其他

亨斯迈工业化生产碳酸甘油酯美国亨斯迈公司近期以生物柴油的副产物甘油为原料,实现了碳酸甘油酯工业化生产。该公司所产的碳酸甘油酯为生物基专用化学品,可用作反应     

甲醇钠催化蓖麻油制备生物柴油研究

研究了以甲醇钠为催化剂,蓖麻油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制取生物柴油的反应条件对产率的影响,通过正交试验得出酯交换反应的最优工艺条件为:反应时间为2 h,反应温度60℃,醇油摩尔比为7∶1,催化剂甲醇钠用量为油重1.1%,生物柴油在此条件的的产率达到90%以上。此工艺具有流程简单,催化剂活性高,成本低的优点。     

用棉籽油制备生物柴油

采用棉籽油为原料连续化生产生物柴油,研究了工艺及设备的设计。由棉籽油与甲醇在催化剂NaOH存在下由酯交换反应制得生物柴油。在优化条件下反应50 min,转化率达到99%。生产的生物柴油,各项指标与天然柴油相似。其各项燃烧指标优于或与普通柴油相仿,满足欧洲Ⅱ排放标准。     

正交法探讨制备生物柴油的优化条件

植物油在NaOH为催化剂的作用下通过甲醇酯交换反应生成脂肪酸甲酯(生物柴油)。考察了反应条件如醇油比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等的变化对生物柴油得率的影响。应用正交实验的方法找出植物油酯交换反应的最佳反应条件为:反应温度40℃,醇油物质的量比6∶1,催化剂用量0.8%,反应时间60 min。在此反应条件下生物柴油得率可达99.2%。实验所得的生物柴油主要质量指标已达到德国DINV51.606生物柴油质量标准。     

固体碱催化制备生物柴油的最新研究进展

异相催化工艺是生物柴油工业化生产的发展方向。固体碱催化剂因其反应速率高、条件温和、且环保可再生等优越的性能成为生物柴油领域的研究热点。本文综述了负载型和非负载型两类催化剂在生物柴油中制备中的应用,总结了其存在的问题,展望了生物柴油未来的发展前景。     

三聚氰胺泡沫双螺杆反应挤出机设计

针对三聚氰胺泡沫塑料连续化生产的工艺要求及技术难点,通过实验确定了三聚氰胺泡沫塑料的工业化生产流程,通过计算确定了三聚氰胺反应挤出发泡专用的反应型双螺杆挤出机的关键技术参数。为满足泡沫生产过程中黏度差较大组分的快速均化和反应热的快速移除等要求,专门设计了特殊的反应挤出机筒体和专用混合螺杆元件。通过实际工业化生产检验了流程设计及反应挤出机设计的可行性。     

固定化脂肪酶催化酯交换制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物酶法生产生物柴油具有化学催化法不可比拟的优越性,是工业化生产的发展方向。介绍了固定化脂肪酶在催化油脂酯交换制备生物柴油方面的应用,对影响酯交换反应的脂肪酶源、底物摩尔比率、酰基受体、水含量、反应温度、副产物等因素进行了综述。     

连续化生产生物柴油的反应器与工艺的研究进展

生物柴油因其具有优良的环境友好性和可再生性日益受到关注。传统的间歇反应器制备生物柴油存在生产效率低、产品质量不稳定等弊端,连续化生产节能减耗、降低成本、产生规模效益成为生物柴油工业化生产的趋势。本文简介了国内外生物柴油的发展,综述了连续搅拌釜式反应器、活塞流反应器、固定床反应器等主要连续化生产生物柴油反应器与工艺,并进行了对比。     

生物柴油工业化生产过程的质量控制

随着生物柴油国家标准即将实施,如何控制生物柴油产品质量越来越引起大家的关注.本文参照国内外生物柴油的质量标准,结合本公司10万吨/年工业化生产生物柴油的质量中控经验,讨论了用劣质原料工业化生产生物柴油生产过程的质量控制,供国内同行参考.     

