天然气柴油双燃料发动机内部燃料混合模拟研究

基于AVL FIRE软件,模拟了缸内直喷引燃天然气和柴油喷射混合过程,对湍流模型进行了校核和验证,分析了不同喷孔高度、喷孔倾斜角及喷孔交角下柴油和天然气射流的混合情况。研究表明:k-ε湍流模型更适用于天然气/柴油双燃料的模拟;喷孔高度、倾斜角及交角越大,索特平均值经(SMD)越小,其中喷孔交角大的获得的雾化效果最好;喷孔之间的相对位置决定了油气射流之间能量传递,从而影响了油气贯穿距及雾化效果。     

双燃料船机天然气喷射规律对燃烧特性的影响

基于高压直喷(high pressure direct injection,HPDI)天然气船用低速机,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件Converge开展三维数值模拟研究,探究了天然气喷射规律对缸内着火及燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,随着天然气喷射速率的降低,缸压、放热率和平均温度峰值显著降低.当喷射速率从1.30 kg/...     

缸内直喷天然气射流混合过程的数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了天然气缸内直喷自由射流、撞壁射流以及涡旋结构在直口、缩口和敞口3种燃烧室形状中的形成过程,并在此基础上设计了适用天然气缸内直喷混合气形成的新型燃烧室.结果表明:采用较小的喷射夹角可以改善射流撞壁过程,提高混合气形成质量;喷射夹角为80°时,缩口燃烧室中,附壁射流脱壁后涡旋结构中燃料不易扩散,天然气混合速度较低,直口燃烧室和敞口燃烧室天然气混合速度接近.3种燃烧室形状中天然气射流混合过程会经历3个重要转折点:自由射流撞壁、附壁射流脱壁以及涡旋结构生长和扭曲阶段,其中在涡旋结构生长和扭曲阶段气体燃料与空气快速混合.最后,根据天然气射流在缸内混合过程设计出脱壁型燃烧室(SACC),大大增加形成可燃混合气的燃料比例,并能提高混合气的均匀度.     

射流角度对双燃料发动机燃烧过程的影响

基于三维流体力学软件,模拟研究了天然气射流中心轴线与水平方向夹角α、柴油/天然气两射流的中心轴线在水平方向上相对交角β对柴油/天然气双直喷发动机缸内射流发展、混合及燃烧过程的影响,结果表明：水平夹角α较小(30°和40°)时,受燃烧室空间限制难以形成稳定的涡旋结构;α较大(50°和60°)时,有利于形成尺度较大且稳定的涡旋结构,与后续柴油射流作用后,形成较多柴油-天然气-空气混合气,引燃面积增大,燃烧速率加快且温度分布更加均匀,剩余未燃CH₄较少;相对交角β较小(0°和10°)时,缸内混合气形成不均匀分布,燃烧室中心混合气较稀,唇口处较浓;β较大(30°和40°)时,柴油射流和原有涡旋相互作用,形成更多且分布更加广泛的柴油-天然气-空气混合气,缸内燃烧情况最好,剩余未燃CH₄较少．     

柴油引燃天然气发动机天然气射流特性

在定容弹上利用纹影法开展了不同喷射压力和喷射间隔下的天然气/柴油双燃料喷射中天然气射流特性研究,并结合PIV试验得到的天然气射流环境流场探讨了天然气射流和柴油喷雾相互作用过程.结果表明:天然气射流头部、中部、底部周围空气有不同的运动状态;天然气射流在贯穿柴油喷雾时会受其阻碍,使得射流贯穿距和锥角均减小;天然气喷射压力的提高会减弱柴油喷雾对天然气射流的影响;随着喷射间隔增大,柴油喷雾与天然气射流的相互作用减弱,柴油喷雾对天然气射流贯穿距和锥角的影响也随之减小.     

柴油喷射压力对HCII燃烧过程影响的可视化

均质混合气引燃(HCII)的燃烧方式融合了柴油机与汽油机的优点,具有提高发动机指示热效率、改善排放的潜力.通过光学发动机,采用高速摄影和燃烧分析系统,研究纯柴油(缸内直喷)与汽油均质混合气柴油引燃两种工作模式下柴油喷射压力对燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:随着柴油喷射压力的提高,两种燃烧模式的燃油雾化质量改善,滞燃期缩短,着火时刻提前,缸内压力和放热率峰值增大,峰值位置提前,同时着火面积增大,燃烧速率加快.在相同柴油喷射压力下,HCII燃烧模式的着火点较为分散,着火时刻相比纯柴油更早,但火焰发展初期速度较慢.纯柴油模式在各喷射压力下均有扩散燃烧特征,中、高喷射压力时扩散燃烧现象更加明显,HCII燃烧模式在低喷射压力下为预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧共存.中等喷射压力下,视窗内分布大片蓝色火焰,着火面积较大,为典型的预混燃烧.高喷射压力下,前期燃烧主要为汽油均质混合气的预混燃烧,放热率峰值点之后以柴油的扩散燃烧为主.     

