四川少数民族饮食习俗

我国疆域辽阔,民族众多,除汉族外,还有55个少数民族。而"天府之国"四川,世代居住着藏、羌、苗、彝、土家、纳西、傈僳、布依、傣、满、侗、蒙古等十四个少数民族,他们大都居住在边疆和西部地区,由于自然环境不同、生产活动、生活方式、历史进程、宗教信仰、风俗习惯的差异,因此,其     

药食兼优的海中人参

海参的营养及药用功效海参的营养价值较高,每百克水发海参含蛋白质14.9g,脂肪0.9g,碳水化合物0.4g,钙357mg,硒256mg,磷12mg,铁2.4mg以及维生素B1、维生素B2、尼克酸等。海参含胆固醇极低,为一种典型的高蛋白、低脂肪、低胆固醇食物。加上其肉质细嫩,易于消化,所以,非常适宜于老年人、儿童以及体质虚弱的人食用。故人们将海参当作高档名菜,用作烧、扒、烩、拌、汤等菜肴,如虾籽大乌参、红烧海参、扒海参、扒鸡腿海参、氽海参玉兰片、烩海参四丝、烩三丁、麻酱海参、蝴蝶海参、冰糖海参羹、海参猪肉木耳汤、海参羊肉淡菜汤等等。     

上海水果忆旧

<正>过去过年,竹网篓里盛放的是苹果、桔子、梨,一串香蕉拎在手里,蛮有腔调,是沪人走亲戚必备的"重礼"。往昔,吃水果是奢侈事,买几只水果装在纸袋带回家,小囡开心。后来,"竹篓"变成透明塑料袋,水果拎在手里,更加风光。老上海人吃什么水果呢?查阅资料,宋代,上海果树有桃、李。明万历年间,出现成片桃园。民国,上海县果树有"桃、柿、杏、梅、李、橙、香橼、代橘、石榴、花红、葡萄、银杏、枣、菱、无花果、     

民间秘方

温性、热性食物大多能温中、散寒和助阳,适于体质虚寒者或冬令季节食用,阴虚火旺者慎食,如面粉、糯米、豆油、酒、醋、大枣、荔枝、红糖、羊肉、牛肉、狗肉、虾、鸡、鲫鱼、鲢鱼、葱、姜、韭菜、大蒜、辣椒、胡椒等。寒性、凉性食物一般具有清热泻火、解毒养阴之功,适于体质偏热者或夏天食用,如小米、绿豆、赤小豆、豆腐、豆浆、西瓜、梨、柑、柿、甘蔗、鸭肉、兔肉、猪肉、蟹、甲鱼、田鸡、蜂蜜、竹笋、苦瓜、黄瓜、白菜、蕹菜、萝卜、番茄、菠菜、荸荠等。对于平性食物,健康者可长年食用,如蛋黄、牛奶、黄豆、黑豆、红薯、马铃薯、南瓜、…     

新型助滤剂木质纤维素的开发与应用前景

自七十年代以来,由美国,日本,俄罗斯,德国等国垄断的木质纤维素,作为高级助滤剂控制着包括我国在内的整个需求市场。进入九十年代,由我国研制成功的木质纤维素,不但在产品质量上领先于国外同类产品,而且在工业化生产能力上初具规模。该产品可广泛地应用于化工、电力、油品加工、冶金、化纤、乙烯、印染、啤酒、酒制品、医疗等行业,可开发应用的场所十分广泛,如：污水处理、海水淡化、味精、酱油、食糖、食用油、保健饮料精制、保健烟嘴等方面。由于它独特的性能,将会得到更加广泛的应用。木质纤维素是以木浆为原料,经过降解、提纯、烘干而成。产品色泽洁白、无毒、无味、无杂质、细腻、滑散、无结团,含水份5％～7％,纤维直径10～ ......     

新派实用菜肴五款

功夫百味鸡〉〉原料：光仔鸡一只（约1200克）、大茴香10克、丁香18克,麻油50克,甘草40克,葱姜各20克,精盐、白糖、味精、辣酱油、玫瑰酒各适量。〉〉制法：将鸡镊净绒毛,斩去鸡爪,胁开取出内脏,洗净。将大茴香、甘草、葱、姜、盐、糖、丁香、味精、玫瑰酒、麻油调和,抹在鸡身上,剩下的葱、姜等香料塞在鸡腹内,放在深碗内,上笼用大火蒸约半小时至熟。     

农家土菜五款

原料：水发牛蹄筋300克,牛蛙200克,蒜仔50克,生姜、香葱、熟芝麻各5克,精盐、绍酒,酱油、豆瓣酱、白糖、米醋、清汤、食用油各适量。     

话说两江小吃

桂林市临桂县义江边的两江古镇,是名副其实的风水宝地,古树参天,车水马龙,商贾如云。现在是桂林国际航空港,数百年前,是出入融安、融水、灵川、龙胜的交通要道,商贸交易辐射到湖南、广东。古往今来,繁华的集市,忙碌的商贩,朴实的居民,已打造出诸多远近闻名品牌,如:铁器加工、木材家俱、成品衣物……,同时,也推出颇具本地特色的各类小吃,如:牛血、松糕、汤圆、米豆腐、剔河螺、马蹄糕,其中名气最大当数远     

