锯条张紧力和侧向力对锯条侧向位移的影响

锯条的侧向位移在很大程度上决定了加工表面的质量,侧向位移过大工件表面质量得不到保证.侧向力是产生侧向位移的主要原因,另外锯条张紧力对侧向位移也有很大影响.本文用有限元法分析了张紧力、侧向力、侧向位移三者的关系.     

圆锯片噪声产生机理及降噪技木

分析了圆锯片噪声产生的机理,同时指出共振噪声是圆锯片噪声的重要组成部分。根据增加圆锯片阻尼、改变圆锯片的共振频率及改变激振力频率可减小振动实现降噪的原理,本文主要分析了多层基体结构、开热胀槽及不等齿距等结构圆锯片的降噪技术。     

环线金刚石线锯机旋转切割的研究

对蓝宝石、晶体硅等贵重硬脆晶体加工的要求越来越高,如切割效率和表面加工质量,而且工件的尺寸也逐渐增大,需要设计一种高效的切割设备并探索新的切割方式。本研究建立了一种旋转切割模型,通过旋转工件进行切割,保持一种单点接触式的切割,提高环线金刚石线锯机的切割效率。利用自制的环形金刚石线锯机做切割实验,结果表明,相对于常规固定式的切割法,切割效率至少提高了50%,并且提高了表面加工质量。     

Application of a novel technique for band sawing using a tip-inserted saw regarding surface profiles

One way of achieving a successful forest management leading to biodiversity conservation is to ensure that wood is processed in an efficient manner. The authors succeeded in developing a new technology for bandsawing using a tip-inserted saw. The material used for the tipped edge was High Speed Steel (HSS) of designation SHK 51 according to the Japan Industrial Standard (JIS). The efficiency of the tip-inserted saw was investigated considering its effectiveness in controlling tooth marks and washboarding patterns that sometimes occur during bandsawing. The surface profile of the workpiece generated after sawing with 700 mm and 1100 mm diameter bandmills of the laboratory and industrial type respectively were determined using a CCD laser displacement sensor of scanning length 250 mm and scanning speed of 3 mm/sec at a sampling rate of 50 Hz. Under a setup wheel rotation speed of 200 rpm and feed speed of 1 m/min, washboardings were induced during sawing with the tip-inserted saw of uniform pitch. Thereafter, a tip-inserted saw of random pitch was constructed without removing the saw from the pulley and cutting tests were performed under the same cutting conditions when washboardings were induced during sawing with the uniform pitch tipped-inserted saw. It was observed that the washboarding pattern disappeared completely. Thus the tip-inserted saw of random pitch was very effective in controlling the washboarding pattern. Comparisons of the surface profiles of the workpiece generated by sawing with uniform pitch tip-inserted and stellite-tipped saws under both laboratory and industrial conditions indicate that regardless of the type of bandmill used, the surface profile measured with the laser displacement sensor was smoother for tip-inserted saws than stellite-tipped saws.     

Effects of cutting parameters on surface quality of paper birch wood machined across the grain with two planing techniques

Helical planing and face milling were applied across the grain to surface paper birch wood prior to coating application. Three feed speeds and three cutting depths were evaluated for face milling while three cutting depths were studied for helical planing. The roughness and wetting properties of wood as well as pull-off strength of a solvent-borne coating after aging were evaluated. For helical planing, no significant effects of the cutting depth on roughness and wetting properties were found. For face milling, the cutting depth had no significant effect on the surface roughness while it had a significant impact on the wetting properties. The feed speed affected significantly both parameters. Furthermore, none of these parameters had a significant effect on the pull-off strength. However, helical planing produced smoother surfaces with equivalent wetting properties and higher pull-off strength than face milling. Scanning electron microscopy showed more exposed cell lumina and sound cells for helical planed surfaces, which enhanced their wetting and adhesion properties.     

The influence of wood fiber direction, feed rate, and cutting width on sound intensity during routing

This study examines the possibility of using sound intensity to monitor the wood routing process at different machining conditions. Sound intensity is defined as the rate of flow of acoustic energy per unit area in a specified direction. For this study, specimens of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) were routed on a CNC machine tool equipped with an automatic feed. The effect of wood grain angle on the sound intensity energy generated and surface roughness produced was determined. Maximum sound intensity during routing was generated at an inclination of 135° to the grain. A linear relationship between sound intensity output and workpiece feed rate was recognized. Sound intensity and surface roughness are also strongly correlated, irrespective of feed rate. In contrast, sound intensity more than doubled with doubling of cutting width, whereas surface roughness did not increase. The results suggest that the measurement of sound intensity is a promising method for monitoring surface roughness and determining optimum feed rates.

