速度、加入200#溶剂油和改变催化剂粒径的方法消除内外扩散,使反应处于化学动力学控制区,然后采集动力学数据,经对17种可能的反应机理模型进行筛选,结果表明,Raney镍催化枞酸加氢生成二氢和四氢枞酸是并行反应,最可几反应机理为:松香中的主要成分枞酸分子与催化剂表面上被吸附的氢原子进行反应,氢原子的吸附为控制步骤,生成二氢枞酸和四氢枞酸的活化能分别为47.18kJ.mol-1和106.35kJ.mol-1。     

Studies on the mechanism of the hydrogen electrode reaction by means of deuterium tracer—II. The reaction mechanism

The exchange reaction between deuterium gas and light water was conducted with Ni, Rh, and Pt catalyst. Through analysis of isotopic composition of the gaseous hydrogen during the exchange reaction, the exchange rates of the individual steps, H₂ ? 2H(a) and H(a) + B ? H⁺B + e, of the hydrogen electrode reaction were determined at various hydrogen pressures and solution pH's, where H(a) is a hydrogen adatom and B = H₂O or OH^?. The rates of the steps were widely different among the metals studied but, throughout these metals, the hydrogen pressure dependence of the rate of the first step was with the power of 1·0–0·9, and that of the second step, 0·2–0·5. Both the rates were independent of solution pH. Generally, the former step is virtually rate-determining under low hydrogen pressures, whereas the latter takes over the role with increasing hydrogen pressure. Under ordinary pressures, the first step is virtually rate-determining on Pt but neither step is singly rate-determining on Rh and Ni.     

固体酸催化合成丙烯酸异冰片酯动力学

以莰烯和丙烯酸为原料,采用自制SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-SnO_2固体超强酸为催化剂催化合成丙烯酸异冰片酯(IBOA),考察了催化剂用量对IBOA收率的影响,并研究了该反应的本征动力学方程。结果表明,在搅拌速率大于400 r/min,催化剂粒径小于83μm时,可消除内外扩散。通过机理基元反应动力学,建立丙烯酸与莰烯合成IBOA的反应动力学模型,分析可知,该合成反应的正反应为二级反应、逆反应为一级反应,反应活化能为60.089 k J/mol,指前因子为4.068×10~5 L/(mol·g·min),该动力学模型预测的结果与实验结果吻合良好。     

低温陈化法制备SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2-Al_2O_3固体超强酸催化合成氯乙酸异辛酯

采用ZrOCl2.8H2O和Al(NO3)3.9H2O共沉淀法制备固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂。固体超强酸SO24-/ZrO2-Al2O3制备条件为nZr∶nAl=3∶1,-15℃陈化24 h,120℃干燥12 h,浸渍液硫酸浓度为0.5 mol/L,浸渍4 h,120℃干燥1 h,650℃焙烧4 h。将此固体超强酸酯用于氯乙酸和异辛醇合成氯乙酸异辛酯的酯化反应,考察了异辛醇和氯乙酸的摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、带水剂环己烷的用量对酯化反应的影响。结果表明,醇酸比为1.1∶1,催化剂用量为所用氯乙酸质量的1.7%,环己烷为异辛醇体积的46%,反应时间1.5 h条件下酯化率达94.3%。