注重改革与创新 提升中西式面点教学效果

中式面点具有悠久的历史,是中式烹调的重要组成部分,品种流派众多,制作工艺千变万化,讲究馅心、注重口味,不但深受中国人民的喜爱,在全球各国也有一定的声誉。中式面点的成型技法多样,造型美观,技术要求高、艺术性强,如:包、捏、卷、按、擀、叠、切、摊、剪、搓、抻、削、拨、钳花、滚沾、镶嵌、模具、挤注等操作均需要精湛技术和制作技巧。     

中国菜好吃的奥妙

在我国,烹调是一种技能,也是一种艺术,甚至可以说也是物质文明和精神文明相结合的产物。"中国菜好吃",这已是各国友人在宴席之上,餐厅之外异口同声的赞誉。"中国菜好吃"奥妙在哪里呢?1.技法多样:中国菜的烹调技法多达数十种,如炒、爆、烹、炸、溜、烩、煎、贴、烧、焖、扒、蒸、烤、涮、汆、炖、煨、酱、卤、熏、拌、炝、煮、熬以及甜菜的拔丝、蜜汁、挂霜等,各种技法各有各的独特风味。2.花样多:中国菜的花样没有精确统计过,但至少在万种以上。仅以山东、四川、湖南、江苏、广东五大风味菜系来看,就有名菜数千种,如同百花争艳,美不胜收。有些国际友人说:"吃中国菜是一种令人难忘的     

浅谈利用小曲酒配制浓香型新工艺白酒

简要介绍了酒体设计原理,探讨了利用小曲酒中的有效香味成分配制浓香型新工艺白酒的方法。     

The application of Borneo tallow in dark chocolate shell

Dark chocolate shells, formulated using cocoa butter (CB shell), and fat blends containing 15% Borneo tallow (IP) in cocoa butter (CBIP shell), were filled with truffles formulated using white chocolate (W truffle), milk chocolate (M truffle) and dark chocolate (D truffle). Anhydrous milk fat (AMF) content of the W truffles, M truffle and D truffle were 26·3%, 13·7% and 9·2%, respectively. Degree of tempering was determined using a tempermeter. The chocolates were kept at ambient temperature (25·5±0·5°C) for 3 months. Physical changes of chocolate shells and centres were monitored using DSC and a texture analyser. Results showed that the CBIP shell had to be tempered at 32·5%, ie 1°C higher than the normal CB shell. Physical measurements indicated the occurrence of fat migration. The presence of IP reduced the effect and increased the bloom resistance of the chocolate. © 1998 SCI.     

Oil Migration in Chocolate–Peanut Butter Paste Confectionery as a Function of Chocolate Formulation

ABSTRACT:  Migration of oil from high oil content filling to the chocolate coating can result in undesirable quality changes in filled chocolate confectionery products. The objective of this study was to monitor and model peanut oil migration in a 2-layer chocolate–peanut butter paste model confectionery. Spatial and temporal oil content changes were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Five formulations of chocolate, which varied in chocolate particle size, milk fat content, and emulsifier level, were assessed at 2 temperatures, 20 and 30 °C. The spatial and temporal experimental data were modeled using a Fickian-based diffusion model, fitting for the diffusion coefficient, D , over a time frame of 17 d. Values of the diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.82 to 3.23 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s for the chocolate formulations stored at 30 °C. No significant mass transfer took place in the 20 °C samples over the experimental time frame. This study describes the dynamic nature of the interface between the chocolate and peanut butter paste layers, quantifies the mass transfer from the peanut butter paste to the chocolate, and reinforces the importance of temperature control.     

Technofunctional barrier layers for preventing fat bloom in triple-shot pralines

The storage stability of dark chocolate with nougat fillings is mainly limited by the formation of fat bloom, which arises because of the migration of nut oil from the filling to the outside of the chocolate shell where it leads to the formation of visible cocoa butter crystals. The triple-shot technique, which allows the simultaneous deposition of three viscous fluids, was applied for the laboratory-scale manufacture of pralines with a technofunctional barrier layer to prevent blooming. Base component of the barrier layer was palm kernel oil, pure or in combination with milk fat; micro-milled sugar or skim milk powder served as disperse phase. As compared to control experiments, the formation of fat bloom was significantly reduced for selected barrier layers because of the reduced transfer of nut oil to the outside of the praline shells. These results indicate that triple-shot depositing is a promising technique for the manufacture of filled chocolate with enhanced physical shelf life.     

