输电线路相差保护新原理

相差纵联保护具有区别电力系统振荡与短路的优越性能,但传统相差保护在内部故障时灵敏度易受负荷电流和过渡电阻的影响,且应用于双回线或环网时其性能受线路分布电容影响,在外部故障时保护可能误动。基于无损线路分布参数模型及故障分量保护原理,提出了新型相差保护原理。理论上保护性能不受负荷电流和过渡电阻的影响,且完全杜绝了外部故障时保护误动的可能性,极大地提高了保护安全性,且各种内部故障时可靠动作。理论分析表明所提原理适用于各种故障类型,其性能不受故障电阻及系统运行状态等的影响。大量的仿真也证明了该原理的正确性。     

利用二次函数修正微分方程不平衡量的距离保护算法

暂态超越现象的存在,使得距离保护Ⅰ段的作用受到很大限制,保护范围大大缩小,在高压电网甚至超高压电网中,暂态超越现象尤其严重。文中利用二次函数对微分方程中由于互感器特性不一致引起的不平衡量进行修正,能够防止距离保护的暂态超越现象,使得距离保护的动作速度显著提高,保护动作特性明显改善。通过动模数据和实际现场保护录波数据对算法进行仿真验证,结果表明所提出的算法能够明显改善距离保护Ⅰ段的保护性能,有效防止暂态超越。     

发电机负序功率方向继电器动作分析

介绍了马鞍山第二发电厂发电机负序功率方向继电器在区外故障过程中的误动情况 ,通过分析该负序功率方向继电器的电原理图 ,而得到其动作特性。对比该负序功率方向继电器和纵向零序电压继电器所组成的匝间保护与传统的匝间保护接线方式的区别 ,因该负序功率方向继电器无常闭接点输出而不能起到传统匝间保护中的闭锁作用 ,但又按照传统匝间保护接线 ,因此造成了误动。根据问题所在提出了解决问题的方法     

电力电容器过电压保护反措

通过分析银南电网电容器过电压保护几次误动事故 ,提出在电容器过电压保护中使用高返回系数JY8系列静态型电压继电器 ,来防止系统出现瞬间过电压时电容器过电压保护误动。     

A new PMU based power swing detector to prevent mal-operation of distance relay

In conventional transmission line protection, a distance relay is used to provide the primary as well as remote backup protection. The voltage and current phasors measurement needed by the distance relay for determining the impedance may be affected by the power disturbances such as power swing. Consequently, this power swing may cause mal-operation of Zone three distance relays which in turn may affect on the reliability of the whole protective scheme. To mitigate these effects and hence improve the relay reliability, this work proposes a new real-time power swing detector using phasor measurement units for blinding the distance relay only during this transient disturbance. However, this developed detector will not block relay when the power swing accompanied with faults. To validate the present work, the performance of developed enhanced distance relay is tested by signals generated by Simulink/MATLAB simulator under different conditions. The test results show that this proposed scheme provides good discrimination between the transient currents and the fault current which in turn it may contribute in enhancing the reliability of Distance relay.     

高压电网自适应接地距离保护研究

为提高接地距离保护对高压电网高阻接地故障反应的灵敏性,提出了一种对过渡电阻Rg具有高度自适应动作边界的新型动作判据。根据接地阻抗继电器自适应动作判据的构成原则,在分析了负序电压极化的自适应阻抗继电器动作特性的基础上,分析了负序电压移相极化阻抗继电器的移相控制方法、移相极化的工作性能。分析表明,将负序电压根据近保护安装点侧系统的负序阻抗角的大小适当移相后作为极化电压,接地阻抗继电器对Rg不但有更好的自适应性,也保持了其方向动作的明确性。MATLAB仿真结果表明,新的动作判据确实提高了继电器对保护范围末端高阻接地故障动作的灵敏性和自适应性。     

一起保护误动事故引发的思考

文章通过对某变电站发生的一起由于电压互感器三次回路短路,造成保护区外故障误动事故的调查与分析,提醒专业人员在工作中应注意对电压互感器三次回路进行验收和检查,严格执行《电力系统继电保护及安全自动装置反事故措施要点》中:来自电压互感器二次的4根开关场引入线和互感器三次回路的2(3)根开关场引入线必须分开,不得共用,确保回路正确,避免保护误动的有关规定,才能防止互感器三次电压串入电压二次回路,避免造成区外故障时保护误动或区内故障时保护拒动。     

