酯交换法合成甲基丙烯酸酯工艺的催化剂研究进展

概述了酯交换法制备甲基丙烯酸酯的催化反应机理,并对酯交换法制备甲基丙烯酸酯催化反应路径进行了归纳,重点介绍了金属类催化剂、负载类催化剂、生物酶催化剂的研究进展及其催化机理,并对每种催化剂的优势与缺陷进行了分析和总结,最后指出我国酯交换催化剂的发展应以改善催化剂性能、开发新型催化剂为发展方向。     

合成碳酸二苯酯的多相催化剂研究进展

酯交换法合成碳酸二苯酯包括碳酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯及草酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯。对酯交换法和氧化羰基合成法中所用的多相催化剂研究进展进行了系统阐述,主要包括金属氧化物,分子筛,以分子筛和SiO2、活性炭及复合型金属氧化物为载体的催化剂。并进一步对各工艺过程及所用催化剂的优缺点进行了评论,认为开发多相催化剂是今后碳酸二苯酯合成研究的重点方向。     

酯交换法合成甲基丙烯酸酯工艺的催化剂研究进展

概述了酯交换法制备甲基丙烯酸酯的催化反应机理,并对酯交换法制备甲基丙烯酸酯催化反应路径进行了归纳,重点介绍了金属类催化剂、负载类催化剂、生物酶催化剂的研究进展及其催化机理,并对每种催化剂的优势与缺陷进行了分析和总结,最后指出我国酯交换催化剂的发展应以改善催化剂性能、开发新型催化剂为发展方向。     

苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的多相催化剂研究进展

苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的酯交换法包括苯酚和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)酯交换法及苯酚和草酸二甲酯(DMO)酯交换法。本文介绍了这两种酯交换法的反应原理及特点,综述了以苯酚为原料的酯交换法中多相催化剂的研究现状,并对相应的多相催化剂的特点进行了评述。     

稀土元素化合物在聚酯聚合工艺中的催化作用

以不同的稀土金属元素化合物及稀土化合物/三氧化二锑复合物分别用作聚酯酯交换和缩聚催化剂,对各工艺参数进行分析,并对产品性能进行测试与表征.结果表明:稀土化合物可作为聚酯酯交换的催化剂和缩聚助催化剂;使用稀土化合物/三氧化二锑复合催化剂,能有效提高酯交换效率,缩短反应时间,降低酯交换开始温度,所得聚酯产品的色相优于普通三氧化二锑催化所得聚酯,结晶度比普通三氧化二锑催化所得聚酯的高,且重稀土有机化合物比轻稀土无机化合物催化效率更高.     

制备生物柴油的固体催化剂研究进展

生物柴油是一种清洁、可再生能源。对催化油脂酯交换反应制备生物柴油的固体催化剂的研究进展进行综述,分析了各种固体催化剂的特性,并对催化油脂酯交换反应的固体催化剂今后研究方向进行讨论。     

微波辅助乌桕油制备生物柴油的研究

通过利用浓硫酸作催化剂对酸值较高的乌桕油进行预酯化。预酯化后的乌桕油与甲醇在氢氧化钾作为催化剂微波仪中进行酯交换反应得到脂肪酸甲酯,采用单因素实验的方法来研究酯交换反应的最优工艺条件,酯交换反应温度为60℃,反应时间为3min,催化剂KOH的用量为1．0％（油重）,酯交换反应的转化率为98．87％。     

多相催化剂在生物柴油生产中的研究进展

综述了油脂酯交换反应生产生物柴油中多相催化剂的研究进展,对催化剂的性能效率做了对比,指出在以废油脂代替精制植物油生产生物柴油的发展中,多相酸催化剂较多相碱催化剂有更强的适用性和工业前景。     

酯交换法制备生物柴油的反应机理及其影响因素

生物柴油是一种对环境友好的可再生燃料,介绍了酯交换法制备生物柴油的反应机理,阐述了生产过程中游离脂肪酸、水份、催化剂、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间对酯交换工艺的影响。     

酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯反应及催化剂研究进展

介绍了碳酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的反应热力学。总结了近年来该类催化剂研究的新进展。对酯交换反应的平衡限制问题和选择性问题进行了详细的讨论。根据对反应热力学的分析,指出避开平衡限制的合理途径是采用酯交换-歧化二步法工艺路线,而高选择性地得到碳酸二苯酯取决于催化剂的性质。通过分析酸碱催化作用在酯交换反应中的差异,认为碱催化是副产物苯甲醚生成的主要原因,Lewis酸性的催化剂有利于碳酸二苯酯的高选择性。最后对国内研究现状进行了评价和展望。     

固体酸催化制备生物柴油研究进展

生物柴油是一种绿色的可再生能源,主要通过酯交换反应生产。催化剂在酯交换反应中起重要作用,固体酸催化剂因污染少、效率高、易分离而成为研究热点。本文介绍了固体酸催化制备生物柴油的反应机理,综述了国内外近几年生物柴油制备中所用固体酸催化剂的研究进展,分为固体杂多酸、无机酸盐、金属氧化物及其复合物、沸石分子筛及阳离子交换树脂等,分析了催化剂的制备流程、反应操作条件和反应结果等,得出固体酸在催化含有大量水分和游离酸的油脂酯交换反应方面具有独特的优势,且符合生物柴油绿色生产的要求,是需要进一步研究和开发的方向。     

非均相固体碱催化剂(CaO体系)用于生物柴油的制备

为解决生物柴油酯交换过程中的产物与催化剂分离问题,制备了负载型固体碱催化剂（CaO/SiO₂、CaO/Al₂O₃和CaO/MgO体系）,考察该系列催化剂在生物柴油制备中的不同反应特点,对制备的催化剂进行XRD表征,研究了反应条件对反应的影响。结果表明,CaO可以很好地分散在催化剂载体上,该体系催化剂是制备生物柴油的良好非均相催化剂。催化剂的最佳制备条件为：焙烧温度700 ℃,催化剂质量分数为原料油的1%,m（醇）∶m（油）＝18∶1,反应温度60～65 ℃,反应时间10 h。     

