Non-steady FE analysis on porthole dies extrusion of aluminum harmonica-shaped tube

According to the rigid-viscoplasticity finite element method, the porthole die extrusion process of an aluminum harmonica-shaped tube was successfully simulated based on software Deform-3D. The distribution of stress field, effective strain field, velocity field and temperature field during the extrusion process were discussed and the metal flow in welding extrusion was analyzed. The simulation results show that the material flow velocities in the bearing exit are non-uniform with the originally designed die and the forepart of the profile is not neat or even. Aiming at solving this problem, the modification method of die structure was improved. The result shows that the uniform material flow velocities in the die exit and a perfect extruded are obtained by modification bearing length.     

分流组合模挤压铝合金口琴管的数值模拟

采用刚粘塑性有限元法,在DEFORM-3D有限元商业软件上成功实现了铝合金口琴管分流组合模挤压过程的三维数值模拟,获得了分流组合模挤压过程中材料的流动规律,挤压力、应力场、应变场和温度场的分布,以及模具出口处金属流速的分布情况。通过数值模拟发现,型材出口流速不均匀,造成端面不齐,对此,提出了模具修改方案,通过调节模具工作带的长度,实现了型材挤压出口流速均匀的目的,从而保障了型材的产品质量。模拟结果为模具的优化设计及工艺参数的选取提供了理论参考。     

复杂断面空心型材的双级分流模挤压过程模拟分析

对于非对称断面、大壁厚且空心的复杂断面空心铝型材,采用常规分流模挤压时很难平衡金属流速,型材挤出后经常产生弯曲或扭拧现象。为此,提出了在常规分流模前增加一级分流模,使传统的分流-焊合-成形的3个阶段变为预分流-分流-焊合-成形的4个阶段,进而达到平衡金属流速目的。研究结果表明:双级分流模比常规分流模挤压时金属流动均匀性得到了改善;各孔金属流速平均值为6.41 mm·s-1,方差为0.2511且降低了65%;挤压温度场分布均匀,温差在7~12℃之间范围内,抵消了温差不均匀的影响;焊合室内静水压力平均值约为290 MPa,模芯周围静水压力分布均匀,模芯不易发生移动。     

Prediction of welding pressure in the non-steady state porthole die extrusion of Al7003 tubes

This paper describes a numerical analysis of non-steady state porthole die extrusion, which is useful for manufacturing long tubes with a hollow section. Materials divided through several portholes are gathered within a chamber and are then welded under high pressure. This weldability classifies the quality of tube products and is affected by process variables and die shapes. However, porthole die extrusion has been executed based on the experience of experts, due to the complicated die assembly and the complexity of metal flow. To better assist the design of die and to obtain improvement of productivity, non-steady 3D FE simulation for porthole die extrusion is required. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the behavior of metal flow and to determine the welding pressure of hot extrusion products according to various billet temperatures, bearing length, and tube thickness by FE analysis. The results of FE analysis are compared with those of experiments.     

分流组合模挤压过程数值模拟及模具优化设计

文章利用刚粘塑性有限元软件DEFORM-3D对分流组合模挤压小直径薄壁纯铝圆管过程进行了三维有限元模拟,得出了模具焊合室深度以及工作带长度对挤压力、应力应变、模具应力等物理场量的影响规律,从而对模具结构参数进行优化。模拟结果表明,分流模上模应力集中主要分布在分流桥和模芯部位,下模应力集中分布在工作带附近和焊合室圆角过渡区,焊合室深度和工作带长度对产品质量有很大影响。通过试验得知,加大焊合室深度和工作带长度,可提高产品焊缝强度和表面质量。     

Investigation on Effects of Die Orifice Layout on Three-Hole Porthole Extrusion of Aluminum Alloy 6063 Tubes

Currently, with the increasing demand of high production output, much attention is paid to the research and development of multi-hole extrusion die. However, owing to the complexity of multi-hole porthole extrusion technology, it has not been applied widely in practice for the production of aluminum profiles, especially for porthole die with an odd number of die orifices. The purpose of this study is to design a three-hole porthole die for producing an aluminum tube and to optimize the location of die orifices based on computer-aided design and engineering. First, three-hole extrusion dies for different locations of die orifices are designed. Then, extrusion processes with different multi-hole porthole dies are simulated by means of HyperXtrude. Through numerical simulation, metal flow, temperature distribution, welding pressure, extrusion load, and die stress, etc. could be obtained, and the effects of the location of die orifices on extrusion process are investigated. With the increasing distance between die orifice and extrusion center (described as eccentricity ratio), metal flow becomes nonhomogeneous, and twisting or bending deformation of profile occurs, but the welding pressure rises, which improves the welding quality of profiles. However, the required extrusion force, billet and die temperature, die displacement, and stress induce no significant changes. In comparison with the extrusion force during single-hole porthole extrusion, there is 18.5% decrease of extrusion force during three-hole porthole extrusion. Finally, design rules for this kind of multi-hole extrusion dies are summarized.     

