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1.
In this study, poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene)/polypropylene (ABS/PP) blends with various compositions were prepared by melt intercalation in a twin‐screw extruder. Modifications of the above blends were performed by using organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT, Cloisite 30B) reinforcement as well as two types of compatibilizers, namely polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH) and ABS grafted with maleic anhydride (ABS‐g‐MAH). Increasing the PP content in ABS matrix seems to increase the melt flow and thermal stability of their blends, whereas a deterioration of the tensile properties was recorded. On the other hand, the addition of ABS to PP promotes the formation of the β‐crystalline phase, which became maximum at 30 wt% ABS concentration, and increases the crystallization temperature (Tc) of PP. A tendency for increase of Tc was also recorded by incorporation of the above compatibilizers, whereas the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PP and SAN phase in ABS was reduced. Regarding the Young's modulus, the greatest improvement was observed in pure ABS/PP blends containing organically modified nanoclay. However, in reinforced pure PP, the use of compatibilizers is recommended in order to improve the elastic modulus. The addition of OMMT to noncompatibilized and compatibilized ABS/PP blends significantly improves their storage modulus. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:458–468, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers  相似文献   

2.
We investigated the effect of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the foaming properties of block‐copolymerized polypropylene (B‐PP) by blending different contents of PDMS with B‐PP in the extrusion process using supercritical CO2 as the blowing agent. The experimental results indicate that the addition of PDMS greatly increased the expansion ratio of the foamed samples. At the same time, the cell population density of foams obtained from the blends also increased to a certain degree and provided a new perspective on improving B‐PP's foaming performance. The addition of PDMS also decreased the die pressure because of the reduced viscosity of the B‐PP/PDMS blends compared with that of the B‐PP matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012  相似文献   

3.
A new grafting method was developed to incorporate maleic anhydride directly onto solid‐state polypropylene powders. Maleic anhydride grafts altered the nonpolar characteristics of polypropylene so that much better mixing was achieved in blends and composites of polypropylene with many other polymers and fillers. Maleic anhydride was grafted onto polypropylene by the peroxide‐catalyzed swell grafting method, with a maximum extent of grafting of 4.60%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing, and impact testing were used to characterize the isotactic polypropylene (iPP), maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH‐giPP), and (isotactic polypropylene)/(calcium carbonate) composites (iPP/CaCO3). The crystallinity and heat of fusion of the MAH‐giPP decreased as the extent of grafting increased. The mechanical properties of the CaCO3 filled polypropylene were improved by adding MAH‐giPP as a compatibilizing agent. The dispersion of the fillers in the polymer matrix and the adhesion between the CaCO3 particles and the polymer matrix were improved by adding the compatibilizer.  相似文献   

4.
The phosphoric acid‐pentaerythritol‐melamine copolymer, which is composed of three main components of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and has optimal intumescent degree, was selected as IFR. The influence of meleated polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) on the properties and compatibility of IFR polypropylene (PP) composites were studied. The results obtained from mechanical tests, rheological behavior of composites, and scanning electron microscope showed that PP‐g‐MAH was a true coupling agent for IFR/PP blends and did not change the necessary flame retardancy. The cocrystallization between bulk PP and PP segments of PP‐g‐MAH was also proven by WAXD analysis. Flow test showed that the flow behaviors of composites in the melt are those of a pseudoplastic and it is very small for PP‐g‐MAH affecting rheological behavior of the PP/IFR composite. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 257–262, 2002  相似文献   

5.
In this article, the foaming behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and its composites with spherical or fibrous poly(butylenes terephthalate) (PBT) using supercritical CO2 as a blowing agent were investigated. Their foaming performances were also compared in relation to the crystal morphology and rheological behavior of PP. Results demonstrate that crystal structures significantly impacted the cell structures of foams. At relatively low temperature, microcells appeared at the centers of PP spherulites where the melting started. Particularly, bi‐modal cell structure formed in the foamed PP with increasing temperature. However, in the foamed PP composites with spherical or fibrous PBT, this structure almost disappeared due to the smaller PP spherulites. In foaming PP/PBT composites, the heterogeneous nucleation of spherical or fibrous PBT was effective at reducing cell size as well as improving cell density and cell uniformity. The fibrous PBT also acted as scaffolds for preserving cell shapes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41801.  相似文献   

