不同环境压力下幂律流体撞击射流破碎特性

基于自行搭建的射流系统和定容弹系统,采用高速摄影技术,获得了高环境压力下幂律流体对称撞击式射流的喷雾形貌,提取了射流特征参数破碎长度L与表面波长λ,研究了环境参数(环境压力)、射流参数(韦伯数We)、结构参数(喷孔直径)与物性参数(流体黏度)对射流破碎的影响.结果表明:幂律流体对称撞击式射流共有封闭边界模式、开边界模式、无边界模式、弓形液线模式和完全发展模式共5种破碎模式;在大气环境压力下,L随着We的增加呈"双峰"模式变化;而在有环境压力的情况下,L与We则呈"单峰"模式变化;与大气环境压力相比,高环境压力更有利于幂律流体对称撞击式射流破碎;而喷孔直径与流体黏度的增大均不利于撞击式射流破碎.提出了预测幂律流体对称撞击射流破碎表面波长的破碎模型.     

幂律流体液膜射流的时间不稳定性分析（英文）

基于时间模式不稳定性理论,研究了无黏静止气体中二维幂律流体液膜射流不稳定过程.在对幂律流体本构方程线性近似的基础上,通过对非对称模式和对称模式的色散方程的推导和求解,研究了广义雷诺数、韦伯数、气/液密度比以及幂律指数对于液膜破碎的影响.结果表明:在两种模式下,不论剪切变稀流体还是剪切变稠流体,液体的黏性和表面张力都会抑制液膜破碎,而气/液相互作用力则促进液膜破碎.而且,幂律指数越小,液膜射流越容易破碎.同时,尽管非对称模式在液膜破碎过程总是占据主导地位,但是当两种模式的最大扰动增长率的量级同阶时,对称模式对于液膜破碎也起着重要作用.     

幂律流体气流雾化射流不稳定性分析

基于射流不稳定性理论系统研究了一个圆柱形可压缩气流喷入有限厚度的幂律流体的时间模式不稳定性.在对幂律流体本构方程线性近似的基础上,推导了表征轴对称模式幂律流体气流雾化射流不稳定性的色散方程.通过数值计算,分析了液相雷诺数、韦伯数、气/液密度比和速度比、气流马赫数以及幂律指数对于剪切变稀流体与剪切变稠流体两种情形气流雾化射流的不稳定性影响.结果表明:无论是剪切变稀情形还是剪切变稠情形,液体的黏性力总是抑制其不稳定性,减小幂律指数均可促进幂律流体气流雾化射流的不稳定性.随着气流速度的不断增大,由气/液相互运动导致的剪切波逐渐主导幂律流体气流雾化射流的不稳定性与破碎过程.当液相的参数保持不变,增大气流密度、气流速度以及气流可压缩性均可有效地促进幂律流体气流射流的破碎.空气动力是促进幂律流体射流破碎的有效措施.同时,对于一个小韦伯数,表面张力促进气体射流不稳定性;而随着韦伯数增大到临界值后,表面张力将会逐渐抑制其不稳定性.     

幂律流体椭圆形射流破碎的试验研究

基于高速摄影光学试验平台,通过使用4个椭圆度不同的喷孔与两种工质,研究了幂律流体椭圆形射流形貌与破碎的特征.结果表明:与水不同,椭圆孔产生的"轴转换"不稳定现象在幂律液体中整体衰退明显;液体射流速度较小时,椭圆度对破碎长度的影响较小,而后随着射流速度的增大(小于33 m/s),椭圆度对射流破碎的促进作用逐渐增强.轴转换波长与射流速度呈现线性关系,幂律液的波长增长率随着椭圆度的增大而增大.通过试验数据修正了幂律流体椭圆射流形貌模型,并分析了椭圆度、韦伯数、表观雷诺数对于射流不稳定性的影响.     

