窄馏分催化裂解汽油多产丙烯的研究

在实沸点蒸馏装置上将催化裂解汽油切割为不同沸点范围的窄馏分,在小型固定流化床装置上,对这些窄馏分汽油催化转化增产低碳烯烃进行了研究。试验结果表明：以初馏点~110℃的窄馏分汽油为原料时,反应温度为610℃时,丙烯产率最大,为25.49%;丙烯大部分来自原料中烯烃的裂解,少量的丙烯由正构烷烃、异构烷烃以及带有侧链的芳烃和环烷烃裂解得到;窄馏分汽油经芳烃抽提处理后丙烯产率增加。     

烯烃催化裂解的反应行为Ⅰ.烯烃裂解的反应速率和产物分布

 采用脉冲微反装置，研究了不同骨架结构的C₅~C₈单体烯烃在催化裂解反应条件下的裂解行为。通过改变催化剂装填量，测定了不同温度下烯烃的反应速率和产物分布。研究表明，脉冲条件下烯烃裂解反应为一级反应，其裂解速率随其分子中碳原子数的增加而大幅增加，烯烃-1的催化裂解速率是相同碳数的2-甲基烯烃-2裂解速率的1.4~1.6倍，但这2种结构的烯烃在相同反应条件下的裂解产物分布和丙烯选择性基本相同。     

直馏柴油催化裂解和热裂解反应行为研究

以直馏柴油为原料,反应温度为520～680℃,在小型固定流化床上分别采用酸性催化剂和石英砂,考察催化裂解和热裂解的反应行为。与热裂解相比,直馏柴油催化裂解提高了其转化率,降低了干气产率,提高了液化气产率;乙烯产率降低1.67～3.78百分点,丙烯产率提高5.23～9.12百分点,丁烯产率提高3.32～7.94百分点,轻芳烃(BTX)产率接近。直馏柴油催化裂解和热裂解干气中的甲烷和乙烯含量随反应温度变化的趋势相同,但是催化裂解干气中氢气体积分数高于乙烷,而热裂解干气中乙烷体积分数高于氢气;反应温度高于600℃时,催化裂解干气中C₂H₄/CH₄摩尔比小于热裂解干气的最优分布值0.82。两种裂解汽油烃类组成中正构烷烃、异构烷烃、烯烃和芳烃含量变化趋势相同,而环烷烃含量变化趋势相反;催化裂解汽油中环烷烃含量随反应温度升高而降低,而热裂解汽油中环烷烃含量随反应温度升高而增加。     

ZSM-5/磷酸铝复合分子筛在甲醇制烯烃反应中的应用

 水热体系中将 ZSM-5添加到磷酸铝分子筛的合成液中,制得了 ZSM-5/磷酸铝复合分子筛催化剂,采用 XRD、SEM、FT IR 和 NH₃-TPD 方法表征其物化性能,同时考察了该复合分子筛对甲醇制烯烃反应的催化活性。结果表明,制备的分子筛为 ZSM-5/磷酸铝复合分子筛,磷酸铝分子筛中含有 AlPO₄-5与 AlPO₄-18 2种晶相;与纯 ZSM-5分子筛相比,复合分子筛的酸性明显减弱且酸量减少。与 ZSM-5和 ZSM-5+磷酸铝分子筛机械混合样品相比,ZSM-5/磷酸铝复合分子筛表现出了良好的协同作用和优良的催化性能,在甲醇转化率为100%情况下,总低碳烯烃、乙烯和丙烯选择性分别为83.5%、 36.5%和36.0%,产物中 C₂~C₄烷烃以及 C₅₊选择性较低。     

二甲醚在两种催化剂上裂解制低碳烯烃的反应

分别对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂和HPWO杂多酸催化剂在二甲醚催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应中的性能进行了研究。对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,考察发现具有优良的二甲醚催化裂解活性,且在450℃时催化反应性能最优,二甲醚转化率大于90%,产物中低碳烯烃的摩尔含量也高于50%,但在该温度下催化剂易于积炭失活。对HPWO杂多酸催化剂,考察发现虽然二甲醚最优转化率较低(10%),但适宜的反应温度也较低(为300℃),且在该温度下催化剂不易发生积炭。     