零序电压移相极化的自适应阻抗继电器研究

提出了一种基于自适应原理的新型接地阻抗继电器。在对零序电压极化的自适应阻抗继电器动作特性分析的基础上,通过对接地距离保护对过渡电阻自适应构成机理的分析,阐述了零序电压移相极化的自适应控制方法及移相原理。讨论了该继电器的动作判据,分析了其动作特性。初步理论分析表明所提继电器具有动作迅速、构成简单等良好性能。分析还表明,零序电压移相后的自适应阻抗继电器既进一步提高抗过渡电阻的能力,又不存在动作的电压死区,具有明确的方向性。同时,它还具有故障分量继电器所特有的不受负荷、系统振荡等因素影响的特点。Matlab仿真分析结果表明,该继电器具有良好的动作特性。     

A novel fast distance relay for long transmission lines

The measuring accuracy and the measurement stability of conventional distance relay will be influenced by complex and remarkable harmonic components due to the large capacitance of the line when it is used for a long line. Correspondingly, the tripping speed will be delayed to some extent. To solve this problem, a fast distance relay for long transmission lines is presented, which is on the basis of the differential equation algorithm using π transmission line model and the theory of Equal Transfer Process of Transmission Lines (ETPTL). The shortcomings of π model differential equation algorithm due to the impact of high frequency components can be overcome by using a low-pass filter. The problem resulting from the difference between the transfer feature of the voltages used by the distance protection and that of the currents due to the transient characteristic of coupling capacitor voltage transformers (CCVT) can be solved by using virtual digital CCVT. Then, the new distance relay can trip quickly by re-structuring the voltage at the fault point and iterative calculations. A variety of ATP simulation tests show that the new relay has fast tripping speed and high reliability when applied to the long transmission lines.     

一种改善距离保护动作特性的方法及其应用

以正序电压极化为原理的方向阻抗继电器,广泛运用于线路距离保护中;然而由于原理及处理过程复杂,动作性能有缺陷。文中分析了其工作原理及缺陷,提出了一种改进型方案,即采用复合电压极化的方向阻抗继电器,并对距离保护的各元件作了优化,改善了动作特性,特别是出口处正反方向对称故障的动作特性。通过理论分析试验对比,提高了动作正确率及出口时间。基于此开发了一套线路66 kV线路距离保护测控装置,通过了数动模试验,并在现场投入运行,显著改善了运行性能。     

零序电抗继电器在特高压交流输电线路上的适用性分析

特高压交流输电线路参数分布特征明显,阻抗继电器的测量阻抗与故障距离不再呈线性关系,而是呈双曲函数关系,因此接地阻抗继电器的动作特性受过渡电阻的影响严重,无法直接使用.传统高压、超高压线路普遍采用零序电抗继电器来提高抗过渡电阻能力.文中评估了零序电抗继电器在特高压线路上的适用性,分析了主要的影响因素.结果表明:零序电抗继电器的保护区明显缩小,同时动作灵敏度很低;影响保护区缩小的主要因素是采用保护安装处零序电流相位来估算故障支路电流相位的估算误差;影响继电器动作灵敏性的主要因素是较重的负荷电流.认为传统的零序电抗继电器难以直接应用到特高压交流线路上,新的算法有待研发.     

Fast and accurate parameter estimation algorithm for digital distance relaying

Response of digital distance relaying depends on the fast and accurate calculation of parameters such as voltage and current phasors and fault impedance. This paper describes a new apparent impedance estimation algorithm that is based on modal components theory. It is shown in the paper that the proposed algorithm has several advantageous features in terms of speed and accuracy over previously suggested symmetrical and modal components based algorithms. The paper discusses a procedure for deriving a fault impedance estimation algorithm that can be used for protecting power transmission lines. The proposed algorithm was evaluated using an alternative transient program (ATP). The program models a power system, simulates many fault conditions on a selected transmission line and generates fault data. The relay software then obtains filtered, scaled and sampled data and calculates fault impedance using the proposed algorithm. The relay characteristic makes trip decisions based on the fault impedance estimates. The paper shows the feasibility of the proposed algorithm for first zone distance protection. Some results of these studies are presented and discussed in the paper.     

克服距离保护暂态超越的新方法

暂态超越现象的存在,使得距离保护Ⅰ段的作用受到很大限制,保护范围大大缩小.分析了电容式电压互感器(CVT)和电流互感器(TA)的传变特性,指出了由于CVT和TA传变特性不一致引起的二次侧电压电流非周期分量无法平衡是导致距离保护暂态超越的根本原因.在微分方程算法的基础上,提出了一种通过在电压互感器二次侧叠加一个综合的衰减非周期分量使二次侧电压电流非周期分量基本平衡,从而提高保护精度、改善暂态超越的新算法.由于使用了最小二乘拟合算法,该算法自身就具有很好的滤波特性.经过EMTP仿真和实际现场数据验证,证明了该算法原理上的正确性和可行性,有很好的实用价值.     

