Flash desolventizing defatted soybean meals washed with aqueous alcohols to yield a high-protein product

A vapor-type desolventizer was developed previously at this laboratory to recover hexane and concentrated alcohols from soybean mares. The work reported in this paper extends the application of this unit to the recovery of dilute alcohols. Soybean protein meals washed with aqueous alcohols are debittered to yield a better flavored product with a significant increase in protein content. The protein of defatted meal was increased from about 50 to 70 or 75% by washing with methanol, ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol in a concentration range of 50–70%. System modifications and critical variables were investigated so as to minimize residual alcohol and to yield a free-flowing homogeneous product. Residual alcohol in the desolventized flakes was 0.25–1.0%. Facility of removal followed the order—methanol, isopropyl alcohol, and ethanol. Two-stage flash desolventization as well as the use of the more dilute alcohols resulted in lower residual alcohol content of the desolventized product. After a minimum value for residual alcohol in the flakes is reached, further removal is difficult. However, water continues to be removed so that the alcohol water ratio becomes higher with an increased vaporization force as with increased temperature. It is postulated that the alcohol is held by adsorption or hydrogen bonding. The desolventized products analyzed: protein 72–77%; Nitrogen Solubility Index 4–16; water absorption values 328–410%. The products were light-colored, granular, and free flowing. The soybean flakes extracted with methanol exhibited the best flavor. A laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, U.S.D.A.     

Meal desolventizing and finishing

Soybean is the most widespread oilseed processed around the world, but the technology used in its processing is often extrapolated erroneously for the processing of other material. This paper will examine the traditional process, consisting of stacked desolventizer-toasters (D.T.), horizontal rotary steam dryers and air coolers, and make an analysis for its convenience in the processing of soft seeds such as rapeseed and sunflower. Factors affecting the sizing of the desolventizers are considered. An analysis also is made of alternate techniques such as combined desolventizer-toaster-dryer-cooler (D.T.D.C.), desolventizer-toaster-cooler (D.T.C.) and desolventizer-cooler (D.C.) systems, vertical rotary air dryers, vertical fixed and rotary air coolers or combined air dryers and coolers, vacuum dryers and coolers and fluidized bed coolers and penumatic cooling and conveying. Comparisons of energy, air flow and steam consumption are outlined.     

Current trends in meal desolventizing

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society - Several types of current desolventizing systems are illustrated and their important features are discussed. All of the leading desolventizer...     

Bland undenatured soybean flakes by alcohol washing and flash desolventizing

The conditions for removing the beany and bitter flavor from defatted soybean meal with ethanol and isopropyl alcohol were investigated. In the presence of alcohols, soybean protein is extremely sensitive to denaturation when temperature, moisture, and residence time are increased. If protein is to be isolated in good yield and quality, retention of the original, high watersolubility is important, and denaturation must be kept to a minimum. Defatted soybean flakes were successfully debittered by countereurrent washing with aqueous alcohols on a pilot-plant scale, and the entrained solvent was recovered by flash desolventizing without excessive denaturation of protein. Effective debittering was obtained with 95 volume percentage ethanol and 91 volume percentage isopropyl alcohol whereas satisfactory flavor was not obtained with absolute ethanol. The solubility of the nitrogenous compounds in the meal product (Nitrogen Solubility Index—NSI=water-soluble nitrogen×100÷ total nitrogen) was maintained at 68 NSI, or higher, regardless of the solvent system or conditions used when starting with 80 NSI defatted flakes. Residual alcohol in the desolventized products was reduced to 1–2% with the aqueous alcohol system and to less than 1% for the absolute alcohol system. Lower residual values can be obtained by recycling the material through the desolventizing unit. The desolventizing system described is simple, low in cost, and should be useful in any process requiring the rapid removal of solvent from residual solids where heat-sensitive constituents are present.     

