Electrically tunable dispersion compensator with fixed center wavelength using fiber Bragg grating

We present the design and development of a novel tunable dispersion compensator with fixed center wavelength that is based on the electrical adjustment of the chirp of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Both temperature gradient and strain gradient are employed to adjust the chirp of the FBG jointly. The electrical current flowing through the taper on-fiber thin-film heater will introduce a temperature gradient on the FBG. The shrinkage of a negative thermal expansion coefficient (NTEC) ceramic due to the temperature rise will compress the tapered FBG mounted inside it, and this will introduce a strain gradient on the FBG. The center wavelength of the FBG will be kept fixed because the effect of temperature rise on the FBG and the effect of compression of the FBG will offset each other. Applying an electrical power of less than 0.68 W, we demonstrate a linearly chirped FBG whose dispersion can be continuously adjusted from -178 ps/nm to -302 ps/nm with a central wavelength shift of as small as 0.16 nm.     

Time-Division Multiplexing Fiber Grating Sensor With a Tunable Pulsed Laser

A novel time-division-multiplexing fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor with a tunable pulsed laser is proposed and demonstrated. A tunable pulsed fiber laser based on a matched FBG is applied. The wavelengths of the sensing FBGs are obtained by detecting maximum voltages with a photodiode, which avoids a complex demodulation process. The advantages of the sensor include simple structure, high signal-to-noise ratio, and the sensing signals obtained by detecting the maximum voltages     

室温稳定多波长光纤激光器技术的研究新进展

室温稳定的多波长光纤激光器( MWFL)中最关键的技术是如何有效抑制掺杂光纤的均匀展宽效应。综述了国际上近年来提出的实现室温稳定多波长光纤激射的主要技术。介绍了近几年我们在该领域的一些创新性研究工作:提出了多种基于多谐振峰的光纤布拉格光栅(FBG) ,如多模光纤布拉格光栅、保偏光纤布拉格光栅、取样光纤布拉格光栅等的可开关多波长光纤激光器的新方法和新结构,实现了多种波长间隔小于2 nm,室温工作稳定性好、波长及波长间隔可调的可开关多波长光纤激光器;提出了基于非线性光纤环镜( NOLM)和非线性偏振旋转(NPR)效应的两种多波长掺铒光纤激光器(EDFL)实现技术,实现了室温稳定、功率谱分布平坦的宽带多波长激光输出,3 dB带宽内的波长个数可达50个,每个波长的功率波动在2 h内小于0 .1 dB。     

基于可调谐FP滤波器的光纤光栅解调系统

为了进一步提高光纤光栅解调系统的性能,提出和研究了一种新颖的基于可调谐F-P(Fabry-Perot)滤波器的光纤光栅解调技术,并以此为基础构建了探测系统。系统使用一个固定波长的参考光纤光栅作为波长参考元件,通过对传感光纤光栅与参考光纤光栅的波长测量与差值运算,消除了可调谐FP滤波器腔长漂移对测量精度的影响。给出压电陶瓷电压对应的伸长量,有效地减小了压电陶瓷非线性对测量的影响,提高了光纤光栅波长的测量精度。在测量范围内,最大非线性偏差为0.5%。     

Dual functional performance of fiber Bragg gratings coated with metals using flash evaporation technique

Metallic and other type of coatings on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors alter their sensitivity with thermal and mechanical stress while protecting the fragile optical fiber in harsh sensing surroundings. The behavior of the coated materials is unique in their response to thermal and mechanical stress depending on the thickness and the mode of coating. The thermal stress during the coating affects the temperature sensitivity of FBG sensors. We have explored the thermal response of FBGs coated with Al and Pb to an average thickness of 80 nm using flash evaporation technique where the FBG sensor is mounted in a region at room temperature in an evacuated chamber having a pressure of 10^?6 Torr which will minimize any thermal stress during the coating process. The coating thickness is chosen in the nanometer region with the aim to study thermal behavior of nanocoatings and their effect on FBG sensitivity. The sensitivity of FBGs is evaluated from the wavelengths recorded using an optical sensing interrogator sm 130 (Micron Optics) from room temperature to 300 °C both during heating and cooling. It is observed that the sensitivity of the metal coated fibers is better than the reference FBG with no coating for the entire range of temperature. For a coating thickness of 80 nm, Al coated FBG is more sensitive than the one coated with Pb up to 170 °C and it reverses at higher temperatures. This point is identified as a reversible phase transition in Pb monolayers as the 2-dimensional aspects of the metal layers are dominant in the nanocoatings of Pb. On cooling, the phase transition reverses and the FBGs return to the original state and for repeated cycles of heating and cooling the same pattern is observed. Thus the FBG functions as a sensor of the phase transitions of the coatings also.     