旋转气体介质对环膜液体射流破碎不稳定性影响的研究

利用线性不稳定性理论研究了旋转气体介质对黏性环膜液体射流破碎的影响。研究结果表明,无论是轴对称模式还是非轴对称模式,由液体环膜内部气体介质旋转所产生的离心力是液体射流的失稳因素,有助于液体射流的破碎。另外,由液体环膜外部气体介质旋转所产生的离心力是液体射流的促稳因素,不利于液体射流的破碎。当相同强度的旋转同时存在于内部和外部气体介质中时,对于轴对称模式,内部气体介质的影响显著,而对于非轴对称模式,则外部气体介质的影响更为明显。通常情况下,非轴对称模式的扰动增长率强于轴对称模式的扰动增长率,因此会在环膜液体射流的破碎中占据主导地位。     

加热条件下粘性液膜射流破碎机理的研究

利用线性不稳定性理论，对具有温度梯度的粘性液膜射流模型所对应的色散方程进行了数值求解。利用计算结果，研究了加热条件下反对称模式和对称模式粘性液膜射流大、小尺度破碎模式的破碎机理，探讨了韦伯数(We)、密度比(Q)、Marangoni数(Mα)和Ohnesorge数(x)对液膜射流表面波的最大扰动增长率及占优波数的影响。     

气体旋转运动对环膜液体射流不稳定性影响的研究

环膜液体射流的破碎机理研究对于GDI汽油机的雾化过程具有重要的意义。利用线性不稳定性理论研究了旋转气体运动对低阶和高阶模式黏性环膜液体射流破碎的影响。对于色散方程的数值计算结果表明,无论是对称模式还是非对称模式,低阶模式的扰动增长率通常较之高阶模式要大得多,但较之低阶模式扰动,高阶模式对气体旋转运动更为敏感。研究结果同时表明,对于非对称模式,无论是低阶模式还是高阶模式的扰动,气体旋转运动都是液体破碎的失稳因素;对于对称模式,气体旋转运动是低阶模式扰动的促稳因素,然而却是高阶模式扰动的强烈的失稳因素。     

射流参数对加热条件下液膜射流破碎不稳定性的影响(2)--射流参数对液膜对称模式破碎的影响

利用对具有温度梯度的粘性液膜射流模型进行的不稳定性计算结果，研究了实际射流参数（射流速度）气体密度，液体粘性，液膜厚度，温度梯度，液体种类等）对对称模式扰动作用下液膜射流大，小尺度破碎模式破碎特征的影响规律，并探讨了决定液膜射流破碎尺度的实际因素。     

横风下幂律燃料射流的全局敏感性分析

敏感性分析是模型参数优化的基础,可以将模型中不确定性进行量化,提升参数优化效率.将Morris方法的敏感性分析方法同流体射流不稳定性理论相结合,对横风下幂律流体燃料射流不稳定性模型进行了全局敏感性分析探究.根据循环分析计算获得的各变量的平均值、绝对平均值和标准差来判断其对射流不稳定性的影响程度以及与其他参数耦合作用强度.结果表明:气流速度与气相密度对幂律流体射流不稳定性的影响最大;液体射流速度、喷孔直径和气相密度对初次破碎尺度的影响最大;射流液体密度和表面张力系数对射流不稳定过程的影响程度较弱;液体稠度系数和幂律指数对射流过程的影响相对较强;两相速度同其他参数的耦合作用最为明显.     

射流参数对加热条件下液膜射流破碎不稳定性的影响(1)--射流参数对液膜反对称模式破碎的影响

基于线性不稳定性理论，利用对具有温度梯度的粘性液膜射流模型进行的数值计算结果，研究了射流速度，气体密度，液体粘性，液膜厚度，温度梯度，液体种类等实际射流参数对反对称模式扰动作用下液膜射流大、大尺度破碎模式的最大扰动增长率及占优波数等破碎特征的影响规律。     

加热条件下液体燃料射流破碎机理的研究

利用线性热不稳定性理论,对黏性液体射入高温气体介质模型所对应的色散方程进行了数值求解。利用所得到的计算结果,研究了加热条件下轴对称模式扰动液体射流破碎机理,探讨了表征各种影响射流破碎作用力的无量纲Weber数（We）、密度比（Q）、Marangoni数（Ma）和Ohnesorge数（Z）对液体射流破碎最大扰动增长率及占优波数的影响。研究结果表明,液体和气体介质之间的温度梯度对液体射流稳定性有着非常显著的影响,表明热毛细力对于液体射流的破碎有促进作用,这种作用对处于Taylor模式下的液体射流尤为显著,并且这种热力作用可使液体射流从一种模式进入另一种模式,并可以大大改变射流的破碎尺序。     