B酸离子液体[HSO_3-bpy]CF_3SO_3催化麻疯油制备生物柴油

以麻疯油为原料,离子液体[HSO3-bpy]CF3SO3为催化剂通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油。通过正交实验考察了催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间等4个因素对反应的影响。同时以[HSO3-bpy]CF3SO3为催化剂兼溶剂,优化了生物柴油的合成条件。结果显示:反应温度为140℃、催化剂用量为油脂质量的5%、醇油摩尔比为15:1、反应5h,单次酯交换制备生物柴油,收率可达到90.4%,在相同的反应条件下,催化剂重复使用6次后其催化活性无明显变化,且产品质量达到美国ASTM生物柴油标准的相关指标。     

Feasibility Study of Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil Refinery Waste

Vegetable oil refinery waste containing acid oil is used as an inexpensive feedstock for producing biodiesel by microwave-assisted esterification (MAE) method. Effects of some main variables such as free fatty acid:methanol molar ratio (1:1, 1:5, and 1:10), reaction time (5, 30, and 60 min), and catalyst concentration (1%, 2%, and 3%) on physicochemical properties of produced biodiesel are investigated. Optimum reaction conditions of MAE are free fatty acid:methanol molar ratio of 1:10, reaction time of 60 min, and a catalyst concentration of 3%, while having 95.79% conversion yield. By increasing the conversion yield of the biodiesel, density and color brightness increase, while viscosity and refractive index decrease. There are no significant differences between physicochemical and heating properties of biodiesel produced by MAE and magnetic stirrer esterification (MSE) methods. Meanwhile, energy consumption of MAE method is almost four times lower than that of MSE. MAE as a promising alternative to the conventional esterification method can be considered as an energy-efficient method for producing biodiesel from inexpensive vegetable oil refinery waste. Practical applications : Acid oil is an inexpensive by-product of alkali refining in vegetable oil plants that would pollute the environment if not rendered safely. In this study, MAE is used to convert acid oil to biodiesel as a practical process for bringing alkali refining waste into production cycle. Acid oil can provide a reduction in the cost of biodiesel production. In addition, application of energy-efficient MAE method can facilitate the economical production of biodiesel.     

Optimization of Two-Step Biodiesel Production from Beef Tallow with Microwave Heating

Animal fats are by-products from slaughterhouses that may be utilized as renewable energy source. This study was about biodiesel production from high free fatty acid beef tallow waste using two-step process with microwave heating. Sulfuric acid and NaOH were used as catalysts with methanol for the first esterification and second transesterification step, respectively. Catalyst loadings were between 0.25% and 2.5%, with applied microwave power of 340?W, operation time of 10–50?min, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio between 1:3 and 1:15. These process parameters were optimized using the design of experiments. The yields and properties of the biodiesel were assessed. The results indicated that the two-step process were successful in converting the beef tallow to biodiesel. Statistical analysis of the results showed that significant contributions were from the linear and quadratic terms of these three variables. The optimum conditions for esterification and transesterification were reported. Validity of the predicted models was confirmed by the experimental verification.     

The heterogeneous advantage: biodiesel by catalytic reactive distillation

The incentives for using biodiesel as renewable fuel and the difficulties associated with its production are outlined. The pros and cons of manufacturing biodiesel via fatty acid esterification using solid acid catalysts are investigated. Finding a suitable catalyst that is active, selective, and stable under the process conditions is the major challenge. The most promising candidates were found to be the sulfated metal oxides that can be used to develop a sustainable esterification process based on catalytic reactive distillation.     

Partial hydrothermal oxidation of unsaturated high molecular weight carboxylic acids for enhancing the cold flow properties of biodiesel fuel

Biodiesel fuel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is a product made from renewable resources. However the less favorable cold flow properties or the low temperature operability of biodiesel fuel compared to conventional diesel is a major drawback limiting its use. The poor flow properties of biodiesel at cold temperatures are mainly due to biodiesel fuel being composed of long-chain fatty acids with an alcohol molecule attached. If the double bond of unsaturated fatty acids in these long-chain fatty acids could be ruptured selectively, then the cold flow properties of biodiesel fuel would be enhanced by reducing its viscosity.In this study, the selective hydrothermal oxidation of oleic acid, as a model compound of unsaturated high molecular weight carboxylic acids, was studied experimentally. The objective was to use this as a model to investigate whether the double bond of unsaturated fatty acids can be ruptured selectively by partial hydrothermal oxidation. Demonstration of this method could then be used to show the potential to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Results showed that the amount of mono-carboxylic acids, aldehyde, di-carboxylic acids, and aldehyde-acids with a carbon number of 9 was significantly higher than other oxidative products. This suggests that the oxidative cleavage may principally occur at the double bond in hydrothermal conditions. The cloud and pour points for biodiesel fuel (B100) and B100 blend with a mixture of methyl esters or acetals were measured. These are the most important indicators for the cold flow properties of biodiesel fuel. The methyl esters or acetals used were made from the esterification of carboxylic acids or aldehydes by simulating the major oxidation products. These were obtained from the hydrothermal oxidation of oleic acid at different oxygen supply rates. Results showed that the cloud and pour points of the blend were significantly enhanced compared to those of B100.     

