Generalized feedback detection for spatial multiplexing multi-antenna systems

We present a unified detection framework for spatial multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems by generalizing Heller's classical feedback decoding algorithm for convolutional codes. The resulting generalized feedback detector (GFD) is characterized by three parameters: window size, step size and branch factor. Many existing MIMO detectors are turned out to be special cases of the GFD. Moreover, different parameter choices can provide various performance-complexity tradeoffs. The connection between MIMO detectors and tree search algorithms is also established. To reduce redundant computations in the GFD, a shared computation technique is proposed by using a tree data structure. Using a union bound based analysis of the symbol error rates, the diversity order and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain are derived analytically as functions of the three parameters; for example, the diversity order of the GFD varies between 1 and N. The complexity of the GFD varies between those of the maximum-likelihood (ML) detector and the zero-forcing decision feedback detector (ZF-DFD). Extensive computer simulation results are also provided.     

Lookup tables-based detection of range spread targets in compound Gaussian environment with multiple-pulse non-coherent integration

The paper deals with detection of range spread targets embedded in K-distributed clutter with unknown parameters. A two-step detection algorithm based on multiple-pulse cell-averaging scheme and using lookup tables is proposed. First, the threshold factors that maintain a constant probability of false alarm for various clutter parameters are offline computed and stored. Then, at the detection stage, the most appropriate threshold factor is selected through the estimation of actual environment parameters. We assume that the target energy is spread over a finite number of cells, according to the multiple dominant scattering (MDS) centers model. Next, an expression for the overall reflected target energy, following the multiple-pulse integration, is derived. Finally, we proposed a specific binary hypothesis test by taking into account the number of primary cells, the target energy profile and the number of pulses. The performances analysis of the proposed detector is carried out using Monte Carlo simulations for different clutter parameters and various MDS models. The obtained results are then compared to those of the order statistics-based generalized likelihood ratio test (OS-GLRT). Simulations indicate that the performances of the proposed detector are closely related to the radar resolution, the target energy profile and the number of integrated pulses.     

Improved linear group detection for combined spatial multiplexing/STBC systems

Wireless architectures combining the use of spatial division multiplexing (SDM) and space-time block coding (STBC) have begun to appear in the latest communications standards. In recent years, different detection strategies for these schemes have been proposed which can be broadly categorised as groupbased or direct-detection techniques. While the former class aims at separating the different STBC streams and then apply conventional simple Alamouti decoding, the latter type directly estimates the transmitted symbols without fully exploiting the Alamouti structure. Previous publications have shown that directdetection outperform group-based detectors with the penalty of a higher computational complexity. This letter presents a unified view of the detection strategies for hybrid SDM/STBC systems and presents two new families of group-based detectors. It is shown that linear group detection, when properly implemented, attains the same performance as linear direct detectors at a significant lower complexity.     

Symbol detection in spatial multiplexing system using particle swarm optimization meta-heuristics

Symbol detection in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication systems using different particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms is presented. This approach is particularly attractive as particle swarm intelligence is well suited for real-time applications, where low complexity and fast convergence is of absolute importance. While an optimal maximum likelihood (ML) detection using an exhaustive search method is prohibitively complex, PSO-assisted MIMO detection algorithms give near-optimal bit error rate (BER) performance with a significant reduction in ML complexity. The simulation results show that the proposed detectors give an acceptable BER performance and computational complexity trade-off in comparison with ML detection. These detection techniques show promising results for MIMO systems using high-order modulation schemes and more transmitting antennas where conventional ML detector becomes computationally non-practical to use. Hence, the proposed detectors are best suited for high-speed multi-antenna wireless communication systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antenna selection for spatial multiplexing systems with linearreceivers

Future cellular systems will employ spatial multiplexing with multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to take advantage of large capacity gains. In such systems it will be desirable to select a subset of available transmit antennas for link initialization, maintenance or handoff. We present a criterion for selecting the optimal antenna subset when linear, coherent receivers are used over a slowly varying channel. We propose use of the post-processing SNRs (signal to noise ratios) of the multiplexed streams whereby the antenna subset that induces the largest minimum SNR is chosen. Simulations demonstrate that our selection algorithm also provides diversity advantage thus making linear receivers useful over fading channels     

一个用于非相干脉冲超宽带的能量检测接收机

本文提出一个用脉冲超宽带体制的非相干接收机 。提出的接收机前端包含高增益地噪声放大器,一个高频检波器以及用于放大检波后信号的中频放大器。低噪声放大器采用了电容交叉耦合和电流复用技术用于在适当功耗下获得高增益和低噪声性能。检波器部分包含平方器和积分器。在400MHz的脉冲速率下,整个电路在1.8V电源下消耗电流41.2mA。最终的能量利用率为0.19nJ每脉冲。芯片在0.18 um CMOS工艺下实现,芯片面积为2.11.4 mm2 ,核心面积为1.70.98 mm2.     