Influence of local convective heat flux on solidification,contraction and wall detachment behavior of molded chocolate during air cooling

The cooling process is an important step during chocolate production. It influences final product quality characteristics such as gloss, texture and melting behavior. Furthermore, it is a high energy consuming operation and its optimization leads to an increase in energy efficiency of the chocolate production. Dark chocolate was cooled in a pilot-scale cooling tunnel with cooling air temperatures of T_air = 2, 12 and 18 °C and air mean velocities of v_in = 1.5, 3.5, and 6.0 m s⁻¹. Convective heat transfer coefficients at the top and the bottom of the mold were received from model calculations applying a CFD model. Crystallization and detachment behavior from the mold walls were newly analyzed by measuring the damping characteristics of ultrasound waves transferring the filled molds during cooling. In addition, for this-like treated well-tempered dark chocolate, the crystallization and detachment behavior were analyzed in further detail. The convective heat transfer from the bottom of the mold increases in flow direction due to the existence of a typical mold geometry-dependent recirculating zone of the cooling air below the chocolate mold and also dependent on the local air velocity. It was shown that depending on intensity and homogeneity of the heat transfer in the air-cooling phase, the structure density of the chocolate can be increased which has a positive impact on resulting product quality characteristics. Moreover, the detachment of the chocolate from the mold wall was demonstrated to have an optimum for typical chocolate plate formats with 125 g weight at an apparent heat flux of 550 W/m², for which the time until detachment reaches a minimum.     

Modeling oil migration in two-layer chocolate–almond confectionery products

Migration of oil from high oil content fillings into the surrounding chocolate coatings results in product quality changes of filled confections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mass transfer of liquid oil in two-layer model confectionery samples prepared from four almond products and dark chocolate. Experimental data were acquired using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The spatial and temporal experimental data of the liquid oil signal of the almond product and chocolate were modeled using a Fickian diffusion model. Solutions to the diffusion model were derived using both Laplace transform analytical solution and a finite difference numerical solution. For both methods, the boundary condition between the two layers incorporated a partition coefficient. MatLab’s nlinfit routine coupled with the diffusion equation solution provided estimates of the diffusion coefficients, D_a (almond products) and D_c (chocolate), and the partition coefficient. The diffusion coefficient values for the chocolate region ranged between 3 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s and 6 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s; the diffusion coefficient values for the almond products were an order of magnitude greater than that of chocolate.     

Effect of storage temperature on texture,polymorphic structure,bloom formation and sensory attributes of filled dark chocolate

The effects of 18 and 30°C storage temperatures on texture, polymorphic structure, bloom formation and sensory attributes of dark chocolate, stored for 8 weeks were studied. Results showed that storage at 18°C for 8 weeks, significantly retarded changes in filled chocolates; the chocolates were free from bloom during the storage period. In contrast, at 30°C there was an increase in the rate of fat migration and rate of change of C36 and C50, and also a decrease in texture and the polymorph structure in the coating changed to β and β′ polymorphs. However, the chocolates bloomed in the third week of storage (2 cycles). Sensory evaluation indicated that, storage at 18°C is better than 30°C, and desiccated coconut gives a pleasant flavour to the chocolate.     

Tailoring alcoholic fillings for praline production with one-shot depositors

One-shot depositing is a state-of-the-art technique for the production of filled chocolate products, including pralines. One important pre-requisite for using this technique is that shell chocolate mass and filling need to have similar viscosity and density to allow sufficient processing. Aim of the study was to tailor the formulation of alcoholic fillings to ensure that (a) the fillings can be processed with one-shot depositors (high viscosity, approximately 5 Pa s) and (b) the fillings meet typical requirements for consumption (low viscosity, approximately 0.2 Pa s) by using modified starch as a thickener and starch-degrading enzymes for controlled starch hydrolysis. The results show that the first goal can be achieved by adjusting thickener concentration to the ethanol content of the filling and the alcoholic substrate (pure ethanol or wine distillate, 60%(v/v)). The controlled use of amylase-containing malt extract allows adjusting viscosity decay during processing and subsequent storage of the one-shot pralines.     

Effect of lecithin concentration on properties of sucrose-free chocolate masses sweetened with isomalt

Rheological properties such as Casson viscosity and yield value strongly affect costs and efficiency of the chocolate making process. The addition of a proper amount of lecithin to the blend of chocolate ingredients results in a decrease of both the aforementioned parameters. However, overdosing of lecithin leads to worse sensory attributes and flow properties of the chocolate mass. Our studies on rheological properties of isomalt-containing dark chocolate masses and sucrose-containing milk chocolate masses revealed that the critical lecithin concentration was 0.9 g/100 g; and the Casson yield value of both the types of chocolate blends was enhanced above this content. The same phenomenon, i.e. chocolate thickening, was observed at lecithin concentrations of 0.4 g/100 g and 0.6 g/100 g for milk chocolate masses sweetened with isomalt, and for dark chocolate masses sweetened with sucrose, respectively.     

低场核磁共振在线检测巧克力的熔化过程

构建了低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)在线控温分析系统,对不同品种巧克力的熔化过程进行了表征,研究了可可脂和粗脂肪含量对巧克力熔化温度的影响。通过对样品的程序升温,持续测定了巧克力的横向弛豫时间(T₂),对四个不同品牌巧克力的熔化过程进行了评价。结果表明,巧克力熔化过程中T₂值随温度增大,巧克力中液体脂肪的运动性增强,且熔化温度随可可脂和粗脂肪含量的增加而升高。本文首次利用LF-NMR在线控温分析系统实时在线检测了巧克力熔化过程,并直观准确地测定了巧克力的熔化温度,为改善巧克力的加工工艺和配方提供了理论指导。