CNG/柴油双燃料发动机供气技术发展与趋势

详细介绍并分析了CNG/柴油双燃料发动机的天然气预混合供气、进气喷射、缸内直接喷气技术,指出了CNG/柴油双燃料发动机技术的发展趋势是:将天然气电控多点顺序气口喷射和柴油共轨喷射技术相互结合。     

柴油/天然气双燃料发动机数值优化

利用CONVERGE搭建了柴油/天然气双燃料发动机三维数值模拟平台,在大负荷工况下研究了压缩比和不同喷油策略对发动机燃烧性能的影响．研究结果表明,相同条件下,降低压缩比到14.8能够有效降低最大压升率,从而有助于进一步增大天然气的替代比例．采用单次喷射策略时,通过提高喷射压力并提前柴油直喷时刻,在最大压升率限值内,能在85%天然气替代比例的同时获得48.1%的热效率．采用两次喷射策略时,随着预喷油量的增加,缸内着火时刻提前．并且预喷时刻提前能够有效降低最大压升率．对比发现,与单次喷射策略相比,两次喷射策略能够实现更为灵活的缸内燃烧控制,获得90%的天然气替代比例．最终,两次喷油策略实现了48.4%的最高热效率．     

船用直喷式天然气发动机喷射策略的优化

利用CONVERGE软件基于L23/30DF型船用天然气发动机建立了双天然气喷嘴、双引燃柴油喷嘴的直喷天然气发动机的缸内燃烧过程的CFD计算模型,计算了不同的柴油和天然气喷射时刻和间隔下发动机缸内燃烧和排放过程.结果 表明:引燃柴油的喷射时刻及其与天然气喷射时刻的间隔,对直喷式天然气发动机燃烧和排放性能有重要影响.当喷...     

直喷汽油对HPCC大负荷工况影响的数值模拟

利用三维计算流体动力学(CFD)软件CONVERGE,通过数值模拟的方法,对燃油预混比例、汽油喷射时刻、柴油喷射时刻和柴油喷射量4个参数进行优化,系统研究了缸内直喷汽油对高比例预混燃烧(HPCC)大负荷工况的影响.结果表明:汽油采用进气道结合缸内直喷的混合喷射策略可以增强缸内的混合气浓度分层;采用该喷油策略计算得到的平均指示有效压力(IMEP)和压力升高率分别为1.350,MPa、0.520,MPa/(°)CA,相比于基准工况的1.346,MPa和0.893,MPa/(°)CA,在保证IMEP不变的前提下,压力升高率和NOx排放分别降低了41%,和46%,,soot排放略有升高.采用汽油混合喷射结合柴油缸内直喷是控制压力升高率和拓展HPCC运行负荷上限的有效措施之一.     

Effect of ignition timing and hydrogen fraction on combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas direct-injection engine

An experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignited engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends under various ignition timings was conducted. The results show that ignition timing has a significant influence on engine performance, combustion and emissions. The interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing is a very important parameter for direct-injection natural gas engines. The turbulent flow in the combustion chamber generated by the fuel jet remains high and relative strong mixture stratification is introduced when decreasing the angle interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing giving fast burning rates and high thermal efficiencies. The maximum cylinder gas pressure, maximum mean gas temperature, maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum heat release rate increase with the advancing of ignition timing. However, these parameters do not vary much with hydrogen addition under specific ignition timing indicating that a small hydrogen fraction addition of less than 20% in the present experiment has little influence on combustion parameters under specific ignition timing. The exhaust HC emission decreases while the exhaust CO₂ concentration increases with the advancing of ignition timing. In the lean combustion condition, the exhaust CO does not vary much with ignition timing. At the same ignition timing, the exhaust HC decreases with hydrogen addition while the exhaust CO and CO₂ do not vary much with hydrogen addition. The exhaust NO_x increases with the advancing of ignition timing and the behavior tends to be more obvious at large ignition advance angle. The brake mean effective pressure and the effective thermal efficiency of natural gas/hydrogen mixture combustion increase compared with those of natural gas combustion when the hydrogen fraction is over 10%.     