Definition of spatial multiplexing gain

A definition of spatial multiplexing gain is provided. The advantages of this definition are twofold. The spatial multiplexing gain of a multiple-input multiple-output channel can be calculated without approximations for a given channel and the spatial multiplexing gain is a measure of the signal-to-noise ratio improvement compared to a diversity system. Furthermore, this definition provides insight in the dependencies of the spatial multiplexing gain on the channel conditioning and the signal-to-noise ratio.     

An energy detection receiver for non-coherent IR-UWB

A non-coherent receiver for impulse radio ultra-wide band(IR-UWB)is presented.The proposed receiver front-end consists of a high gain LNA,a high frequency detector and an intermediate frequency(IF)amplifier to amplify the recovered signal and drive an external test instrument.To meet the requirements of high gain and a low noise figure(NF)under moderate power consumption for the LNA,capacitor cross coupled(CCC)and current reuse techniques were adopted.The detector consists of a squarer and an integrator.The overall circuit consumes 41.2mA current with a supply voltage of 1.8 V at a 400 MHz pulse rate.The resulting energy efficiency is 0.19 nJ/pulse.A chip prototype is implemented in 0.18-μm CMOS.The die area is 2.1×1.4 mm~2 and the active area is 1.7×0.98 mm~2.     

Multimode basis selection for spatial multiplexing with limited feedback

Proposed is multimode basis selection in which the active bases are selected at the receiver from the common unitary basis set known at both receiving and transmitting ends, conveyed to the transmitter using limited feedback, and assembled into a precoding matrix at the transmitter. It is shown that the proposed multimode basis selection scheme outperforms both multimode antenna selection and Grassmannian multimode precoding in capacity in correlated fading channels without additional complexity and feedback.     

Transmit selection in spatial multiplexing systems

In this letter we solve the transmit antenna selection problem for a zero forcing spatial multiplexing system with knowledge of the channel statistics at the transmitter. We show through Wishart matrix analysis that the signal-to-noise ratio on the kth stream is a weighted Chi-squared variable with the weight equal to-the kth diagonal entry of the inverted transmit correlation matrix. We use this result to develop selection algorithms for two cases-maximizing ergodic capacity and minimizing the average probability of error. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate potential performance improvements.     

Transmit-antenna selection for spatial multiplexing with ordered successive interference cancellation

This letter proposes a low-complexity algorithm for transmit-antenna selection in a multi-input multi-output spatial multiplexing system with per-antenna rate control and an ordered successive interference cancellation receiver. The active antenna subset and its transmission rate are determined at the receiver, and conveyed to the transmitter using limited feedback. We propose a serial antenna-selection procedure consisting of a successive process that tests whether transmit-antenna selection gain exists when the antenna with the lowest signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is discarded at each selection stage. Furthermore, we show that "reverse-detection ordering", whereby the signal with the lowest SINR is decoded at each stage of successive decoding, widens the disparities among fractions of the whole capacity allocated to each individual antenna, and thus maximizes a gain of antenna selection. Numerical results show that the proposed reverse-detection-ordering-based serial antenna selection induces a negligible capacity loss, compared with the exhaustive selection strategy, even with considerably reduced complexity.     

一种基于波束赋形的空分复用MIMO接收方案

提出一种基于波束赋形(BF)的空分复用多输入多输出(MIMO)接收方案,该方案兼具MIMO多流接收和 BF抗干扰的优点。针对平坦衰落信道,建立了基于空间相关的 BF-MIMO接收系统模型,推导出了系统接收误码率表达式,阐明了角度扩展与系统抗干扰性之间的关系。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该接收方案在小角度扩展条件下较普通 MIMO 系统具有更优的抗干扰和误码率性能。     

基于多符号分组的CPM软输出非相干检测算法

提出了一种CPM非相干检测算法,以连续多个符号为观测窗计算码字先验概率,以此完成CPM软解调计算操作,算法性能随着观测符号长度增加而提高。给出了非相干接收机结构,利用Walsh基函数扩展方法减少匹配接收计算量。仿真研究了不同CPM调制参数下卷积编码CPM系统非相干检测性能,结果表明,提出的非相干检测算法具有很好的顽健性,对于2CPM、4CPM串行级联编码调制,当观测长度为4个符号时,系统性能较单符号非相干检测算法有近6dB增益。     

Detection techniques for MIMO spatial multiplexing systems

We discuss and compare the most important detection techniques for MIMO spatial multiplexing wireless systems, focusing on their performance and computational complexity. Our analysis shows that the limited performance of conventional suboptimal detection techniques is primarily caused by their inability to cope with poorly conditioned channels. The recently proposed sphere projection algorithm is better suited to these channels and can achieve near-optimal performance.     