Experimental research on water management in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

A simulated cathode flow channel experiment system was set up based on the gas flow rate and water flow rate in the PEM fuel cell. With the assistance of the visualization system, high-sensitivity double parallel conductance probes flow regime inspecting technique was adopted successfully in the experiment system to inspect the flow regime of the gas–liquid two-phase flow in the PEM fuel cell. The research results show that the double parallel conductance probes inspecting system and the flow regime image system for the gas–liquid two-phase flow in the PEM fuel cell simulated channel both can judge the slug flow and annular flow in it, and the double parallel conductance probes flow regime inspecting system can divide the annular flow into three subtypes. The main probes inspecting system and the assistant image system validate reciprocally, which enhances the experimental veracity. The typical flow regimes of the PEM fuel cell simulated channel include slug flow, annular flow with big water film wave, annular flow with small water film wave and annular flow without water film wave. With the increase of the liquid superficial velocity, the frequencies of liquid slug and wave of liquid film increase. The flow regime map in the flow channel of the PEM fuel cell was developed. The flow regime of the gas–liquid two-phase flow in a PEM fuel cell in different operating conditions can be forecasted with this map. With the PEM fuel cell operating condition in this study, the flow regimes of gas–liquid two-phase flow for different cases are all annular flow with small water film wave, and the liquid film waves more with bigger current density. With the location closer to the channel outlet, the liquid film waves are more for the same current density.     

Bubble generation in quiescent and co-flowing liquids

A numerical simulation has been accomplished to analyze the problem of dynamic bubble formation from a submerged orifice in an immiscible Newtonian liquid under the condition of constant gas inflow. We have considered two cases for the surrounding liquid, namely the liquid in a quiescent condition and the liquid as a co-flowing stream with the gas. The full cycle, from formation to detachment of the bubbles and the corresponding bubble dynamics, was simulated numerically by using a coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method. The role of the liquid to gas mean velocity ratio, the Bond number and the Weber number in the bubble formation process was studied and the order of magnitude of forces involved in bubble dynamics are presented. Our simulation results show that the minimum radius of the neck decreases with a power law behavior and the power law exponent in a co-flowing liquid is less than 1/2 as predicted by the Rayleigh–Plesset theory for quiescent inviscid liquids. Single periodic and double periodic bubbling (with pairing and coalescence) regimes are observed in the present investigation. It is identified that a moderate co-flowing liquid may inhibit the bubble coalescence. The volume of the bubble and the bubble formation time decrease with increasing liquid to gas mean velocity ratios. For small Bond numbers, significant differences pertaining to bubble dynamics are observed between the co-flowing liquid and the quiescent liquid. Furthermore, the generation and breakup of the Worthington jet after bubble pinch-off and formation of tiny drops inside the detached bubbles are observed.     

Liquid jet in a subsonic gaseous crossflow: Recent progress and remaining challenges

This article reviews published literature on the characteristics of a liquid jet injected transversally into a subsonic gaseous crossflow. The review covers the following aspects: (і) liquid jet primary breakup regimes, (іі) liquid jet trajectory and penetration, (ііі) liquid jet breakup length, and (іv) droplets features and formation mechanisms. The focus is on analyzing the role of different prominent parameters which include gaseous and liquid properties, and liquid injector geometry. The review revealed that gas Weber number plays a crucial role in defining non-turbulent primary breakup regimes, while liquid jet Weber number is of great importance for the transition to turbulent primary breakup. Jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio is the most important parameter for predicting the trajectory, penetration, and breakup length of a liquid jet in a crossflow. The characteristics of droplets disintegrated during the primary breakup are mostly influenced by the nozzle exit conditions, whereas the characteristics of droplets produced via the secondary breakup are strongly dependent on the velocity of cross airflow. Although the review revealed that substantial progress has been made in understanding this complex two-phase flow phenomenon, there still remain several shortcomings which require further research.     

