基于简化渐进破坏的低矮房屋围护结构风致易损性分析

轻质框架低矮房屋被广泛用于民宅、厂房以及其他基础设施建设.然而,多起风灾调查发现,低矮房屋在强风中破坏严重,其破坏形式主要表现为围护结构受损,因此有必要对低矮房屋围护结构风灾损失开展相关研究.基于简化的三阶段渐进破坏过程,提出了低矮房屋围护结构风致易损性分析方法.在该方法中,同时考虑飞掷物冲击和强风压造成的门窗破坏,以确定开孔工况;通过伯努利方程模拟内压响应;利用Copula函数考虑屋面构件关联破坏;提出基于蒙特卡洛随机模拟的易损性分析流程,并结合木质框架房屋开展算例分析;进一步通过建立风速风向联合概率模型以考虑风向效应.研究表明,迎风墙构件在强风中往往面临着较高风险,且忽略风向效应可能会低估房屋的风致损失程度.     

开洞低矮房屋屋面平均内外风压数值模拟

为研究开洞低矮房屋在台风环境下的破坏机理,基于ANSYS软件采用SST k-ω湍流模型对低矮房屋封闭、单一洞口的屋面风压分布及变化规律进行数值模拟研究,与全尺模型实测及风洞试验结果对比表明:数值模拟结果与实测及风洞试验结果基本吻合,验证了采用SSTk-ω湍流模型研究低矮房屋表面风压的可靠性;湍流度对平均内风压系数的影响随开洞位置不同而不同,屋顶开洞时,随着湍流度的增大,平均内风压系数的绝对值变小,屋面平均净风压系数增大;屋沿开洞时,随着湍流度的增大,平均内风压系数的绝对值增大,但平均净风压系数的变化不大;风向角对整体屋面平均内风压系数的影响显著,尤其是在开洞边缘区和迎风角部区域。     

围护结构风致连续破坏数值模拟

基于CFX5.7软件平台,对一典型大跨度空间结构进行风荷载数值模拟,研究结构模型各墙面及屋盖等围护结构存在开孔时内外压联合作用的情况。并将模拟结果与依据《建筑结构荷载规范》（GB50009—2001）中关于内部压力修正的规定得出的结果进行对比,指出规范中存在的一些不足之处。归纳出建筑物围护结构风致连续破坏的一些规律。     

考虑台风持时效应的低矮房屋围护结构风灾损失分析

低矮房屋围护结构在台风中往往破坏严重,有效预测台风周期内低矮房屋围护结构的风致损失具有重要意义。文章基于风洞试验数据,围绕台风持时低矮房屋围护结构风灾损失分析方法开展研究。首先阐述台风周期内低矮房屋的风致破坏过程,回顾现有考虑台风持时效应的风灾损失一般分析方法;在此基础上,通过对风灾损失的逐步分析法中模拟策略进行改进,提出考虑台风持时效应的低矮房屋围护结构风灾损失估计高效分析方法;其中,采用半经验公式估计非高斯风压极值分布,并基于Nataf变换建立风压的多元极值联合概率模型;结合台风实测数据,对方法进行演示。研究发现,低矮房屋围护结构在台风中的破坏随着时间推移逐渐累积,考虑台风的持时效应十分必要;使用该方法可以有效地考虑围护构件荷载的非高斯性、随机性以及空间相关性等影响因素,且计算效率大幅提升。     

低矮建筑风致内压数值模拟与分析

国内外多次台风灾后调查数据显示,造成建筑物严重破坏的主要原因是由于门、窗以及围护结构突然破坏致使结构表面出现洞口后瞬间增大的风致内压与外风压的联合作用。通过应用计算流体力学软件Fluent 6.3对风致内压进行了多种工况的数值模拟。与已有模型实测结果及理论预测值的对比显示,数值模拟方法具有较高精度,证明了数值模拟应用于内风压研究的有效性,并对误差产生原因进行了详细分析。分别对0°风向角下5种单一主洞口、0°风向角下多洞口和一定面积比不同风向角等3个方面进行了模拟。当结构表面出现单一主洞口时,平均内风压系数等于洞口处外风压系数平均值。在0°风向角多洞口工况下,内风压系数随着迎风纵墙与山墙开洞面积比的增大而增大。在一定面积比不同风向角工况下,内风压系数和屋面升力均随着风向角的增大而减小。根据研究所得到的结论,建议沿海台风多发区的结构设计应考虑风致内压。     