Trellis coded modulations with improved non-coherent detection for personal and mobile satellite communications

In this work, the performance of trellis coded modulations with improved non-coherent receivers is examined for application to personal and mobile satellite communications. The schemes are analysed and evaluated in additive white Gaussian noise, Rayleigh, Rician and shadowed faded channels. Evaluations have shown that the improved non-coherent receivers are capable of providing considerable gains in performance as compared to the conventional differential receivers.     

On the capacity of OFDM-based spatial multiplexing systems

This paper deals with the capacity behavior of wireless orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based spatial multiplexing systems in broad-band fading environments for the case where the channel is unknown at the transmitter and perfectly known at the receiver. Introducing a physically motivated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broad-band fading channel model, we study the influence of physical parameters such as the amount of delay spread, cluster angle spread, and total angle spread, and system parameters such as the number of antennas and antenna spacing on ergodic capacity and outage capacity. We find that, in the MIMO case, unlike the single-input single-output (SISO) case, delay spread channels may provide advantages over flat fading channels not only in terms of outage capacity but also in terms of ergodic capacity. Therefore, MIMO delay spread channels will in general provide both higher diversity gain and higher multiplexing gain than MIMO flat fading channels     

Limited feedback unitary precoding for spatial multiplexing systems

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems use antenna arrays at both the transmitter and receiver to provide communication links with substantial diversity and capacity. Spatial multiplexing is a common space-time modulation technique for MIMO communication systems where independent information streams are sent over different transmit antennas. Unfortunately, spatial multiplexing is sensitive to ill-conditioning of the channel matrix. Precoding can improve the resilience of spatial multiplexing at the expense of full channel knowledge at the transmitter-which is often not realistic. This correspondence proposes a quantized precoding system where the optimal precoder is chosen from a finite codebook known to both receiver and transmitter. The index of the optimal precoder is conveyed from the receiver to the transmitter over a low-delay feedback link. Criteria are presented for selecting the optimal precoding matrix based on the error rate and mutual information for different receiver designs. Codebook design criteria are proposed for each selection criterion by minimizing a bound on the average distortion assuming a Rayleigh-fading matrix channel. The design criteria are shown to be equivalent to packing subspaces in the Grassmann manifold using the projection two-norm and Fubini-Study distances. Simulation results show that the proposed system outperforms antenna subset selection and performs close to optimal unitary precoding with a minimal amount of feedback.     

Overcoming interference in spatial multiplexing MIMO cellular networks

Multi-antenna transmission and reception (known as MIMO) is widely touted as the key technology for enabling wireless broadband services, whose widespread success will require 10 times higher spectral efficiency than current cellular systems, at 10 times lower cost per bit. Spectrally efficient, inexpensive cellular systems are by definition densely populated and interference-limited. But spatial multiplexing MIMO systems- whose principal merit is a supposed dramatic increase in spectral efficiency- lose much of their effectiveness in high levels of interference. This article overviews several approaches to handling interference in multicell MIMO systems. The discussion is applicable to any multi-antenna cellular network, including 802.16e/WiMAX, 3GPP (HSDPA and 3GPP LTE), and 3GPP2 (lxEVDO). We argue that many of the traditional interference management techniques have limited usefulness (or are even counterproductive) when viewed in concert with MIMO. The problem of interference in MIMO systems is too large in scope to be handled with a single technique: in practice a combination of complementary countermeasures will be needed. We overview emerging system-level interference-reducing strategies based on cooperation, which will be important for overcoming interference in future spatial multiplexing cellular systems.     

Distributed closed-loop spatial multiplexing for uplink multiuser systems

Focusing on the uplink, where mobile users (each with a single transmit antenna) communicate with a base station with multiple antennas, we treat multiple users as antennas to enable spatial multiplexing across users. Introducing distributed closed-loop spatial multiplexing with threshold-based user selection, we propose two uplink channel-assigning strategies with limited feedback. We prove that the proposed system also outperforms the standard greedy scheme with respect to the degree of fairness, measured by the variance of the time averaged throughput. For uplink multi-antenna systems, we show that the proposed scheduling is a better choice than the greedy scheme in terms of the average BER, feedback complexity, and fairness. The numerical results corroborate our findings.     

非相参雷达处理机信号源的外场环境模拟

提出了不需要发射机、接收机、伺服控制设备,利用DSP为核心构建模拟雷达真实外场工作过程的处理机信号源一种方法。解决信号源只能用来验证信号处理算法,无法来模拟出目标的角度和运动轨迹及雷达动态的工作信息这一问题,缩短了雷达调试时间和资金花费。