Multiplexable Low-Temperature Fiber Bragg Grating Hydrogen Sensors

A palladium-coated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscribed in high attenuation fiber (HAF) capable of measuring hydrogen concentration at -150 ^degC, well below the 4% explosion limit, is presented. The low-temperature performance of the sensor was improved by heating the gratings as much as 300 K above the ambient temperature with highly attenuated infrared laser light. The sensitivity and response time of the FBG hydrogen sensor were studied as functions of fiber temperature. Through the selection of length and the loss per meter of the HAF, the self-heating scheme demonstrated here enables numerous FBG hydrogen sensors to be multiplexed in a single fiber for multipoint hydrogen sensing using a single fiber feedthrough.     

聚合物封装光纤布拉格光栅传感器温度压力特性研究

分析了聚合物封装光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器温度与压力响应特性。通过实验对某种特殊聚合物封装光纤光栅的温度与压力响应进行研究，发现当温度变化范围较大时．由于温度对材料弹性模量的影响．光纤光栅的压力响应灵敏度不再为常数，而是随温度变化的。当温度在30℃时．其压力响应灵敏度为0．036nm／MPa．在180℃时则变为0．175nm／MPa，且灵敏度系数随温度的变化呈分段线性变化。因此在使用聚合物封装实现光纤光栅传感器增敏以及大范围温度和压力的同时测量时，需要将弹性模量作为温度的函数．代入光纤光栅温度与压力响应灵敏度系数矩阵公式中以消除大范围温度变化对聚合物力学特性的影响。     

Union self-compensated packaging of FBG strain sensor

To solve the cross-sensitivity to temperature of fiber Bragg grating（FBG）strain sensor,an effective method is firstly proposed for the discrimination of strain and temperature by using a single FBG adopting a special compensated structure,which is based on the thermal stress.The relationship of strain and temperature responses of FBG is analyzed theoretically.The experimental results are in agreement with the obtained theoretical analyses.This sensor structure has excellent characteristics,such as simple structure,easy manufacture and higher strain sensitivity.     

Tunable and Switchable Fiber Ring Laser Among Four Wavelengths With Ultranarrow Wavelength Spacing Using a Quadruple-Transmission-Band Fiber Bragg Grating Filter

Four$pi$-phase shifts are introduced in a uniform fiber Bragg grating (FBG) structure to realize a quadruple-transmission-band filter with ultranarrow 40-pm wavelength spacing. Four separate single-wavelength lasings at 1552.60, 1552.63, 1552.67, and 1552.71 nm, and three pairs of dual-wavelength lasings among above four wavelengths, are achieved stably by incorporating the quadruple-transmission-band FBG filter in a fiber ring cavity with a tunable uniform FBG acting as coarse frequency selection. This new kind of laser will be very useful in applications requiring closely spaced and tunable single- or dual-wavelength components.     

海洋FBG压力及温补传感器温度响应一致性研究

为满足船载拖曳式全光纤海洋温深剖面连续测量的要求,测量海水深度的光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)压力传感器利用FBG温度传感器作为其温补传感器。由于二者对温度同时敏感且对海水温度的响应时间存在不一致性,导致在拖曳测试海水压力时有所偏差。针对这一问题,本文对传感器的温度响应一致性进行分析研究。通过对FBG温度传感器的外管加装绝热材料,使其与FBG压力传感器的温度响应时间接近一致。通过海试验证,FBG压力传感器与标准传感器ALEC(亚力克)具有较高的测量相关性。     

宽调谐光纤激光器在温度传感中的应用

设计实现了一种编程扫描宽调谐掺铒光纤激光器,波长扫描调谐范围超过51nm(1516.83—1568.31nm),调谐步长最小可达0.01nm,通过编程控制波长重复扫描调谐。将该激光器应用于光纤光栅组成准分布式温度传感系统,初步实验实现了对16路共48个点的实时温度监测。     

Wavelength division multiplexing all-fiber hybrid devices based onFabry-Perot's and gratings

In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a series of new all-fiber, tunable, and highly selective filters based on fiber gratings and Fabry-Perot's. The structures combine high fiber Fabry-Perot (FFP) selectivity and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) bandpass nature and presents high flexibility in the response by using nonuniform gratings. An ultraselective filter (a few MHz in range) is also addressed by cascading two FFP     

Tunable Super-Structured Fiber Bragg Gratings with Perfect Sequences Based on m-Sequence

Recently, a tunable fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was developed by using stress-responsive colloidal crystals. In this paper, we have simulated the application of these nanoparticles into the super-structured fiber Bragg grating (SSFBG) written with perfect sequences derived from a short maximal-length sequence. A tunable SSFBG will be available to overcome the prohibitive temperature variation of the optical codecs. Nevertheless, we presented a method to implement coherent time spreading optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) where a unique code (or perfect sequence) can be reused and mixed with different wavelengths to obtain a tunable wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system. In order to maximize the binary throughput, we have selected a unique short maximal-length sequence composed of 7 chips that can be tuned with 7 different optical wavelengths. We found thousands of different tunable combinations that presented power contrast ratios (P/C) higher than 12 dB. When a WDM-OCDMA system used 2 different combinations simultaneously, the perfect binary detection with error correction codes was achieved successfully. The tunable SSFBG with colloidal crystals will be a simple and good alternative choice for fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) communications.     