6.
In this article, the dynamic vulcanization process was applied to polypropylene (PP)/Novolac blends compatibilized with maleic anhydride‐grafted PP (MAH‐g‐PP). The influences of dynamic cure, content of MAH‐g‐PP, Novolac, and curing agent on mechanical properties of the PP/Novolac blends were investigated. The results showed that the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/Novolac blend had the best mechanical properties among all PP/Novolac blends. The dynamic cure of Novolac improved the modulus and stiffness of the PP/Novolac blends. The addition of MAH‐g‐PP into dynamically cured PP/Novolac blend further enhanced the mechanical properties. With increasing Novolac content, tensile strength, flexural modulus, and flexural strength increased significantly, while the elongation at break dramatically deceased. Those blends with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as a curing agent had good mechanical properties at HMTA content of 10 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/Novolac blends had finer domains than the PP/MAH‐g‐PP/Novolac blends. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated that the incorporation of Novolac into PP could improve the thermal stability of PP. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007  相似文献   

7.
The effect of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) on the mechanical and rheological properties of polypropylene (PP)–clay nanocomposites prepared with nanoclay expanded with CO2 and direct melt blending was studied. The results from the studies of the mechanical properties, rheological properties, and transmission electron microscopy show that when PP-g-MA was combined with the technique that used CO2, greater enhancements in the mechanical properties and degree of dispersion of nanoclay in PP were observed. Furthermore, yieldlike behavior in the viscosity and a tail in the low-frequency behavior of the elastic modulus was attributed to the reaction of PP-g-MA with the nanoclay surface and not exfoliation. A fairly well-dispersed morphology was observed for concentrations as high 6.8 wt % clay when the clay was expanded and mixed with CO2. At this concentration, mechanical properties such as yield strength and modulus increased by as much as 13 and 69%, respectively, relative to the pure PP. Furthermore, the modulus of the composite samples prepared with PP-g-MA and CO2 was some 15% higher than that of samples prepared by direct melt compounding (without the use of CO2). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008  相似文献   

8.
In this work, the melt strength of PP matrix was reinforced by crosslinking‐modified PP (CM‐PP) which was yielded by peroxide‐initiated crosslinking of linear PP with butyl acrylate (BA). The nano‐silica aerogel (nano‐SiO2) worked as a nucleating agent for foaming. The effects of CM‐PP with the various contents of BA on the foaming behavior and thermal property of PP were studied by measurements of density, thermal conductivity, Vicat softening temperature and SEM. The results showed that the foamed PP got the best properties when the crosslinking PP modified with the weight ratio of butyl acrylate was 10 wt %. The density of the obtained foamed PP with uniform closed cells was as low as 0.23 g/cm3, the thermal conductivity was 0.044 W/(m K), and the Vicat softening temperature was 120 °C. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44340.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of process variables on the microcellular structure and crystallization of foamed polypropylene (PP) with supercritical CO2 as the foaming agent were investigated in this article. The cell size increased and the cell density reduced with increased foaming temperature. Differently, both the cell diameter and cell density increased as saturation pressure increased. DSC curves showed that the melting peak was broadened when supercritical CO2 foaming PP. Furthermore, the width at half-height of the melting peak increased, the melting peak moved to higher temperature, and the melting point and crystallinity enhanced as the foaming temperature lowered and the saturation pressure enhanced.  相似文献   