Pd/Al2O3-TiO2催化剂的制备条件

 以含K₂O的Al₂O₃-TiO₂复合物为催化剂载体,考察了浸渍液pH值、浸渍液浓度、浸渍时间和焙烧温度对Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂颗粒的蛋壳厚度、Pd粒子粒径等的影响。采用BET、TEM等方法对所制备的催化剂进行了表征,选择较佳制备条件的Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂进行了C₄馏分选择加氢活性评价。结果表明,随着浸渍液pH值的减小,催化剂颗粒的蛋壳厚度增加;浸渍溶液的浓度越高,浸渍时间越长,越有利于金属在催化剂内层的分布;浸渍液的pH值并不会影响Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂Pd粒子最终的大小。催化剂焙烧温度越高,Pd粒子的平均直径越大,Pd的分散度越小。在反应温度40℃、压力1.5 MPa、体积空速8.0 h^-1、氢/炔摩尔比2.5的条件下,较佳制备条件的Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂催化C₄馏分加氢的炔烃转化率73%、丁二烯选择性85%、丁二烯损失率2.5%。     

石脑油制低碳烯烃的影响因素研究

采用自制催化剂,通过实验对比了石脑油热裂解和催化裂解反应的特征,考察了反应温度、反应时间、重时空速和石脑油分压等反应条件对石脑油催化裂解反应产物分布和产率的影响。实验结果表明,在较高反应温度下,石脑油的热裂解反应和催化裂解反应同时存在,且催化裂解反应相对于热裂解反应具有明显的优势;温度越高,热裂解产物越多,而催化裂解产物先增加后减少;增加催化裂解时间和热裂解时间之比能明显提高低碳烯烃的产率;降低重时空速能提高石脑油的转化率;而降低石脑油分压对多产低碳烯烃非常有利。     

工艺条件对轻烃原料催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应的影响

在40 L固定流化床反应装置上开展了不同复合轻烃原料在A型专属催化剂作用下的催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应评价试验,以考察工艺条件对原料转化率、乙烯及丙烯选择性和收率、丙烯/乙烯(摩尔比,下同)、以及副产物混合C4、氢气、甲烷收率的影响。结果表明:以双烯烃总收率为指标,轻烃原料族组成的催化裂解制低碳烯烃性能从高到低排序为:正构烷烃、异构烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃;在轻烃原料R中添加异辛烷,虽然能显著提高催化裂解时的轻烃原料转化率及产物中的丙烯/乙烯,但产物中的乙烯及丙烯收率、双烯烃总收率均略有降低;含添加10%(质量分数)异辛烷的复合轻烃原料在A型专属催化剂作用下的催化裂解制低碳烯烃较佳反应条件为:液时空速为0.64 h-1,氮气、汽提水流量分别为0.50,1 L/min,反应温度为665℃及反应压力为40 kPa;在此条件下,复合轻烃原料的转化率为80.11%,目标产物中的双烯烃总收率、乙烯及丙烯收率分别为50.03%,43.50%,丙烯/乙烯为0.73。     

催化裂解多产丙烯过程热力学分析

 近年来催化裂解多产丙烯工艺取得了显著进展,但现有工艺的丙烯单程收率都难以超过30%. 丙烯单程收率有可能存在热力学平衡限制,为此采用Gibbs自由能最小化方法对这一过程进行了热力学分析.结果表明,虽然原料转化率不受热力学平衡的限制,但丙烯收率受到热力学平衡的限制; 与低碳烷烃相比,烯烃和长碳链烷烃都更适合作为催化裂解多产丙烯的原料; 低压有助于丙烯平衡收率的提高,并且在每一固定压力下都存在最优的反应温度,使丙烯平衡收率达到极大值; 与热裂解相比,采用Y和ZSM-5分子筛的混合物为催化剂,虽然改变了产物分布,但并没有显著提高丙烯的平衡收率,而采用对产物有择形作用的小孔分子筛为催化剂,则可明显提高丙烯的平衡收率.     