Metal coating of fiber Bragg grating and the temperature sensing character after metallization

In this study, the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was metallized with a nickel coat using an electroless-electro plating method. Under the optimum conditions, the surface of chemical plating and electroplating coat are smooth and compact, there is not any visible defect in the cross-section. The effects of the nickel coat on the properties of the fiber sensor were studied. With this plating method, the FBG can be well protected and its sensing properties can be changed. When the temperature is changed, a thermal stress between the metal coat and the fiber will be induced because of the thermal expansion coefficients difference. The thermal stress influence on the temperature sensing properties of the metalized FBG was analyzed, and a physical-mathematical model for FBG temperature sensing was presented. Experimental results show the mathematical model is feasible to explain the mechanism of temperature sensitivity enhancement for metalized FBG.     

真空热环境下不同涂覆层光纤传输损耗特性影响研究

为满足光纤光栅传感技术在高真空热环境下的应用,分析了丙烯酸酯和聚酰亚胺2种不同涂覆层单模紧套光纤作为传输光纤,在高真空热环境下对FBG峰值功率的影响,并进行了实验验证。首先,设计了高真空热环境下传输光纤等效模型;接着,设计了不同涂覆层光纤传输损耗特性影响实验方案,搭建了硬件在环检测平台;最后,进行了实验验证,探索了在高真空热环境条件下,不同涂覆层单模传输光纤随着温度、真空度变化对FBG反射谱功率峰值影响规律。实验结果表明:真空度从常压降至10-4 Pa水平再恢复至常压,丙烯酸酯和聚酰亚胺2种不同涂覆层单模传输光纤温度从常温降至-196℃再恢复至常温,历经224 h,FBG反射谱功率峰值均不发生变化,为光纤传感技术在高真空（压力约为10-4 Pa水平）、热环境（-196~25℃循环）中应用提供理论及实验依据。     

光纤Bragg光栅液氦环境下温度传感特性的研究

进行了液氦温度(4.2 K)到室温(298 K)温区内光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)温度传感性能的实验研究.重点分析了液氦温度(4.2 K)到液氮温度(77 K)FBG的温度传感特性.实验表明:FBG传感特性与温度相关.在50 K以下,温度响应基本没有变化;50 K-77 K,波长偏移量随温度上升变化不规律;150 K-298 K传感特性近似成线性.对比裸光栅与涂敷光栅,涂敷光栅的温度灵敏度远大于裸光栅的温度灵敏度.选用外加热膨胀系数大的聚合物封装,可以显著提高FBG的温敏系数和线性度.     

光纤光栅毛细钢管封装工艺及其传感特性研究

提出了一种光纤光栅的毛细钢管封装工艺,并通过材料力学多功能实验台和恒温箱对其应变与温度传感特性进行了研究。与裸光纤光栅的测试结果比较表明,毛细钢管封装工艺基本不改变光纤光栅的应变传感特性,但是温度灵敏度系数提高了约2.7倍,且线性度、重复性良好,为光纤光栅在温度测量领域的应用提供了一个很好的封装方法。     

High-performance microwave transversal filter using fiber Bragggrating arrays

Measured results from a microwave photonic traversal filter exploiting fiber Bragg grating (FBG) arrays and achieving a high-performance tunable bandpass microwave response are presented. Tuning is affected by changing the optical carrier wavelength to select the operating gratings, and the high-quality frequency response is obtained by weighting the reflections of the gratings. This experiment demonstrates that sophisticated passive signal processing functionality can be achieved practically using FBGs     

单FBG双波长掺铒光纤激光器的设计与实验研究

为给密集波分复用(DWDM)光纤通信及光纤传感系统提供理想光源,设计了一种双波长环形腔掺铒光纤激光器。该激光器采用单支光纤光栅(FBG)和2个3dB耦合器构成可调谐光滤波器,结合多模光纤的偏振烧孔效应,通过改变系统的偏振态来获得波长可调谐的双波长激光输出。实验结果表明:改变系统的偏振态时,可分别获得单波长和双波长激光输出,双波长光纤激光器的最大波长差为4.692nm。引入多模光纤后,激光跳模现象得到明显抑制。     

Tunability of the FBG group delay through acousto-optic modulation

A new method for fine control of the group delay of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is presented. It is based on an acoustic wave applied to the fiber. The standing acoustic wave imposes a periodic chirp to the uniform FBG. Tunability is obtained through adjustment of the intensity and/or frequency of the acoustic wave. A fast switching time of ∼17 μs was achieved. The experimental results were verified by theoretical simulation showing a good agreement between them. It can be used for different applications such as tunable narrow dispersion compensator for independent coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) channels or optical delay lines.