10.
Wood‐fiber‐reinforced plastic profiles are growing rapidly in nonstructural wood‐replacement applications. Most manufacturers are evaluating new alternative foamed composites, which are lighter and more like wood. Foamed wood composites accept screws and nails better than their nonfoamed counterparts, and they have other advantages as well. For example, internal pressures created by foaming give better surface definition and sharper contours and corners than nonfoamed profiles have. In this study, the microfoaming of polypropylene (PP) containing hardwood fiber was performed with an injection‐molding process. The effects of different chemical foaming agents (endothermic, exothermic, and endothermic/exothermic), injection parameters (the mold temperature, front flow speed, and filling quantity), and different types of PP (different melt‐flow indices) on the density, microvoid content, physicomechanical properties, surface roughness, and microcell classification of microfoamed PP/wood‐fiber composites were studied. A maleic anhydride/polypropylene copolymer (MAH‐PP) compatibilizer was used with the intention of improving the mechanical properties of microfoamed composites. The microcell classification (from light microscopy) and scanning electron micrographs showed that an exothermic chemical foaming agent produced the best performance with respect to the cell size, diameter, and distance. The polymer melt‐flow index and the variation of the injection parameters affected the properties and microstructure of the microfoamed composites. The density of the microfoamed hardwood‐fiber/PP (with a high melt‐flow index) composites was reduced by approximately 30% and decreased to 0.718 g/cm3 with an exothermic chemical foaming agent. Tensile and flexural tests were performed on the foamed composites to determine the dependence of the mechanical properties on the density and microvoid content of the foamed specimens, and these properties were compared with those of nonfoamed composites. MAH‐PP improved the physicomechanical properties up to 80%. With an increase in the mold temperature (80–110°C), the surface roughness was reduced by nearly 70% for the foamed composites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1090–1096, 2005  相似文献   

11.
Maleic‐anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) was added, as a compatibilizer, to polypropylene (PP) composites filled with a hindered phenol and modified carbon black (CB). The interaction between the modified CB and PP‐g‐MAH, as proved by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, had a beneficial effect on the mechanical properties of the PP/(modified CB) composites and prevented the sharp decrease of the mechanical properties of these composites at higher filler concentration. The storage modulus of PP/(modified CB) was increased significantly by the incorporation of PP‐g‐MAH, especially when the temperature was lower than 0°C. When the content of PP‐g‐MAH was 5 wt% and the loading of the modified CB was 2 wt%, the best tensile strength was obtained. The system showed the best flexural strength and impact strength when the loading of the modified CB was 1 wt%. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers  相似文献   

12.
Dynamic vulcanization was successfully applied to epoxy resin reinforced polypropylene (PP)/ethylene‐octene copolymer (POE) blends, and the effects of different compatibilizers on the morphology and properties of dynamically cured PP/POE/epoxy blends were studied. The results show that dynamically cured PP/POE/epoxy blends compatibilized with maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (MAH‐g‐PP) have a three‐phase structure consisting of POE and epoxy particles dispersed in the PP continuous phase, and these blends had improved tensile strength and flexural modulus. While using maleic anhydride‐grafted POE (MAH‐g‐POE) as a compatibilizer, the structure of the core‐shell complex phase and the PP continuous phase showed that epoxy particles could be embedded in MAH‐g‐POE in the blends, and gave rise to an increase in impact strength, while retaining a certain strength and modulus. DSC analysis showed that the epoxy particles in the blends compatibilized with MAH‐g‐PP were more efficient nucleating agents for PP than they were in the blends compatibilized with MAH‐g‐POE. WAXD analysis shows that compatibilization do not disturb the crystalline structure of PP in the blends. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012  相似文献   

13.
The dynamic vulcanization process, usually used for the preparation of thermoplastic elastomers, was used to prepare polypropylene (PP)/epoxy blends. The blends had crosslinked epoxy resin particles finely dispersed in the PP matrix, and they were called dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH‐g‐PP) was used as a compatibilizer. The effects of the reactive compatibilization and dynamic cure were studied with rheometry, capillary rheometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of PP/epoxy, PP/MAH‐g‐PP/epoxy, and dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends were also investigated. The increase in the torque at equilibrium for the PP/MAH‐g‐PP/epoxy blends indicated the reaction between maleic anhydride groups of MAH‐g‐PP and the epoxy resin. The torque at equilibrium of the dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends increased with increasing epoxy resin content. Capillary rheological measurements also showed that the addition of MAH‐g‐PP or an increasing epoxy resin content increased the viscosity of PP/epoxy blends. SEM micrographs indicated that the PP/epoxy blends compatibilized with PP/MAH‐g‐PP had finer domains and more obscure boundaries than the PP/epoxy blends. A shift of the crystallization peak to a higher temperature for all the PP/epoxy blends indicated that uncured and cured epoxy resin particles in the blends could act as effective nucleating agents. The spherulites of pure PP were larger than those of PP in the PP/epoxy, PP/MAH‐g‐PP/epoxy, and dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends, as measured by polarized optical microscopy. The dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends had better mechanical properties than the PP/epoxy and PP/MAH‐g‐PP/epoxy blends. With increasing epoxy resin content, the flexural modulus of all the blends increased significantly, and the impact strength and tensile strength increased slightly, whereas the elongation at break decreased dramatically. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1437–1448, 2004  相似文献   