Supported solid and heteropoly acid catalysts for production of biodiesel

Biodiesel has developed attraction of most researchers recently because of its renewable resources and environmental benefits. Transesterification process in the presence of catalysts is the most common way, which is used for biodiesel production. Heterogeneous acid catalysts are considered more reliable than any other catalysts to carry out most vital reactions related to green chemistry (biodiesel production), because the production of biodiesel from solid acid catalysts is considered economically favorable. Nowadays, biodiesel is preparing from low quality feedstock by using solid acids catalysts in many research laboratory throughout the world. This article discusses how much catalyst shapes affect the efficiency of catalyst during catalysis. Different types of supports (zinc oxide, alumina, zirconia, and silica) are used to increase the efficiency of catalysts. Supported Lewis acid, Brønsted acid, and heteropoly acid catalysts show good efficiency for the catalytic transesterification of oil with alcohol. Heteropoly acid catalysts are tremendous and environment friendly acid catalyst and have ability to tolerate contaminations of oil resources such as water contents and free fatty acids (FFAs) contents. Keggin-type heteropoly acids are easily available and having stable structure while Wells–Dawson-type heteropoly acids are included in super acid class, due to these reasons heteropoly acids are considered as best acidic catalysts for biodiesel production by catalytic transesterification process. Therefore, this review also focused on the deactivation, regeneration and advantages of supported solid acid catalysts used for the catalytic production of biodiesel through transesterification.     

Biodiesel production using tetramethyl- and benzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxides as strong base catalysts

In recent years, the acceptance of fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) as an alternative fuel has rapidly grown in EU. The most common method for biodiesel production is based on triglyceride transesterification to methyl esters with dissolved sodium hydroxide in methanol as catalyst. In this study, cottonseed oil and used frying oil were subjected to the transesterification reaction with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and benzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide as strong base catalysts. This work investigates the optimum conditions for biodiesel production using amine-based liquid catalysts. Biodiesel ester content was strongly related with the type of feedstock and the reaction variables, such as those of the catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, and reaction time. The overall results suggested that the transesterification of cottonseed oil achieved high conversion rates with both catalysts, while the use of waste oil resulted in lower yields of methyl esters due to the possible formation of amides.     

超临界流体技术制备生物柴油的研究进展

综述了超临界流体技术制备生物柴油的最新研究进展。介绍了反应机理和反应动力学、工艺操作条件、原料中的水和游离脂肪酸、共溶剂和附加催化剂对酯交换反应的影响,并提出了超临界流体技术的优势、存在问题以及发展方向。     

催化酯交换制备生物柴油的研究进展

催化酯交换是制备生物柴油的一个重要方法。本文综述了均相催化和非均相催化、酸性催化和碱性催化、固体酸和固体碱催化的研究进展,并针对每类催化剂的特性和应用范围进行比较,得出固体酸和固体碱催化符合绿色生产生物柴油的要求,是未来发展的方向。特别是固体酸在催化含有水分和游离酸的油脂酯交换方面具有独特的优势,需要进一步研究和开发。     

Calcium Containing Silicate Mixed Oxide-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

A series of calcium containing silicate mixed oxide materials has been developed for biodiesel production. It has been shown that these materials can catalyze transesterification reactions from feedstocks with various fatty acid contents. However, their reaction kinetics for biodiesel synthesis was very slow compared to that of homogeneous-catalyst-catalyzed reactions. Herein, we report fast-reacting solid catalysts for biodiesel production. Two types of materials have been developed: a non-porous and an anionic-surfactant-templated catalysts. Compared to previously reported transesterification reaction by mesoporous calcium containing silicate catalysts, the reaction rates from both families were much faster. In addition, both the preparation time of catalysts and the cost of preparation were significantly reduced. Details in material synthesis and its effect on catalysis are discussed.     

酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯催化剂的研究进展

对近年来碳酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的催化剂体系进行了较为系统的概述,包括均相催化剂体系(碱或碱金属化合物、Lewis酸、锡和钛的有机化合物等)和多相催化剂体系(各种负载型、金属氧化物、水滑石等),认为开发有机锡、有机钛配合物催化剂以及将其固载化是碳酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换反应合成碳酸二苯酯催化剂研究的重要方向.     

酯交换法制备生物柴油研究进展

综述了酯交换法制备生物柴油的国内外重要研究进展,总结了超临界体系、生物酶催化体系、均相催化体系和非均相催化体系制备生物柴油的研究成果,重点讨论了不同催化剂和实验条件对酯交换反应速率和生物柴油产率的影响,分析了不同反应体系存在的一些关键问题,并对酯交换法制备生物柴油的研究方向进行了展望。     

An overview of solid base heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

The alcoholysis process requires high activity catalysts for biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts have been proven to possess highly active nature and are environment-friendly. The present article emphasizes on various types of solid base catalysts that have been used in the recent past for the production of biodiesel by transesterification of oils. The parameters and conditions affecting the transesterification reaction and biodiesel yield have also been mentioned in the article. Heterogeneous catalysts have the capability to be recycled for many runs in the process without greatly abating the biodiesel yield. Also, such catalysts possess noncorrosive nature, thus making the biodiesel safe to be used in engine without any damage. The exploitation of waste materials as catalysts would reduce the overall production cost of biodiesel. Calcium-based catalysts in the reviewed literature have shown promising outcomes for the future use and would make the process economical for large-scale industrial applications.