方形管分流模双孔挤压过程中金属的流动行为

采用Deform-3D有限元软件,结合基于逆向工程的焊合面网格修复技术,建立方形管分流模双孔挤压时包括焊合过程在内的全过程的三维有限元数值模拟方法,分析分流孔的配置方案对金属流动行为、挤压力、挤压温度及成形质量的影响。结果表明:中间分流孔与位于两侧分流孔的面积比值Q1/Q2是影响金属流动均匀性、焊缝位置和制品平直度的重要因素,比值Q1/Q2为0.93～1.03时,挤出的方管平直度好;分流孔外接圆直径和挤压筒直径的比值对挤压过程中温升的影响较小,而对挤压力有一定的影响,当该比值为0.82时挤压力最小,该比值超过0.82时挤压力明显增加。     

CPU散热片挤压过程的数值模拟及模具优化

采用刚粘塑性有限元法,利用Deform-3D有限元软件实现了铝合金CPU散热片导流模挤压过程的数值模拟。获得了挤压过程中材料的流动规律、挤压力、模具应力以及模具出口处流速的分布。通过数值模拟发现,型材出口流速很不均匀,远离型材中心的散热片齿部流速过慢。通过对导流模结构的调节,使得型材出口流速基本均匀,模具应力降低,提高了模具的使用寿命。模拟结果为导流模优化设计提供了依据。     

Large-scale manufacturing of aluminum alloy plate extruded from subsize billet by new porthole-equal channel angular processing technique

To manufacture plate by the combination of equal channel angular processing (ECAP) and porthole die extrusion techniques, a novel technique, namely portholes-equal channel angular processing (P-ECAP), was studied. Extrusion of AL6005A plate used for the bullet train plate was investigated by finite element method. The relevant porthole dies involving ECAP technique in channels were designed. Dimensional changes in the scrap part of the extrudate obtained after extrusion from the P-ECAP die, with different channel angles, were predicted. Effects of the channel angle and extrusion speed on the maximum temperature of the workpiece and other field variables were evaluated. At the channel angle of 160° of P-ECAP dies, the extrudate exhibited the optimal performance and the least amount of extrudate scrap was obtained. The optimal extrusion speed was 3–5 mm/s. Moreover, with the increase in ram speed from 1 to 9 mm/s, the peak extrusion load increased by about 49% and the maximum temperature was increased by about 70 °C. The effective strain exhibited ascending trend in the corner of the ECAP deformation zone. In the solder seam and the side of die bearing of extrudate, the maximum principal stresses were tensile stress.     

FE analysis of metal flow and weld seam formation in a porthole die during the extrusion of a magnesium alloy into a square tube and the effect of ram speed on weld strength

The present communication concerns a detailed analysis of metal flow into a porthole extrusion die to produce a thin-walled square magnesium tube by means of three-dimensional FE simulation in both the transient state and steady state. The research was aimed to get an insight into the longitudinal weld seam formation during extrusion through porthole dies and to evaluate the factors determining the quality of the weld seams. FE simulation revealed distinctive stages at the beginning of an extrusion cycle, corresponding to the changes in extrusion pressure during the process. It showed that the commonly observed defect at the extrudate head was due to entrapped air under the bridges in the upper part of the welding chamber. The dead metal zones existed at the corners between the container and die face and between the bottom and sidewall of the welding chamber. Because of the friction at the die bearing, the metal flow through the die bearing resembled laminar flow. Only the virgin metal from the interior of the billet flowed along the bridges and formed the welding seams. As ram speed increased, the mean stresses and temperatures on the welding plane in the welding chamber increased, which was reflected in the increases in extrusion pressure and extrudate temperature, being beneficial to the solid-state bonding at the weld seams. Tensile tests confirmed that extrusion at a higher ram speed led to enhanced transverse tensile strength and strain of the extruded square tube, as a result of improved bonding at the longitudinal weld seams.     

平面分流组合模三维实体造型与有限元分析

以有限元软件ANSYS为工作平台,建立了平面分流组合模的三维实体模型,在确定边界条件和工作载荷的基础上,对模具在挤压过程中的温度场和应力场进行了有限元计算。通过对计算结果进行分析发现,在模桥与模芯相接处有较大的应力集中,与出现裂纹的位置相吻合,说明应力集中是模具桥裂的主要原因之一,这一结果与生产实际情况相吻合。     

分流组合模挤压的有限元模拟与模具设计评价

为探讨分流组合模挤压成形规律,选择分流孔内斜度、外斜度、焊合室高度和工作带长度为变量设计了9副模具,提出了模具设计的无量纲单指标评价因子和综合评价函数,用DEFORM_3D软件实现了分流组合模挤压铝管材的有限元模拟,获得了挤压材料焊合面上的静水压应力场、等效应变场和模具峰值应力,进而对模具设计评价指标进行了极差分析,得到了最优模具设计,模拟分析结果与试验数据吻合良好。研究表明:分流组合模焊合室高度H与工作带长度L的比值对综合评价函数影响很大,应作为设计变量。     

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Porthole Die Extrusion Process of LZ91 Mg-Li AlloyEI北大核心CSCD