超临界状态下吸热碳氢燃料正十二烷的催化裂解研究

在超临界状态下,采用HZSM-5型分子筛催化剂对正十二烷的催化裂解反应进行了研究,考察了裂解温度、压力与正十二烷转化率、气液相产物的关系,以及积炭量与反应压力、温度的关系。实验结果表明,超临界状态下,在400℃-500℃之间进行反应时,转化率随温度升高而增加,气体产率随裂解温度的升高而增加,以400℃～450℃之间尤为明显。转化率、气体产率随压力的升高而降低。450℃是较适合的反应温度。在超临界条件下,反应物流正十二烷成为超临界流体,可以将反应过程中生成结焦或积炭等难溶物的前驱体溶解,随反应物流流出催化荆孔道,减少催化剂上的积炭量。     

C4烯烃转化制丙烯工艺及催化剂研究

目的 开发C₄烯烃催化裂解制丙烯工艺和催化剂制备工艺技术,完成小试和工业侧线试验。方法 采用固定床评价装置考查了催化剂配方、改性及工业条件对催化剂活性、选择性、稳定性能的影响。结果 以ZSM-5分子筛为活性组分的催化剂在C₄烯烃转化制丙烯反应中具有较好的活性、选择性、稳定性和再生性,磷的引入未改变催化剂的晶型结构,但降低了催化剂酸性位点数量,并调节了催化剂的n(B酸)/n(L酸),随着磷负载量增加到5%(w),分子筛中磷与铝的相互作用逐渐增强,磷可以和骨架铝和非骨架铝相互作用。结论 C₄烯烃的转化率达到80%以上,丙烯的选择性达到35%～45%,催化剂的单程寿命达到一个月以上,且经再生后,再生恢复率达95%。     

Recovery of Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbons From Petroleum Basic Plastic Wastes

A solid waste management system based on the 3R principle: reduce, reuse, and recycle. There are two major recycling methods for conversion of plastic wastes to synthetic fuels: (a) pyrolysis in absence and presence of catalyst and (b) thermal and/or catalytic cracking. Pyrolysis is a complex series of chemical and thermal reactions to decompose or depolymerize organic material under oxygen-free conditions. The most affecting variables of plastic pyrolysis are catalyst type and shape, temperature, and residence time. Certain types of waste plastics such as polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) are generally used in pyrolysis. The plastic wastes can be pyrolyzed into liquid, gas, and solid residue products. The pyrolysis of plastic wastes produces a whole spectrum of hydrocarbons including paraffins, olefins, naphthalenes, and aromatics. The total yields of paraffins and olefins of PE and PP wastes obtained by pyrolysis were higher than that of PS. The oil obtained from plastic pyrolysis could improve performance by modifying engine. The addition of catalyst in the pyrolysis can be a more efficient method to produce high valuable products with mainly gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The catalytic decomposition was produced much more light hydrocarbons than that of thermal decomposition. Especially, ZSM-5 with a smaller pore size, rather than that of zeolite Y was more cracked into light hydrocarbons such as C₆-C₁₂ hydrocarbons and gas products.     

原料族组成对汽油馏分催化裂解反应性能的影响

利用多产低碳烯烃催化剂NHC-516,在小型固定流化床实验装置上对催化裂化汽油、焦化汽油和直馏汽油的催化裂解性能进行了实验研究,考察了不同原料族组成对催化裂解产物分布、低碳烯烃收率以及催化裂解液相产物族组成的影响.结果表明:乙烯的收率随着反应温度的升高呈抛物线增长;催化汽油和焦化汽油的丙烯收率远高于直馏汽油的丙烯收率;烯烃与链烷烃有协同作用,烯烃能够加速链烷烃的反应速率,这是焦化汽油干气收率高的主要原因;在有烯烃存在时,芳烃会生成大量的焦炭;烯烃和链烷烃是生成低碳烯烃的主要来源,是催化裂解的理想组分.     

Conversion of Mixed Lower Olefins and Paraffins on Galloaluminosilicate

At many oil refineries and gas processing plants, the C₂–C₅ fractions obtained as by–products do not have any qualified application. These hydrocarbons can be converted into valuable products on zeolite–based catalysts from the pentasil family. The characteristics of conversion of mixed C₂–C₄ olefins and paraffins into aliphatic and aromatic C₅₊ hydrocarbons in the presence of a galloaluminosilicate catalyst with the structure of pentasil were investigated. The temperature intervals of formation of isoparaffins from ethylene and propylene and aromatic hydrocarbons from mixed C₂–C₄ olefins and paraffins were found. Key words: C₂–C₄ olefins and paraffins, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, zeolites of the pentasil family, galloaluminosilicates.     