CVT对零序(负序)方向保护影响的研究

通常认为,CVT暂态过程不会引起方向保护的误判。通过仿真计算,发现在零序(负序)电压很小时,零序方向元件和负序方向元件是有可能会出现误判的,这个现象应当引起重视。同时还发现,零序方向元件和负序方向元件不可能同时出现误判的情况。根据这个特征,提出了零序和负序方向保护的改进措施,以提高方向保护的安全性。     

Short-term wind power forecasting using adouble-stage hierarchical ANFIS approachfor energy management in microgrids

Determination of the output power of wind generators is always associated with some uncertainties due to wind speed and other weather parameters variation, and accurate short-term forecasts are essential for their efficient operation. This can efficiently support transmission and distribution system operators and schedulers to improve the power network control and management. In this paper, we propose a double stage hierarchical adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (double-stage hybrid ANFIS) for short-term wind power prediction of a microgrid wind farm in Beijing, China. The approach has two hierarchical stages. The first ANFIS stage employs numerical weather prediction (NWP) meteorological parameters to forecast wind speed at the wind farm exact site and turbine hub height. The second stage models the actual wind speed and power relationships. Then, the predicted next day’s wind speed by the first stage is applied to the second stage to forecast next day’s wind power. The influence of input data dependency on prediction accuracy has also been analyzed by dividing the input data into five subsets. The presented approach has resulted in considerable forecasting accuracy enhancements. The accuracy of the proposed approach is compared with other three forecasting approaches and achieved the best accuracy enhancement than all.     

An adaptive scheme to prevent undesirable distance protection operation during voltage instability

An adaptive algorithm to prevent undesirable distance protection operations during voltage instability is proposed. The algorithm is based on mathematical logic blocks and uses the rate of change of voltage as an additional relay criteria to increase the relay security with respect to voltage instability. Studies are based on simulations using two different test systems; a 15-bus system developed by the authors and the Nordic32 system. The investigation shows that undesirable zone 3 distance relay operations can be the difference between a blackout and a recovering system during voltage instability. However, simulations have shown that the adaptive algorithm may save the system from a collapse. Although the algorithm prevents mal-trips due to voltage instability, the reach of the distance relay will not be restricted.     

基于分布参数模型的风电系统长距离送出线时域距离保护

传统工频原理距离保护易受风电系统故障特征的影响,基于集中参数模型的时域距离保护原理较适应于风电系统送出线。但考虑到该原理忽略分布电容的影响,当故障发生在风电系统长距离送出线时,可能造成距离I段保护发生暂态超越现象。因此,提出一种基于分布参数模型的风电系统长距离送出线时域距离保护原理。基于分布参数模型,通过保护安装处的电压、电流时域信息求得距离I段整定处的电压、电流时域信息,代入时域故障测距方程中,求得整定点与故障发生处的故障距离。通过与距离I段整定距离求和获得故障测量距离,实现保护动作。仿真结果表明,该原理不受长距离送出线分布电容的影响,具有较强的抗过渡电阻性能,优越于基于集中参数模型时域距离保护。     

Stochastic analysis of fault-induced transients for distance relaying application

It is well known that the operation of distance relays relies on the power frequency components to calculate the fault impedance and hence make decision on tripping. It is also discovered that the transient induced during fault has a significant effect on the performance of distance protection, especially on that of the high-speed protection. A better understanding on fault transient can lead to a better relay design and better performance in terms of speed and relay reach. This paper analyzes the fault transients in EHV transmission lines by using time-domain stochastic techniques. Major emphasis are placed in the investigation into the differences between the fault transient attributes of different fault types and the transient features of the composite signals used in distance relay, such as the phase-to-phase quantities. This investigation leads to the development of adaptive approaches that can be implemented in digital distance relays in order to achieve an improved relay performance.     

自适应接地距离继电器

基于单相接地模型,推导得到由故障点两侧零序阻抗角差异引起测量电抗的综合误差,根据综合误差的具体情况对测量电抗进行补偿,从而得到自适应接地距离继电器动作判据.新判据的多边形阻抗特性用纯电抗线来代替传统的电抗下倾线,不再像传统距离保护那样盲目地缩小动作范围.在可靠防止距离保护超越误动作的前提下,扩大了距离保护的动作范围.用EMTP进行了大量的数字仿真实验,结果表明,自适应阻抗动作判据能有效防止保护超越误动作,也提高了区内故障的动作灵敏度.     

一起复用载波机误发信引起保护误动的分析

在500kV超高压系统中,复用载波机作为线路主保护的纵联通道设备,得到了广泛的应用。结合保护动作情况、事件的各种记录和事后的实验分析数据,分析了一起由于复用载波机误发信引起保护误动的原因,同时探讨了相应的防范措施。