天然气发动机在不同喷射和点火时刻下的性能优化研究

为解决改装的天然气发动机动力性比原柴油机低,燃料消耗率比原柴油机高的问题,对影响燃烧时刻的喷射提前角与点火提前角这两个重要参数进行模拟实验,研究其对发动机的缸内压力与功率、燃气消耗率的影响,并根据研究结果进行优化设计。结果表明,对于缸内直喷天然气发动机,适当增大喷气提前角和选择恰当的点火提前角能在较经济的情况下提高发动机的动力性;发动机转速增加,点火提前角和喷射提前角也应提前,保证燃料的充分混合和最大化做功能力;在所有转速下,天然气发动机的功率都能恢复到原柴油机的水平。     

不同点火时刻下天然气掺氢缸内直喷发动机燃烧与排放特性

在缸内直喷火花点火发动机上开展了天然气掺混0％-18％氢气的混合燃料不同点火时刻下的试验研究。结果表明：对于给定的喷射时刻和喷射持续期,点火时刻对发动机性能、燃烧和排放有较大影响,喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔对直喷天然气发动机极为重要,喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔缩短时,混合气分层程度高,燃烧速率快,热效率高。最大放热率等燃烧特征参数随点火时刻的提前而增加。HC排放随点火时刻的提前而下降,CO2和NOx排放随点火时刻的提前而增加,NOx排放的增加在大点火提前角下更明显。掺氢可降低HC排放,对CO和CO2排放影响不大。掺氢量大于10％时可提高天然气发动机热效率。     

Effect of ignition timing and hydrogen fraction on combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas direct-injection engine

An experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignited engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends under various ignition timings was conducted. The results show that ignition timing has a significant influence on engine performance, combustion and emissions. The interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing is a very important parameter for direct-injection natural gas engines. The turbulent flow in the combustion chamber generated by the fuel jet remains high and relative strong mixture stratification is introduced when decreasing the angle interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing giving fast burning rates and high thermal efficiencies. The maximum cylinder gas pressure, maximum mean gas temperature, maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum heat release rate increase with the advancing of ignition timing. However, these parameters do not vary much with hydrogen addition under specific ignition timing indicating that a small hydrogen fraction addition of less than 20% in the present experiment has little influence on combustion parameters under specific ignition timing. The exhaust HC emission decreases while the exhaust CO₂ concentration increases with the advancing of ignition timing. In the lean combustion condition, the exhaust CO does not vary much with ignition timing. At the same ignition timing, the exhaust HC decreases with hydrogen addition while the exhaust CO and CO₂ do not vary much with hydrogen addition. The exhaust NOx increases with the advancing of ignition timing and the behavior tends to be more obvious at large ignition advance angle. The brake mean effective pressure and the effective thermal efficiency of natural gas/hydrogen mixture combustion increase compared with those of natural gas combustion when the hydrogen fraction is over 10%. __________ Translated from Transactions of CSICE, 2006, 24(5): 394–401 [译自:内燃机学报]     

Ignition delay of dual fuel engine operating with methanol ignited by pilot diesel

An investigation on the ignition delay of a dual fuel engine operating with methanol ignited by pilot diesel was conducted on a TY1100 direct-injection diesel engine equipped with an electronic controlled methanol low-pressure injection system. The experimental results show that the polytropic index of compression process of the dual fuel engine decreases linearly while the ignition delay increases with the increase in methanol mass fraction. Compared with the conventional diesel engine, the ignition delay increment of the dual fuel engine is about 1.5° at a methanol mass fraction of 62%, an engine speed of 1600 r/min, and full engine load. With the elevation of the intake charge temperature from 20°C to 40°C and then to 60°C, the ignition delay of the dual fuel engine decreases and is more obvious at high temperature. Moreover, with the increase in engine speed, the ignition delay of the dual fuel engine by time scale (ms) decreases clearly under all engine operating conditions. However, the ignition delay of the dual fuel engine increases remarkably by advancing the delivery timing of pilot diesel, especially at light engine loads.     