Porthole die extrusion is the dominant process to produce hollow profiles due to its high productivity and capacity in producing complex profiles. In this study, the finite element simulation model of porthole die extrusion of LZ91 Mg-Li alloy was established. The effects of extrusion ratio on strain, temperature and flow velocity were studied, and the welding quality was quantitatively evaluated by means of J criterion. The experiments of porthole die extrusion were carried out by varying extrusion ratios. The microstructures of as-cast, homogenized and extruded LZ91 Mg-Li alloy were examined. The results show that the materials near the bridge surface and at the bottom of the bridge have large deformation, while the materials inside the portholes have small deformation. Moreover, with the increase of extrusion ratio, the effective strain of material is increased. Due to the heat generated by plastic deformation and the heat dissipation caused by profile cooling, the temperature of the material on the top of bridge is increased, while that of the material near the die exit becomes lower. The welding quality in the central area of weld seam is lower than that in the edge area of weld seam. With the increase of extrusion ratio, the welding quality is improved. More nucleation is generated in welding zone due to its large strain, resulting in the formation of fine grains. However, the dynamic recrystallization is not complete in the matrix zone, and some coarse grains still remain. Moreover, the material temperature becomes higher with high extrusion ratio, and the phenomenon of grain growth is observed.     

蝶形模具挤压过程的数值模拟

在Simufact9.0软件平台上,采用基于Euler网格描述的有限体积法,对蝶形模具非稳态挤压过程进行数值模拟,并与传统模具进行对比.数值模拟结果表明:当采用蝶形模具挤压方型管材时,金属的流动及变形较传统模具挤压时的更加均匀,分流桥上端及焊合室的死区减小;挤压力曲线平稳,没有明显的突变,突破分流孔的挤压力较传统模的降低约72.2%,最大挤压力降低约17.3%;模具的等效应力分布更加均匀,最大等效应力降低约11.2%,模具的使用寿命提高,且分流桥的弹性变形减小,模芯的稳定性提高.     

多腔壁板铝型材分流组合模具挤压过程模拟

应用Pro／E建立分流组合模的几何模型，利用锻造专用有限元软件对多腔壁板铝型材挤压过程进行数值模拟，获得挤压过程中的挤压力、应力场、速度场及金属填充和流动情况，提供了选择挤压设备的依据，对同类产品工艺开发及模具设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Mathematical model of determination of die bearing length in design of aluminum profile extrusion die

Based on the finite element simulation of profile extrusion process, the effect of local extrusion ratio, die bearing area and the distance between extrusion cylindrical center and local die orfice center on mental flow velocity was investigated. The laws of deformed metal flow on profile extrusion process were obtained. The smaller the local extrusion ratio, the faster the metal flow velocity； the smaller the area of die bearing, the faster the metal flow velocity； the smaller the distance of position of local die orifice(the closer the distance of position of local die orifice from extrusion cylindrical axis), the faster the metal flow velocity. The effect of main parameters of die structure on metal flow velocity was integrated and the mathematical model of determination of die bearing length in design of aluminum profile extrusion die was proposed. The calculated results with proposed model were well compared withthe experimental results. The proposed model can be applied to determine die bearing length in design of aluminum profile extrusion die.     

FE analysis of extrusion defect and optimization of metal flow in porthole die for complex hollow aluminium profile

To solve the defects of bottom concave appearing in the extrusion experiments of complex hollow aluminium profiles, a 3D finite element model for simulating steady-state porthole die extrusion process was established based on HyperXtrude software using Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) algorithm. The velocity distribution on the cross-section of the extrudate at the die exit and pressure distribution at different heights in the welding chamber were quantitatively analyzed. To obtain an uniformity of metal flow velocity at the die exit, the porthole die structure was optimized by adding baffle plates. After optimization, maximum displacement in the Y direction at the bottom of profile decreases from 1.1 to 0.15 mm, and the concave defects are remarkably improved. The research method provides an effective guidance for improving extrusion defects and optimizing the metal flow of complex hollow aluminium profiles during porthole die extrusion.     

空心铝型材分流组合挤压模CAD系统开发

利用面向对象的设计思想,采用对象模型技术(object modeling technology,OMT)方法,确定了铝型材分流组合挤压模CAD系统的整体构架。用UG/OPEN API接口和UG/OPEN GRIP语言的功能,开发了空心铝型材分流组合挤压模CAD系统。实例证明,利用该系统可以方便地设计出参数化的铝型材分流组合挤压模。用有限体积法模拟铝型材挤压过程,分析金属流动、应力的变化,为优化挤压模结构提供依据。     

新能源汽车电池架空心铝型材挤压模设计

针对新能源汽车电池架空心铝型材,设计分流挤压模,结合有限元模拟技术获得铝型材挤压过程中铝合金的流动速度分布情况。分析模拟得到的数据,针对铝合金挤出速度的不均匀性,对模具的芯模结构提出改进方案,改进后的模拟结果显示型材出口处金属流速均匀,试模试验与有限元模拟结果相符,为相关型材的模具结构设计和改进提供了指导。