Flash

Flash, a common injection molding defect, arises when melt flows from the cavity into thin gaps between parting surfaces. Besides rules of thumb for eliminating flash, there are few fundamental papers on flash analysis. Understanding flash as a transport phenomenon provides a systematic basis for solving flash problems. The governing equations for the gap flow are established and solved for an isothermal power law fluid, under constant pressure along the parting line where flash begins. Two shapes are investigated, rectangular and ring slits that respectively correspond to modeling flash from straight and curved parting lines. Our equation for flash length, the distance to which the melt penetrates the gap developed between the parting surfaces, is the main result of this work. Further, adimensionalizing not only unifies the results for straight and curved parting lines, but also provides insight into how rheology, pressure, temperature, and geometry govern flash. Our approach avoids tedious numerical simulation and mold structural analysis. Our theory is validated by our polycarbonate flash experiments. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:241–247, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers     

模拟闪光运动效果

<正>George Cairns将会向我们展示如何使Photoshop给一张清晰的运动照片添加运动尾迹,实现动感模糊效果。软件准备:Photoshop CS或以上版本学习目标:调整RAW文件,使用仿制图章工具移除不需要的画面元素,使用图层和蒙版添加运动尾迹。操作耗时:15分钟在静态画面中表现出运动物体的动感并不容易。最常见的方法是将相机设置为慢门,并跟随被摄对象移动相机拍摄。这样做能在保持画面主体清晰的同时模糊背景。如果你在拍摄自行车运动员时使用闪光灯,虽然可以得到主体清晰、背景模糊的画面,但运动员前方会有一道运动轨迹,就好像是他在骑着自行车后退,这是由于在快门打开的一瞬间闪光灯作用所引起的。     

Pyrotechnic Flash Compositions

Flash compositions are used in fireworks as well as in pyrotechnic articles for technical purposes like report signals, battle simulation and practice devices, birdscaring ammunition and anti-riol-devices for instance. The special hazards in manufacture and use of these compositions result from the combination of both a high sensitivity and a strong explosive effect. The paper presents the safety characteristic data of some flash compositions (thermal and mechanical sensitivity and sensitivity to dectonation shock). In particular, the explosive strength of flash compositions is compared with soem values found for commercial explosives. Furthermore a comparison between a KClO₄/Al-mixture and TNT is made on the basis of shock wave measurements.     

旋转快速干燥的进展

旋转快速干燥机是将高粘性膏状，糊状，滤饼状等物料直接成粉体产品的一种新型对流式干燥设备。本文介绍了旋转快速干燥机的工作原理，结构特点及其主要操作参数，还介绍了旋转快速干燥装置的工艺流程和应用，回顾了放置快速干燥的发展概况，并提出了今后的主要研究方向。     

Flash sintering of ceramics

Flash sintering is a novel densification technology for ceramics, which allows a dramatic reduction of processing time and temperature. It represents a promising sintering route to reduce economic, energetic and environmental costs associated to firing. Moreover, it allows to develop peculiar and out-of-equilibrium microstructures.The flash process is complex and unusual, including different simultaneous physical and chemical phenomena and their understanding, explanation and implementation require an interdisciplinary approach from physics, to chemistry and engineering. In spite of the intensive work of several researchers, there is still a wide debate as for the predominant mechanisms responsible for flash sintering process.In the present review, the most significant and appealing mechanisms proposed for explaining the “flash” event are analyzed and discussed, with the aim to point out the level of knowledge reached so far and identify, at least, possible shared theories useful to propose future scientific activities and potential technological implementations.     

聚丙烯闪蒸釜改造

通过在闪蒸釜内添加布袋除尘器(袋滤器),使含尘气体进入中箱体经滤袋的过滤净化,粉尘被阻留在滤袋的外表面,净化后的气体经滤袋口进入上箱体,由出风口排出,从而减少聚丙烯粉料的损失。     

Flash Evaporation in Cyclones

Flash processes have been investigated several times [1–4]. This study focuses on the flash process taking place in a cyclone. The separated and extracted steam expands directly into a cylinder of a piston engine. In contrast to known flash expanders, the pressure drops continuously within a short time. Of special interest is the efficiency of phase separation which is critical to the feasibility of the piston process with internal flash evaporation.     

传统动画和FLASH动画

传统动画随着时间不断发展变化,有了更多的表现形式,传统动画和FLASH动画的发展以及优劣势体现。以及发展前景中的障碍,同时要明确并坚持"民族的东西是最有生命力的"这一发展根本。     

Flash hydropyrolysis of Zalannoer lignite

Responses of Northern Chinese Zalannoer lignite to flash hydropyrolysis (FHP) and flash pyrolysis (FP) in a small entrained reactor were explored in experiments at temperatures between 500 and 900°C at pressure up to 6.0 MPa. Compared to FP, FHP can produce more hydrocarbon liquids (HCL) and CH₄. At the conditions of 800°C and 6.0 MPa (hydrogen pressure) the maximum yield of HCL (6.62, wt% C) was obtained.     