Peristaltic Transport of a Herschel–Bulkley Fluid in an Elastic Tube

In this paper, we investigate the peristaltic transport of a non‐Newtonian viscous fluid in an elastic tube. The governing equations are solved using the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. The constitution of blood has a non‐Newtonian fluid model and it demands the yield stress fluid model: The blood transport in small blood vessels is done under peristalsis. Among the available yield stress fluid models for blood flow, the non‐Newtonian Herschel–Bulkley fluid is preferred (because Bingham, power‐law and Newtonian models can be obtained as its special cases). The Herschel–Bulkley model has two parameters namely the yield stress and the power‐law index. The expressions for velocity, plug flow velocity, wall shear stress, and the flow rate are derived. The flux is determined as a function of inlet, outlet, external pressures, yield stress, amplitude ratio, and the elastic property of the tube. Further when the power‐law index n = 1 and the yield stress and in the absence of peristalsis, our results agree with Rubinow and Keller [J. Theor. Biol. 35 , 299 (1972)]. Furthermore, it is observed that, the yield stress, peristaltic wave, and the elastic parameters have strong effects on the flux of the non‐Newtonian fluid flow. Effects of various wave forms (namely, sinusoidal, trapezoidal and square) on the flow are discussed. The results obtained for the flow characteristics reveal many interesting behaviors that warrant further study on the non‐Newtonian fluid phenomena, especially the shear‐thinning phenomena. Shear thinning reduces the wall shear stress.     

低排放燃烧室空气雾化喷嘴射流破碎特性研究

针对当前广泛应用于低排放燃气轮机燃烧室中的空气雾化喷嘴,采用大涡模拟（Large Eddy Simulation,LES）和流体体积法（Volume of Fluid,VOF）研究了其在流动模糊（Flow Blurring,FB）和流动聚焦（Flow Focusing,FF）模式下射流一次破碎过程的差异。结果表明：两种模式的射流一次破碎过程均可分为3个阶段,气液交界面波动阶段、射流发展阶段和射流破碎阶段;喷嘴内部回流区的演变决定了气液交界面的波动程度,流动模糊模式下射流在后两个阶段的径向速度和形态变化程度均远高于流动聚焦模式,气泡回流过程在其射流破碎阶段占据主导地位,液体管道内气泡分布位置与涡的强度呈正相关。     

燃油喷射2次雾化模型

本主要研究燃油喷入气体中的雾化过程。在假设雾化是由于气液之间气动相互作用导致液体射流表面不稳定波增长并最终导致细小液滴形成的基础上，把燃油雾化过程分为两个阶段：１次雾化和２次雾化。前只发生在气液交界面上，主要由不稳定波增长和破碎所引起；后则发生在气液渗混区，受１次雾化后形成的液滴在气体中进一步破碎和聚合控制。章最后分析了某些参数对雾化的影响，并把计算得到的喷雾贯穿距离和ＳＭＤ同实验进行了比     

Heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid (Carbopol aqueous solution) in transitional pipe flow

An experimental study of the forced convection heat transfer for non-Newtonian fluid flow in a pipe is presented. We focus particularly on the transitional regime. A wall boundary heating condition of heat flux is imposed. The non-Newtonian fluid used is Carbopol (polyacrylic acid) aqueous solutions. Detailed rheology as well as the variation of the rheological parameters with temperature are reported. Newtonian and shear thinning fluids are also tested for comparative purposes. The characterization of the flow and the thermal convection is made via the pressure drop and the wall temperature measurements over a range of Reynolds number from laminar to turbulent regime. Our measurements show that the non-Newtonian character stabilizes the flow, i.e., the critical Reynolds number to transitional flow increases with shear thinning and yield stress. The heat transfer coefficients are given and compared with heat transfer laws for different regime flows. Details when the heat transfer coefficient loses rapidly its local dependence on the Reynolds number are analyzed.     

Two-phase flow regime transition criteria in post-dryout region based on flow visualization experiments

A visual study of film boiling is carried out to determine the flow regime transition in the post-CHF region. An idealized inverted annular flow is obtained by introducing a liquid jet of Freon 113 through a nozzle, precisely centered with respect to the internal diameter of the test section, with an annular gas flow. The respective ranges for liquid and gas velocities are 0.05–0.5 and 0.03–8.2 m ifs⁻¹. Nitrogen and helium are used in the study. For the present configuration, there are four flow regimes; namely, the smooth inverted annular flow section, the rough wavy, agitated and dispersed flow regimes.