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Einfluss der Richtung der Holzfasern, des Vorschubs und der Schnittbreite auf die Schallintensität beim Fräsen

Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit untersucht die Möglichkeit, mit Hilfe der Schallintensität den Fräsprozess unter verschiedenen Bedingungen zu überwachen. Hierzu wurden Buchenproben (Fagus crenata Blume) auf einer CNC-Maschine mit automatischer Probenzufuhr gefräst. Der Einfluss des Faserwinkels auf die Intensität der erzeugten Schallenergie und die resultierende Oberflächenrauhigkeit wurden gemessen. Die höchste Schallintensität während des Fräsens entstand bei einer Neigung von 135° zur Faser. Zwischen Schallintensität und Vorschub des Werkstücks zeigte sich ein linearer Zusammenhang. Schallintensität und Oberflächenrauhigkeit sind ebenfalls streng korreliert, und zwar unabhängig vom Vorschub. Demgegenüber ergab sich kein Anstieg der Oberflächenrauhigkeit, wenn die Schallintensitat sich bei Verdoppelung der Schnittbreite ebenfalls verdoppelte. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse kann die Messung der Schallintensität benutzt werden, um die Oberflächenrauhigkeit zu überwachen und den optimalen Vorschub zu bestimmen.

     

Visual and visuo-tactile preferences of Malagasy consumers for machined wood surfaces for furniture: acceptability thresholds for surface parameters

In wood machining operations, target surfaces are chosen to achieve technical functions (gluing, finishing), or aesthetic functions (raw wood, varnishing) in order to produce a surface which consumers will appreciate. Although the literature often refers to the optimization of cutting conditions to improve the surface quality, there is currently no specific criterion to define what good surface quality is. The purpose of this study was to investigate quantitative criteria related to consumer preferences and to find an acceptability threshold for each criterion in order to determine the best cutting conditions. To this end, 32 surfaces from Chrysophilum boivinianum (Sapotaceae) were machined in various cutting conditions which yielded surfaces ranging from very rough to smooth. The primary surface profile, roughness and waviness parameters, and machining defects (raised grain, torn grain, chip marks, cutting traces) were measured on each surface. Visual and visuo-tactile tests were then carried out with a panel of 174 consumers. The results show that touch allowed better appreciation of surface defects than a simple visual observation. Consumers like smooth surfaces without visible defects and less visible peaks of waviness. The acceptability thresholds of surface parameters correlated with consumer preferences were determined. The rotational speed and the feed speed affect the most the surface quality. To obtain good surface quality for consumers, the rotation speed should be greater than 5000 rpm, with a maximum feed rate per tooth of 0.5 mm, and a maximum average chip thickness of 0.18 mm. This knowledge will help industries to better optimize the cutting of wood.     

Surface roughness in sapwood and heartwood of Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.) machined in 90-0 direction

The resulting surface roughness is studied for Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) during peripheral milling of sapwood and heartwood samples. It is known that the surface roughness is sensitive to a change in cutting conditions, tool wear, cutting geometry and direction change, but also when some material parameters vary like the species, moisture content and wood density. The bite or better the mean chip thickness is strongly related to the resulting surface quality as well as to the needed cutting forces, whereas other studies have shown these relationships with regard to changing cutting conditions. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and quantify the resulting surface roughness for Acacia melanoxylon considering a change in the mean chip thickness for both types of wood: sapwood and heartwood, and to evaluate the results considering changes in the rotational speed and the feed speed.     

Prediction of the mechanical properties of lumber by stress-wave velocity and Pilodyn penetration of 36-year-old Japanese larch trees

The objective of this study was to obtain basic knowledge for the prediction of the mechanical properties of Japanese larch lumber (Larix kaempferi) on the basis of tree properties, such as the stress-wave velocity (SWV) and Pilodyn penetration value (Py). The values of the correlation coefficient between the SWV of a standing tree and the dynamic Young’s modulus (DMOE) of logs, which were obtained at various heights, gradually decreased with an increase in the log sampling height, indicating that the SWV of a tree is affected by wood properties at the measuring position. A significant correlation between the SWV of trees and the average modulus of elasticity (MOE) of lumber was found (r =0.834). A significant negative correlation between the Py of a tree and the average modulus of rupture (MOR) of lumber was also found (r=-0.859). A high coefficient of determination for an obtained regression curve was found when both the SWV and Py of a tree were used for evaluating the average MOE or MOR of lumber. These results indicate that the average MOE and MOR of lumber can be predicted by using the SWV and Py of the Japanese larch tree.     