低矮房屋瞬态内压的风洞试验研究

设计一种新的试验方法模拟低矮房屋模型的门窗突然开启过程,在边界层风洞中采用高速同步压力扫描系统对模型开孔的瞬态内压响应进行了试验研究,发现了有别于已有试验研究结论的结果并由内压传播理论所定性验证。试验考虑了开孔率和背景孔隙率对风致瞬态峰值内压的影响,结果表明:门窗突然开启的过冲比(定义为瞬态峰值内压系数和稳态峰值内压系数之比)随开孔率的增大而增加,对于气密性较好的房屋由试验得到的过冲比在1.17～1.34之间,而理论计算的过冲比则更大,相应稳态峰值内压随开孔率的变化相对较小。过冲比随背景孔隙的增大而下降,当背景孔隙率达到0.2%时,瞬时过冲现象消失。     

考虑腐蚀效应的钢筋混凝土烟囱风致易损性分析

选取某钢筋混凝土高耸烟囱为研究对象,利用ABAQUS软件建立不同腐蚀程度的有限元模型并对其进行风致易损性分析。首先考虑材料性能的劣化,然后采用线性滤波法模拟出脉动风速并验证其有效性,对不同腐蚀程度的烟囱进行了数值模拟分析,通过Pushover分析得到基底剪力-位移曲线,从而获得不同极限状态的性能点,最后考虑风速和材料的不确定性进行风致易损性分析,绘制出不同腐蚀程度的烟囱风致易损性曲线并进行对比研究。研究结果表明：相较于其它结构形式的高耸结构,致该烟囱倒塌破坏的风速为57 m/s左右,有着较强的抗倒塌能力;烟囱在服役的过程中,腐蚀效应的加剧会导致烟囱达到同一破坏状态的极限风速逐渐减小,因此在钢筋混凝土烟囱的抗风设计中,需要考虑烟囱在服役过程中的腐蚀效应。     

低矮房屋风致结构响应极值不确定性分析

风致结构响应极值估算在结构抗风的可靠度设计中十分重要。在整个极值估算过程中,由于许多不定或随机的因素存在(如：极值自身、估算方法、样本采集、极值概率模型等),得到的极值通常存在不确定性。在各种影响因素中,该文将考虑结构响应极值变量本身的随机特性,对任意分位点处响应极值的不确定性进行分析。首先,利用有限元软件对低矮房屋模型进行框架结构设计并优化,加载风压荷载得到结构响应时程数据。然后,基于Hermite多项式模型(HPM)转换过程方法,估算得到响应的极值Ⅰ型分布(Gumbel);基于该极值估算方法,提出时程样本偏度、峰度、零超越次数与Gumbel分布两个参数之间的经验公式。接着,考虑前四阶矩的不确定性,利用经验公式以及多步概率分析,对任意分位点处响应极值的不确定性进行估计。最后,给出相关结论。     

低矮房屋屋面细部构造的风荷载特性研究

通过刚性模型测压试验研究了低矮房屋屋面细部构造的风荷载特性。通过对不同高度和细部构造是否同时存在时屋脊、出山及檐沟风压系数及阻力系数的研究发现：在来流斜风向吹向细部构造的外表面（屋脊为迎风面）时,内侧表面（屋脊为背风面）端部负压变化剧烈,幅值很大,造成朝向屋面（屋脊为朝向背风面）的最不利极值净风压系数很大,其中出山最大,达到18.0左右,屋脊次之,为10.5左右,檐沟最小,为7.0左右;而背离屋面（屋脊为朝向迎风面）方向的极值净风压则相对平稳。在同一竖直平面上,出山位置较低的测点比较高的测点最不利极值净负压系数要大5左右,檐沟则是大0.8左右;屋脊和出山在另外2个细部构造存在时,最不利极值净风压系数会减小很多,分别从10.5和18.0减小到只有7.5和6.0,檐沟减幅较小,从7减小到6。出山和檐沟的最不利阻力系数的幅值随着高度的增加会加大,当屋脊和檐沟存在后出山的最不利阻力系数的幅值会有所减小,但另外2个细部构造是否存在对屋脊和檐沟的阻力系数影响较小。     

背景孔隙对开孔结构风致内压响应的影响

通过理论分析与风洞试验研究背景孔隙对开孔结构风致内压响应的影响。利用伯努利方程导出了考虑背景孔隙的内压传播方程,通过数值算例分析了层流与紊流中背景孔隙的附加阻尼特性,并给出了紊流风场中背景孔隙对内压脉动影响的量化指标。设计制作了具有不同开孔率和背景孔隙率的低层建筑刚性模型进行边界层风洞试验,采用同步测压方法捕捉了内压稳态响应,验证了内压的空间完全相关性,试验得到的均方根内压系数与理论分析结果较为相符。研究结果表明本文推导的方程能准确的预测背景孔隙对风致内压响应的影响,能为工程抗风设计提供有效的理论依据。     