14.
In the present study, an epoxy resin was dynamically cured in a polypropylene (PP)/maleic anhydride–grafted PP (MAH‐g‐PP)/talc matrix to prepare dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites. An increase in the torque at equilibrium showed that epoxy resin in the PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc composites had been cured by 2‐ethylene‐4‐methane‐imidazole. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that MAH‐g‐PP and an epoxy resin had effectively increased the interaction adhesion between PP and the talc in the PP/talc composites. Dynamic curing of the epoxy resin further increased the interaction adhesion. The dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites had higher crystallization peaks than did the PP/talc composites. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of MAH‐g‐PP and the epoxy resin into the PP/talc composites caused an obvious improvement in the thermal stability. The dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites had the best thermal stability of all the PP/talc composites. The PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites had better mechanical properties than did the PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc composites, and the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites had the best mechanical properties of all the PP/talc composites, which can be attributed to the better interaction adhesion between the PP and the talc. The suitable content of epoxy resin in the composites was about 5 wt %. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006  相似文献   

15.
A series of polypropylene/maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene octane elastomer (MAH‐g‐POE)/clay (PPMC) nanocomposites were prepared with a novel compatilizer MAH‐g‐POE and different contents of octadecyl amine modified montmorillonite, and the effects of clay contents on the dynamic mechanical and rheological properties of these PPMC composites were investigated. With clay content increasing, the characteristic X‐ray diffraction peak changed from one to two with intensity decreasing, indicating the decreasing concentration of the intercalated clay layers. The gradual decrease of crystallization temperature of PPMC composites with the increase of clay loading should be attributed to the preferred intercalation of MAH‐g‐POE molecules into clay interlayer during blending, which is also reflected by scanning electron microscopy observations. By evaluating the activation energy for the glass transition process of MAH‐g‐POE and polypropylene (PP) in the PPMC composites, it is found that clay intercalation could cause the restriction effect on the glass transition of both MAH‐g‐POE and PP, and this restriction effect appears stronger for PP and attained the highest degree at 5 wt % clay loading. The melt elasticity of PP could be improved apparently by the addition of MAH‐g‐POE, and 5 wt % clay loading is enough for further enhancing the elastic proportion of PP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009  相似文献   

16.
A series of crosslinked polypropylene samples with increased melt strengths were prepared via a copolymerization reaction, followed by melt processing. These crosslinked PP samples (PP‐Cs) were foamed by a temperature rising process using supercritical CO2 as the physical blowing agent. The introduction of crosslinking structure resulted in PP‐Cs foams with well‐defined closed cell structure, decreased cell size, and increased cell density in comparison with a linear PP, which were attributed to the suppressed cell coalescence due to the significant increase in melt strength of PP‐Cs. Further increasing the crosslinking degree tended to enhance the suppression effect on the cell coalescence, and hence increase the cell density of PP foams under the same foaming conditions, especially at the longer foaming times. The well‐defined closed cell structure was observed at the foaming temperature of 170–250°C and saturation pressure of 12–20 MPa. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers  相似文献   

17.
The melting and crystallization behaviors, morphology, and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/surface‐treated calcium sulfate (CaSO4) whisker (T‐CSW), β‐PP/T‐CSW, and β‐PP/polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH)/T‐CSW composites had been investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical tests. We found that T‐CSW was an α‐nucleating agent and increased the crystallization temperatures of PP, but PP‐g‐MAH and high loadings of T‐CSW had weakly negative effects on the crystallization rates of PP. The T‐CSW restrained the formation of β‐spherulites, and the spherulitic size decreased in the composites. PP‐g‐MAH improved the compatibility and adhesion between T‐CSW and the matrix. The notched impact strength was improved, and the tensile strength was enhanced at low levels of T‐CSW, while the flexural modulus was weakened for β‐PP/T‐CSW and β‐PP/PP‐g‐MAH/T‐CSW composites versus PP/T‐CSW composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:2121–2132, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers  相似文献   