Effect of tooth front bevel angle on cutting accuracy and chip formation for cicular rip saws

When using sawdust in the pulp making process the wood fibres should be as long as possible. Circular saws with alternatively front or top beveled teeth produce saw dust with such characteristics. In this study the effect of bevel angle on cutting accuracy, surface finish, and saw dust quality was studied. A bevel angle of 15° maintained good cutting accuracy, produced good surface finish, and produced fibre quality superior to that obtained from saws with no bevel.     

Study washboarding phenomenon in frame sawing machines

The paper concerns washboarding phenomenon where for every kind of sawing a very regular pattern is characterised by a sinusoidal – like variation in board thickness. That pattern is an effect of the saw blade lateral vibrations. It is palpable that these vibrations are detrimental to the cutting process, and lead to poor surface quality and dimensional accuracy, and raw material waste. For band saws in the contemporary literature models explaining a washboarding phenomenon are supported on self-excited (self-induced) vibration theories. However, these explanations cannot be simply broadened into the washboarding phenomenon in frame sawing machines. In this work based on theoretical and experimental investigation the washboard pattern formation is clarified by the authors with the use of a theoretical model, in which the rugged surface is an effect of vibrations generated by lateral cyclic loading and lagged wave formation. The authors hope that their obtained results contribute significantly to further understanding of this important but complicated phenomenon.     

Study washboarding phenomenon in frame sawing machines

The paper concerns washboarding phenomenon where for every kind of sawing a very regular pattern is characterised by a sinusoidal – like variation in board thickness. That pattern is an effect of the saw blade lateral vibrations. It is palpable that these vibrations are detrimental to the cutting process, and lead to poor surface quality and dimensional accuracy, and raw material waste. For band saws in the contemporary literature models explaining a washboarding phenomenon are supported on self-excited (self-induced) vibration theories. However, these explanations cannot be simply broadened into the washboarding phenomenon in frame sawing machines. In this work based on theoretical and experimental investigation the washboard pattern formation is clarified by the authors with the use of a theoretical model, in which the rugged surface is an effect of vibrations generated by lateral cyclic loading and lagged wave formation. The authors hope that their obtained results contribute significantly to further understanding of this important but complicated phenomenon.     

Cutting forces in bandsaw processing of oak and beech wood as affected by wood moisture content and cutting directions

Cutting forces in bandsaw processing of oak and beech wood were measured at two levels of wood moisture content (about 12 % and FSP) for four cutting directions (90°–90°, 90°–0°, 0°–90° and 90°–45°). A constant cutting speed of 40 m/s and a feed rate of 20 m/min were applied. A piezoelectric dynamometer (KISTLER type 9257A) mounted on the carriage of the vertical bandsaw machine (ESTERER model EB 1400) was used to measure the parallel, normal and lateral cutting forces. Results revealed that all cutting forces depend on the wood moisture content and cutting direction. The greatest parallel force was observed for oak wood at 12 % MC for 90°–90° cutting direction (44 N/mm) whereas the lowest one was for beech wood at 30 % MC for 0°–90° cutting direction (20 N/mm). In contrast to the little change of lateral force at various cutting directions, the change in parallel force was significant.     

机械振动对凹版滚筒与刮墨刀间摩擦力的影响

在凹版印刷机运行时产生的各种摩擦力中,凹版滚筒和刮墨刀之间的摩擦力对印刷效果和凹版耐印力影响很大。本研究从微观尺度和宏观尺度,分别对凹印机的振动对凹版滚筒和刮墨刀之间摩擦力的影响进行了理论分析。当振动发生时,凹版滚筒和刮墨刀之间摩擦力会减小,而摩擦力的减小会减少凹版的磨损,但是如果凹版滚筒和刮墨刀之间摩擦力过小,就会影响刮墨刀的刮墨效果,因此摩擦力应该控制在一定范围之内。     

Emissions of sesquiterpenes from spruce sawdust during drying

Large amounts of sawdust are dried to produce particleboard and pellets. During drying and densification, volatile organic compounds are emitted. These may contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone. In this study, sesquiterpene emissions from Norway spruce sawdust dried in a continuous spouted bed at 140–200?°C have been investigated, and patterns of co-variation between sesquiterpene emissions and drying parameters have been elucidated. For sawdust dried to moisture contents suitable for pellets production, about 10–20?mg sesquiterpenes were emitted per kg oven dry sawdust. The sesquiterpene emissions amounted to about 20% of the monoterpene emissions. Drying at 200 °C caused markedly larger sesquiterpene emissions than did drying at 140 or 170 °C. The sesquiterpene emissions increased considerably at low wood moisture contents. While it has long been known that monoterpenes are emitted during the processing of wood, this study shows that sesquiterpenes are of considerable importance too.     