氧化镁改性微米TS-1催化丙烯环氧化

合成了粒径在1~2 μm的廉价微米TS-1,并经MgO改性,杀灭其上少量的酸中心;采用SEM、XRD、BET对MgO改性前后的TS-1进行了表征,并考察了其在甲醇溶剂体系丙烯环氧化的催化性能。结果表明,TS-1催化剂经MgO改性后,可以显著提高其催化丙烯环氧化反应的环氧丙烷(PO)选择性,减少副反应的发生;在最优化反应条件CH₂O₂ =1.0 mol/L, θ = 60℃, t = 60 min, p_C3↓H6↓ = 0.6 MPa,以及按每1 gTS-1需80 mL CH₃OH的比例下,H₂O₂转化率达到99.5%,环氧丙烷选择性达到96.7%,环氧丙烷收率比未改性的微米TS-1也有明显提高。     

Production of olefins from syngas over Al2O3 supported Ni and Cu nano-catalysts

The most important products that can be produced from syngas are methanol, dimethyl ether and light olefins (ethylene and propylene). The light olefins are the most important syngas products, because many of the chemicals are produced from them. The aim of this work was to study the olefins production from syngas over Al₂O₃-supported Ni-Cu nano-catalysts. In addition, the effect of various factors such as catalyst on olefin production and CO conversion has been investigated. The concentration of heavier olefins (C5) was greater than the remaining olefins, since the rate of reactions must be increased to form C1 to C4. In the case of a Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst, C1 and C4 was initially increased and then decreased with an increase in Ni loading from 0% to 15%.     

SiO_2改性HZSM-5催化剂催化C_4烯烃裂解生产丙烯

利用硅油对HZSM-5分子筛进行液相沉积S iO2改性,制备了S iO2/HZSM-5催化剂(简称催化剂);考察了S iO2沉积量及反应条件对催化剂催化C4烯烃裂解生产丙烯性能的影响;采用X射线衍射、N2等温吸附-脱附、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、吡啶吸附-脱附红外光谱等方法对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明,在HZSM-5分子筛上沉积SiO2调变了催化剂的孔结构和酸性,SiO2沉积量影响催化剂的性能,当SiO2沉积量为7.0%(质量分数)时,催化剂具有适当的孔结构和酸性,催化剂的性能较好。在530℃、0.1MPa、原料重时空速2.0 h-1、催化剂中SiO2沉积量7.0%的条件下,C4烯烃转化率为42.9%,丙烯收率为28.3%。     

Aromatization of FCC Gasoline Over Modified HZSM-5 Catalyst

Abstract

Zinc and phosphorus incorporated HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by adopting incipient wet co-impregnation (Zn-P/HZSM-5). Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the lowest acidity but the highest aromatization activity with stable performance in the studied period of 16 hr. The process conditions on aromatization reaction and the coke deactivation mechanism of Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst were studied on a small-scale, fixed bed reactor using FCC naphtha (75–120°C). The weight contents of ZnO and P₂O₅ were 2% and 4%, respectively. Results showed that Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst under a temperature of 450°C, liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0 h^?1, and pressure of 0.1 MPa, the conversions of olefins and alkanes are 96.77% and 88.94%, respectively, the contents of olefins, aromatics in liquid product are 6.79% and 74.57%, respectively. Carbon deposition was the major reason for catalyst deactivation due to the catalyst's good performance as a fresh catalyst after regeneration. All of the blending products fitted the standards of Chinese gasoline.     

A New Downstream Process Design for a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit to Raise Propylene Yield and Decrease Gasoline Olefin Content

Abstract

Based on the paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics (PONA) composition of crude light gasoline, crude heavy gasoline, stabilized gasoline, and wet gas of a pilot plant fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, it was found that the root cause of high gasoline olefin content and low propylene yield was low C₅ and C₆ olefin content of crude light gasoline. A new design for the main fractionater and absorber–stripper–stabilizer was presented to obtain stabilized light gasoline that contains more C₅ and C₆ olefins recracked in the secondary riser. Industrial studies on the revamped unit showed that gasoline olefin content was decreased markedly, though research octane number (RON) was preserved. In addition, propylene yield was raised to a higher level and unit energy consumption (or operating cost) was not increased.