18.
The polypropylene‐graft‐cardanol (PP‐g‐cardanol) was prepared by reactive extrusion with polypropylene (PP) and natural renewable cardanol which could increase the interfacial energy of PP and inhibit the degradation of PP during the process of reactive extrusion and usage. In this article, PP‐g‐cardanol and polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH) were used as compatibilizers of the polypropylene (PP)/poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) (ABS) blends. PP/ABS (70/30, wt %) blends with PP‐g‐cardanol and PP‐g‐MAH were prepared by a corotating twin‐screw extruder. From the results of morphological studies, the droplet size of ABS was minimized to 1.93 and 2.01 μm when the content of PP‐g‐cardanol and PP‐g‐MAH up to 5 and 7 phr, respectively. The results of mechanical testing showed that the tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength of PP/ABS (70/30) blends increase with the increasing of PP‐g‐cardanol content up to 5 phr. The complex viscosity of PP/ABS (70/30) blends with 5 phr PP‐g‐cardanol showed the highest value. Moreover, the change of impact strength and tensile strength of PP/ABS (70/30) blends were investigated by accelerated degradation testing. After 4 accelerated degradation cycles, the impact strength of the PP/ABS (70/30) blends with 5 phr PP‐g‐cardanol decrease less than 6%, but PP/ABS (70/30) blends with 5 phr PP‐g‐MAH and without compatibilizer decrease as much as 12% and 32%, respectively. The tensile strength of PP/ABS (70/30) blends has a similar tendency to that of impact strength. The above results indicated that PP‐g‐cardanol could be used as an impact modifier and a good compatibilizer, which also exhibited better stability performance during accelerated degradation testing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41315.  相似文献   

19.
High‐density polyethylene grafted isotactic polypropylene (PP‐g‐HDPE) was prepared by the imidization reaction between maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene and amine‐grafted polypropylene in a xylene solution. The branch density was adjusted by changes in the molar ratio between maleic anhydride and primary amine groups. Dynamic rheology tests were conducted to compare the rheological properties of linear polyolefins and long‐chain‐branched polyolefins. The effects of the density of long‐chain branches on the rheological properties were also investigated. It was found that long‐chain‐branched hybrid polyolefins had a higher storage modulus at a low frequency, a higher zero shear viscosity, a reduced phase angle, enhanced shear sensitivities, and a longer relaxation time. As the branch density was increased, the characteristics of the long‐chain‐branched structure became profounder. The flow activation energy of PP‐g‐HDPE was lower than that of neat maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) because of the lower flow activation energy of maleic anhydride grafted high‐density polyethylene (HDPE‐g‐MAH). However, the flow activation energy of PP‐g‐HDPE was higher than that of PP‐g‐MAH/HDPE‐g‐MAH blends because of the presence of long‐chain branches. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009  相似文献   

20.
Role of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) in interface modification in polypropylene (PP)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomer blend has been investigated in this article through its effects on morphology of dispersion, micromechanical deformations such as voiding, crazing, shear yielding, fibrillation, and tensile behavior. During tensile deformation, PP/PDMS blend without the compatibilizer showed debonding at the elastomer‐matrix interface and it induced shear yielding and subsequently fibrillation in the matrix. The compatibilizer improved the interfacial adhesion between the PDMS domains and PP matrix, which prevented the debonding at elastomer‐matrix interface and the resulting shear yielding, and fibrillation was absent and rather caused extensive crazing in the matrix. Addition of PP‐g‐MAH reduced the size of dispersed PDMS domains, and narrowed the domain size distribution, which is attributed as an effect of interfacial adhesion produced by PP‐g‐MAH. Stress–strain curve and fibrillation also show similar effect of the interfacial adhesion caused by the compatibilizer. All these observations consistently lead to conclude that PP‐g‐MAH acts as a good compatibilizer for PP/PDMS blend. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007  相似文献   

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