高酸价油脂制备生物柴油的研究

以高游离脂肪酸含量的大豆酸化油为原料,在较高的压力和温度条件下,经催化甲酯化制备生物柴油,研究了甲酯化的优化反应条件并在此条件下对大豆酸化油、菜籽酸化油、地沟油的甲酯化效率进行了验证试验。结果表明在醇油质量比1:1.25,催化剂NaA/MgR用量为油质量的 1%,压力 3.0 MPa,温度 188℃,反应时间 120 min,3种原料油脂总脂肪酸甲酯含量达到 95%,生物柴油得率在 94% 左右。所得生物柴油产品质量指标符合ASTM 6751-03a的质量指标,且本工艺可以实现工业化。     

Esterification of sludge palm oil using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid for preparation of biodiesel fuel

Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) was used to reduce the high free fatty acids (FFA) content in sludge palm oil (SPO). The FFA content of SPO was converted to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) via esterification reaction. The treated sludge palm oil was used as a raw material for biodiesel production by transesterification process. Several working parameters were optimized, such as dosage of catalyst, molar ratio, reaction temperature and time. Less than 2% of the FFA content was the targeted value. The results showed that the FFA content of SPO was reduced from 16% to less than 2% using the optimum conditions. The yield of the final product after the alkaline transesterification was 84% with 0.07% FFA and the ester content was 96.7%. All other properties met the international standard specifications for biodiesel quality such as EN 14214 and ASTM D6751.     

Risk assessment for prion protein reduction under the conditions of the biodiesel production process

Due to the increased demand for biofuels, all different feedstocks from oils and fats have to be considered for biodiesel production. Animal fats have proved to be excellent sources for biodiesel due to their high cetane number and good stability. Large amounts of fat from so‐called high‐risk material, possibly contaminated with infectious prions, are available for biodiesel production. In this paper, the grade of destruction of prions during the biodiesel production process, including pre‐esterification with conc. sulfuric acid followed by KOH‐catalyzed transesterification, was studied. The starting material of the different production steps was spiked with purified and highly infectious prion rods, and the destruction of these prions was determined by gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and Western blot. The pre‐esterification step led to a destruction factor of at least 100, the transesterification led to a factor of at least 250, and the distillation of the final biodiesel showed a destruction factor of at least 1000. During all experiments, no traces of prions could be detected after the different reaction steps. Based on these data, a complete and unequivocal risk assessment regarding the industrial process of biodiesel production was carried out, leading to a calculated overall risk of 5.8×10^?15 ID₅₀ units/person and year, which means that a hypothetical BSE contamination from biodiesel is more than 10⁹ times lower than the background risk.     

以D-核糖为原料合成1,2,3-三-O-乙酰基-5-脱氧-D-呋喃核糖的研究

1,2,3-三-O-乙酰基-5-脱氧-D-呋喃核糖是合成抗癌药物卡培他滨的重要中间体。以D-核糖为原料,经过缩酮化、对甲苯磺酰氯酯化、硼氢化钠还原、乙酸水解和乙酸酐酰化制得1,2,3-三一O一乙酰基一5-脱氧-D一呋喃核糖。实验过程中以TLC点板检测反应进度,核磁和气相色谱检测产物,检测结果表明,产品纯度高。合成方法,合成成本低,产率高,适合工业化大生产。     

我国生物柴油产业化制备技术及其发展趋势

概述了我国生物柴油产业化发展现状,分析了我国生物柴油产业化技术发展缓慢的原因,介绍了提高生物柴油生产线经济效益的一些方法,预测了我国生物柴油产业化发展方向.结果表明,加快我国生物柴油适用技术的开发,制订相应的生物柴油进入市场的政策法规,是加速生物柴油产业化发展重要途径.     

Low Temperature De-acidification Process of Animal Fat as a Pre-Step to Biodiesel Production

An esterification process is proposed to lower Free Fatty Acids (FFA) content in waste animal fat using solid acid ion exchange resins as catalysts. The final aim is to make this material a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production. Its exploitation does not interfere with the food chain, besides allowing to lower biodiesel production costs.