涂料闪点的测定

介绍了涂料闪点的定义,国内外的测定标准,测定方法,所用的仪器,以及涂料中常用溶剂的闪点,并对提高涂料闪点的方法进行了描述。     

Flash microwave pressing of zirconia

Microwave Pressing is a promising way to reduce microwave sintering temperatures and stabilize microwave powder materials processing. A multiphysics simulation was conducted of the regulated pressure-assisted microwave cavity. This simulation took into consideration resonance phenomena and the nonlinear temperature-dependent material parameters of zirconia. The intrinsic behaviors of microwave systems and zirconia make the regulation of the microwave pressing difficult. However, the same phenomena can be used to activate flash sintering. Flash microwave sintering uses high electric fields of the resonant microwave profile, the Negative Temperature Behavior (NTC) of zirconia resistivity, and the mechanical pressure applied to the powder via a die compaction configuration. The resulting flash microwave pressing still needs improvement in terms of the processed material structure homogeneity, but it has the capacity to become the fastest sintering treatment as it allows room temperature activation where the total process time only takes a few seconds. In addition, this 10-20 seconds processing technique has shown good potential for improving the transparency of alumina presintered specimens.     

Flash sintering of barium titanate

A novel technique of low temperature and fast sintering is expected to meet the productive requirements of reducing energy consumption and improving efficiency. In this work, a dense Nb-doped BaTiO₃ ceramic is obtained by a sintering method applying a direct current electrical field of 140?V?cm^?1 for 30?s at 1055?°C. In particular, the rapid densification mechanism of flash sintering Nb-doped BaTiO₃ ceramic is explained by a model about liquid film which is formed by wetting at particle contacts, due to the Joule heating runaway. It is believed that the capillary forces generated from liquid film play a dominant role during flash sintering, which ensure the compaction of local particles and achieve the densified specimen in a relatively short time.     

Gun Muzzle Blast and Flash

Gun muzzle blast and flash phenomena are of importance since they are associated with the formation of large overpressures and intense muzzle flash. About 30% of the chemical energy released from the propellant used in a conventional gun is converted into kinetic energy of the projectile. The remaining energy is mainly contained in the propellant gas-particle mixture which escapes from the muzzle of the gun in a few milliseconds. The sudden discharge produces a blast wave because of the rapid displacement of air originally surrounding the gun. In addition, these gases are generally fuel-rich and mix with air turbulently entrained from the surroundings. Combustion of this mixture causes gun muzzle flash, usually associated with the formation of a secondary blast wave. The design of solid propellant charges, gun performance, muzzle attachments and chemical flash suppressants is guided by the need to keep the above hazards to safe limits. In this paper, blast and flash phenomena are characterized using data of recent investigations and showing illustrative examples of their development.     

印尼褐煤快速热解试验研究

为考察神雾快速热解炉的产品产率及产品性质,将神雾蓄热式快速热解工业炉型按一定比例缩小,在实验室自建的快速热解小试试验装置上,考察了热解温度对热解产物产率的影响,并对产物性质进行分析。结果表明,印尼褐煤快速热解最佳反应温度为590℃,印尼褐煤油收率为9.91%,高达格金含油率的95%,快速热解装置油收率较高。与固定床热解煤焦油相比,快速热解煤焦油的密度、黏度、凝点和残炭含量均较低。模拟蒸馏结果表明,快速热解煤焦油中汽油馏分为2%,柴油馏分为44%,重油馏分为54%。印尼褐煤快速热解气中的主要组分是CH4和H2,热值较高。     

闪光光解和脉冲辐解

<正> 长期以来,化学家渴望着能观测到化学反应中寿命仅微微秒(10~(-12)秒)的瞬息即逝的中间产物的分子构型。闪光光解的建立和发展,脉冲辐解技术的突破,已使这种愿望变成了现实。现在,在国外,这种测定技术正在对现代化学的微观、动态研究发挥着重大作用。瞬态产物测定原理光化学反应和辐射化学反应,很少由反应物直接形成最终产物,大都生成多种短寿命(10~(-6)～10~(-12)秒)的瞬态粒子(不稳定的中间产物),经过相当复杂的变化过程,才过渡到最终产物。因为各个中间步骤进行得很快,常规分析方法无济于事。人们后来也曾应用