生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机放热规律试验研究

采用气化炉热解气化各种农林废弃的生物质,产生可燃生物制气,用作为以柴油引燃的双燃料发动机的主要燃料。测量生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机气缸压力,计算分析放热规律。双燃料发动机与燃用纯柴油时的发动机相比,燃烧始点延迟,最大燃烧压力降低,最大放热率和排气温度增加,后燃较严重。负荷增大时,双燃料发动机燃烧始点提前,最大燃烧放热率增高,最高燃烧温度升高,后燃较严重。供油提前角提前时,后燃减小,燃烧过程明显改善。     

Ignition delay of dual fuel engine operating with methanol ignited by pilot diesel

An investigation on the ignition delay of a dual fuel engine operating with methanol ignited by pilot diesel was conducted on a TY1100 direct-injection diesel engine equipped with an electronic controlled methanol low-pressure injection system. The experimental results show that the polytropic index of compression process of the dual fuel engine decreases linearly while the ignition delay increases with the increase in methanol mass fraction. Compared with the conventional diesel engine, the ignition delay increment of the dual fuel engine is about 1.5° at a methanol mass fraction of 62%, an engine speed of 1600 r/min, and full engine load. With the elevation of the intake charge temperature from 20°C to 40°C and then to 60°C, the ignition delay of the dual fuel engine decreases and is more obvious at high temperature. Moreover, with the increase in engine speed, the ignition delay of the dual fuel engine by time scale (ms) decreases clearly under all engine operating conditions. However, the ignition delay of the dual fuel engine increases remarkably by advancing the delivery timing of pilot diesel, especially at light engine loads. __________ Translated from Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2007, 41(7): 784–787,796 [译自: 西安交通大学学报]     

低散热柴油机燃烧过程模拟研究

在分析低散热柴油机燃烧过程特点的基础上,建立了一个准维三区燃烧模型,喷油规律的计算进行了简化处理,考虑高温喷雾燃烧区和产物区的辐射传热,对低散热柴油机在不同隔热条件下缸内燃烧过程进行了编程计算。计算针对12150L柴油机燃烧室受热表面喷涂ZrO2陶瓷热障涂层进行。结果表明,隔热后,燃烧滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长,后燃现象有增强趋势。只隔热活塞顶时滞燃期较其它两种隔热方式长,燃烧持续期短,燃烧恶化现象相对不明显。     

空间分散式双壁面射流燃烧系统燃烧与排放特性的试验研究

根据柴油机喷束所具有的特点,设计了一种基于喷束壁面引导、分层理论和空间分散思想的双壁面射流燃烧系统。该系统具有低压缩比、单峰放热率的特性。通过试验研究了双壁面射流柴油机的燃烧特性与排放性能。试验结果表明:采用低压缩比的双壁面射流柴油机缸压峰值低于原机,燃烧始点向后推迟,滞燃期增加。在相同的喷射定时条件下,双壁面射流柴油机放热率重心向后推迟,即燃烧相位向后推迟3～4°CA,但是在θ0～θ70燃烧阶段具有较高的燃烧速率;在保持发动机动力性不变的情况下,双壁面射流燃烧系统2 100r/min全负荷时NOx排放从原机的731×10-6降低到523×10-6,在3 000r/min全负荷时NOx排放从原机的523×10-6降低到383×10-6;双壁面射流燃烧系统降低了低速烟度,在1 400r/min全负荷时烟度从原机的3.3BSU降低到2.1BSU,中、高速由于碳烟在燃烧后期的氧化能力受到抑制,烟度略有增加。     

预燃室式柴油-天然气双燃料船用发动机热效率优化燃烧控制策略仿真研究

基于CONVERGE软件建立了预燃室式柴油、天然气双燃料船用二冲程发动机的三维计算流体动力学(CFD)模型,研究了压缩比、引燃柴油质量、喷射压力及引燃柴油喷射角度对燃烧过程的影响,探索了提高柴油、天然气双燃料船用发动机热效率的燃烧策略。结果表明:提高压缩比可以提高缸内的最高燃烧压力,从而有效提高热效率,但受发动机机械强度的限制,压缩比为12.5时可以获得较佳的效果;适当增大引燃油量和喷射压力,可以增加射流火焰的着火点,增强点火能量,对热效率略有改善;调节引燃柴油的喷射角度,将引燃油喷射到CH₄浓度较高区域可以获得更好的引燃效果,降低指示燃料消耗率;提高压缩比至12.5结合推迟喷油策略可以明显地改善热效率。