Seismic fragility analysis of low-rise unreinforced masonry structures

Unreinforced masonry (URM) is one of the most common structural types for low-rise buildings in the United States. Its dynamic behavior is highly nonlinear, and generally shows high vulnerability to seismic loading. Despite the need for seismic risk assessment of this class of structures, the fragility curves for URM buildings based on analytical models are scarce in the field of earthquake engineering. This study performs seismic fragility analysis of a URM low-rise building. Fragility curves are developed for a two-story URM building designed to represent a typical essential facility (i.e., a firehouse) in the central and southern US (CSUS) region. A structural modeling method is proposed such that it can be effectively used for fragility analysis without significant increase in computational time, and maintains an acceptable level of accuracy in representing the nonlinear behavior of the structures. A set of fragility curves are developed and include different configurations of the out-of-plane walls and their associated stiffness. The fragility analysis shows that the seismic performance of URM buildings is well below the desirable building seismic performance level recommended by current seismic codes, indicating high vulnerability of URM buildings within the CSUS region. It is also shown that the out-of-plane wall stiffness should not be ignored in the risk assessment of URM buildings because the overall seismic performance of URM buildings is rather sensitive to the out-of-plane wall stiffness. The analytical fragility curves developed are compared with those of HAZUS. The comparison shows that the analytical fragility curves developed have lower variation in the seismic response than those of HAZUS. Several reasons for the discrepancy are discussed. The model-based analytical fragility curves developed in this study can increase the accuracy and effectiveness of seismic risk assessment of essential facilities of the CSUS region. Moreover, the structural modeling method introduced in this study can be effectively used for development of the fragility curves of URM buildings.     

围护结构传热系数动态分析

分析了围护结构内表面热流的动态特性,得出了反映室外气候与围护结构热惰性共同作用的室外加权温度,并以此为基础讨论了夏季现场测量围护结构传热系数的有效性。     

Pseudo-dynamic tests on low-rise shear walls and simplified model based on the structural frequency drift

Twelve low-rise shear walls, with the same aspect ratio of 0.4 but with different structural parameters including the design frequency, reinforcement ratio and normal force, have been submitted to pseudo-dynamic (PSD) tests conducted at the ELSA laboratory of the Joint Research Centre. The focus of this testing campaign was to study the engineering margin for shear walls depending on the relative position of their structural frequency with respect to the excitation peak. After presenting the parameters of the PSD tests, three methods for identifying the structural frequency drift observed as damage occurs have been used in this paper: a numerical identification from a nonlinear pushover analysis, and two methods from experimental data, a system identification method based on an error output model and a more direct identification method based on the secant stiffness of force-displacement cycles. For each shear wall, a relationship f(X) between the structural frequency and the maximum of the top-displacement is derived from the previous methods and the consistency between the three approaches has been checked. Finally, these f(X) curves have been employed in a single degree of freedom model for predicting time-history top-displacements. The predictions turn out to be quite satisfactory, in particular when f(X) relationship is identified by the error output model.     

Seismic damage and fragility analysis of structures with tuned mass dampers based on plastic energy

The effectiveness of using a tuned mass damper (TMD) to improve a structure's ability to dissipate earthquake input energy is investigated through the use of seismic fragility curves. The nonlinear material behaviour of the structure is captured using the force analogy method, the backbone for analytically quantifying plastic energy dissipation in the structure. Numerical analysis was performed to study the global response and local energy dissipation of a six‐storey moment‐resisting steel frame with and without a TMD installed for 100 simulated non‐stationary Gaussian earthquake ground motions. The effectiveness of the TMD, based on reduction of seismic responses and enhancement of the seismic fragility, is considered at structural performance levels for immediate occupancy and life safety as identified in FEMA 440. An ‘equivalent monotonic plastic strain’ approach—a local measure of structural damage—is used to correlate the seismic fragilities at different global performance levels based on storey drift. Results illustrate that a TMD can enhance the structure's ability to dissipate energy at low levels of earthquake shaking, while less effective during moderate to strong earthquakes, which can cause a significant period shift associated with major structural damage. This ‘de‐tuning’ effect suggests that an extremely sizable TMD is not effective in reducing damage of a structure. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite element analysis of interaction of tornados with a low-rise timber building

This paper studies the interaction of a tornado with a one-story gable-roofed timber building. The methodology presented in this paper will predict the successive stages of structural damage caused to the building by a translating tornado as a result of its interaction with the building components. The dynamic effects of changing internal and external pressures on the building are taken into account, as the tornado translates by the building and inflicts damage. A partially damaged one-story building, located within the damage path of the Parkersburg EF5 tornado (May 25, 2008), was chosen for analysis using Finite Elements (FE) and comparison of observed damage to those predicted in this study. The methodology described in this paper will enable accurate prediction of wind-induced damage to low-rise timber buildings under the influence of a tornado for better design and construction practices. It will also help in assessing the intensity of a tornado from the observed damage state of the building.