Research on GA-BP neural network model of surface roughness in air drum sanding process for poplar

Roughness is an important property of wood surface and has a significant influence on the interface bonding strength and surface coating quality. At present, there is little research on theoretical models for poplar fine sanding. In this study, poplar wood was fine-sanded with an air drum. An orthogonal experiment was carried out to study the effects of abrasive grain size, feed rate, belt speed, air drum deformation and air drum pressure on the surface roughness of poplar wood. The simulation models of the longitudinal roughness and the lateral roughness of the sanding surface were established based on BP neural network optimized by genetic algorithm (GA-BP neural network), and verified by the experimental data. The results show that the influence of sanding parameters on longitudinal roughness and lateral roughness is similar. The order of influence is abrasive grain size?>?belt speed?>?feed speed?>?air drum deformation and air drum pressure. The longitudinal roughness and lateral roughness of the surface of the poplar can be well predicted by GA-BP neural network. The average relative error of the predicted longitudinal roughness and lateral roughness are 2.67% and 2.65%, respectively.

     

Surface roughness of uncoated particleboards and its relation with the raw material, adhesive and climatic conditions

The effect of raw material, adhesive and climatic conditions on the surface roughness and moisture content of uncoated particleboards was determined. Particleboards made with recycled particles in the surface layer had the roughest surfaces irrespective of the adhesive used. The relationship between equilibrium moisture content and roughness are a complex function of interactions between many variables.     

Effects of rumen fill on short-term ingestive behavior and circulating concentrations of ghrelin, insulin, and glucose of dairy cows foraging vegetative micro-swards

The objective of this study was to investigate changes in foraging behavior, hunger-related hormones, and metabolites of dairy cows in response to short-term variations in rumen fill (RF). The effect of RF on intake rate, jaw movements, bite rate and dimensions, and concentrations of plasma ghrelin, and serum insulin and glucose were measured in 4 rumen-cannulated lactating dairy cows (612 ± 68 kg, empty live weight; 237 ± 29 d in milk) foraging micro-swards of vegetative orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). The treatments compared were the removal of different proportions of total rumen contents: 1.00 (RF0), 0.66 (RF33), 0.33 (RF66), or 0 (RF100). Treatments were randomly applied 2 h before foraging sessions in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Micro-swards were weighed before and after foraging sessions. Cows were allowed to take a maximum of 15 bites with no time restriction. Eating time, intake rate, total jaw movements, and bite mass, depth, area, and rate were determined. Plasma was analyzed for ghrelin and serum for insulin and glucose immediately before and 2 h after the treatments were applied. Intake rate, bite mass, and bite area increased, whereas bite depth decreased as RF decreased. The RF did not affect bite rate or total jaw movements. Decreasing RF resulted in increased plasma concentrations of ghrelin and tended to increase serum insulin, with reduced concentrations of serum glucose. Incremental variation in plasma ghrelin and serum insulin correlated with bite depth and mass, whereas changes in serum glucose correlated with intake rate, bite area, depth and mass, as well as with herbage intake per jaw movement. The present study elucidates some of the underlying endocrine physiology of cattle with short-term temporal variations of RF and their effects on some components of foraging behavior.     

Moisture content distribution across thickness of kiln dried oak and beech lumber during conditioning phase

The research results of measuring and analyzing moisture content distribution across thickness of oak and beech lumber during the conditioning phase are presented. Moisture content difference between the core and the surface layers of wood was reduced during conditioning due to the increase of moisture in the surface layers. It was shown that by means of conditioning it was possible for both species oak and beech to reach the highest drying quality conforming to the European Drying Group (EDG) Recommendation even in shorter times than usually needed for oak, 25 mm thick. The conditioning regimes, using EMC that is lower than final MC, will not give adequate results of conditioning. The drying schedule has a relevant influence on moisture content distribution prior to the conditioning phase. Therefore, the time of conditioning depends on the drying schedule and the required drying quality. Other parameters that influence drying quality (final moisture content, casehardening) should also be considered.     

磁控式气囊抛光实验研究

基于磁控式气囊抛光实验平台,对抛光中的不同加工区域进行针对性的实验研究。首先,以材料去除率和加工工件表面粗糙度为目标,通过正交试验法获取加工接触区各个相应参数的影响程度以及优选方案;其次,对加工非接触区以不同的抛光形式进行实验对比,得到各自的抛光效果,以及粗糙度随时间变化曲线。