测定粮食内摩擦角的直剪仪研制

分析了直剪试验原理和部分大型直剪仪的研究现状,详细介绍了用于测定粮食内摩擦角直剪仪的设计原理和结构组成,以全面比较分析剪切速率对粮食物料内摩擦角的影响。     

直剪试验与三轴试验的对比探讨

介绍了直剪试验与三轴试验的仪器设备及方法，通过对两种不同试验方法及结果的对比，指出三轴试验结果更接近土的实际理论值，数据更安全可靠，为岩土工程师使用抗剪强度指标提供了依据。     

Microstructural investigation on mechanical behavior of soil-geosynthetic interface in direct shear test

Interface shear strength between soil and geosynthetics mainly depends on the mechanical and physical properties of soil, geosynthetics and the normal stress acting at the interface. This paper presents results of an extensive experimental investigation carried out on sand-geosynthetic interface using modified large direct shear box. The study focusses on the shearing mechanism at the sand-geosynthetic interface and the effect of different parameters on the shearing mechanism. Smooth HDPE geomembrane, nonwoven needle punched geotextile and two types of sand having different mean particle size, have been used in the present study. Microstructural investigation of deformed specimen through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) reveals the shearing mechanism which includes interlocking and fiber stretching for sand-geotextile while sliding, indentation and plowing for sand-geomembrane interface. The shearing mechanism for sand-geomembrane interface highly depends on the normal stress and degree of saturation of sand. The critical normal stress that demarcates the sliding and plowing mechanism for sand-geomembrane interface is different for dry and wet sand. The amount of scouring (or plowing) of the geomembrane surface reduces with increase in the mean particle size of sand. FESEM images revealed that the sand particles get adhered to the geotextile fibers for tests involving wet sands. The present microstructural study aided in understanding the shearing mechanism at sand-geosynthetic interface to a large extent.     

Interface shear characteristics of jute/polypropylene hybrid nonwoven geotextiles and sand using large size direct shear test

In this study, large-size direct shear tests were conducted to determine the interfacial shear characteristics of sand–geotextile under three different normal stresses. The geotextiles used in the present study were hybrid needlepunched nonwovens containing defined weight proportions of jute and polypropylene fibers. Subsequently, the interfacial shear characteristics of hybrid and that of a nonwoven geotextile consisting of solely polypropylene fibers with sand were compared and analyzed under different normal stresses. Initial higher shear stiffness of sand-polypropylene geotextiles was observed corresponding to sand-hybrid geotextiles specifically under higher normal stresses. Nevertheless, the contact efficiency of sand-hybrid nonwovens was similar to that of sand-polypropylene geotextiles. The surface morphology of sand particles has been investigated based on the images obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantitatively analyzed by means of Wadell roundness and degree of angularity methods.     

某边坡勘察工程中直剪试验的应用

通过工程实例说明在边坡勘查工程中室内直剪试验与现场直剪试验不同方法和结果,由于室内试验土样与现场实际的土样情况难达到一致,笔者分析说明了现场直剪试验的必要性,为边坡勘查工程提供较为可靠的抗剪强度指标。     

基于恒刚度剪切试验的预制桩侧阻退化估计

采用双向循环恒刚度剪切试验对预制桩的侧阻退化效应进行试验研究。研究显示,剪切应力（摩阻力）随剪切循环数的增加呈指数型衰减,衰减主要发生在开始的部分循环内,约 25 个循环后基本达到稳定。剪切过程中剪切带发生明显的剪缩,导致法向应力释放,此为摩阻力退化的 原因之一 。随剪切循环数的增加界面摩擦角发生指数型退化直至达到残余值,此为摩阻力退化的另一原因。法向刚度的大小决定剪切应力、法向应力和界面摩擦角衰减的速度和幅度,法向刚度越大,衰减越快且残余值越小。恒刚度剪切试验说明桩土界面摩擦力的退化与桩周土的坚硬程度密切相关,土体越硬则侧阻退化现象越明显。     

土的直剪试验研究

通过对非饱和状态和饱和状态下土的直接剪切试验,分析对比在不同剪切条件下的试验结果,得出了土在不同条件下的剪切试验规律,为土工试验数据处理提供参考依据。     

Role of soil inherent anisotropy in peak friction and maximum dilation angles of four sand-geosynthetic interfaces

Using a modified direct shear apparatus, an extensive experimental investigation is conducted into the influence of the inherent anisotropy of sand on the mobilization of the peak and critical state friction angles as well as the maximum dilation angle of the interfaces between an inherently anisotropic crushed sand and two woven geotextiles, one nonwoven geotextile, and one geomembrane. Experimental findings confirm that both peak and maximum dilation angles of sand-geosynthetic interfaces are affected from soil inherent anisotropy depending on the bedding plane inclination with respect to the shear plane. However, a unique critical state (residual) friction angle is attained for each interface type irrespective of the bedding plane inclination angle. Compiling results of a total of 141 tests, it is shown that a unique rule describes stress-dilation relationship of four different dense crushed sand-geosynthetic interfaces. The experimental data indicate that the ?_p vs. θ and ψ_max vs. θ curves are symmetrical with respect to θ?=?90° for the sand-woven geotextile and sand-geomembrane interfaces. Finally, it is shown that a constitutive equation by Pietruszczak and Mroz (2001) can predict the variation of ?_p with θ for the sand-woven geotextile and sand-geomembrane interfaces.     

初始剪应力下剪切方向角对软黏土软化特性的影响

 边坡、挡土墙等结构中的土体一般存在初始剪应力的作用,同时在地震、波浪等动荷载作用下,土体的初始剪应力与动荷载之间往往会存在一定的夹角。为了研究初始剪应力与循环荷载之间的夹角(剪切方向角)对土体软化指数的影响,采用多向循环单剪仪对温州软黏土进行一系列的循环单剪试验研究。研究结果表明,在特定剪切方向角下,随着循环应力比rc的增加,软化指数?逐渐降低,且在相同软化指数条件下,相邻循环应力比对应的循环圈数相差的幅度逐渐减小;循环应力比一定时,当剪切方向角在0°～90°范围内增加时,软化指数依次递增,当90°＜θ≤180°时,软化指数的变化趋势与0°～90°时相反;循环应力比rc = 0.15时,在加载初期,θ = 120°,150°,180°时,软化指数均分别较θ = 60°,30°,0°时大。对试验数据进行回归分析,建立土体的软化指数模型和孔压–软化模型。     

Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian simulation of a modified direct shear apparatus for the measurement of residual shear strengths

The simulation of large-strain geotechnical laboratory tests with conventional Lagrangian finite element method(FEM) techniques is often problematic due to excessive mesh distortion. The multiple reversal direct shear(MRDS) test can be used to measure the residual shear strength of soils in a laboratory setting. However, modelling and simulation generally require advanced numerical methods to accommodate the large shear strains concentrated in the shear plane. In reality, when the standard direct shear(DS) apparatus is used, the MRDS method is prone to two major sources of measurement error: load cap tilting and specimen loss. These sources of error make it difficult or even impossible to correctly determine the residual shear strength. This paper presents a modified DS apparatus and multi-reversal multi-stage test method, simulated using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL) method in a finite element environment. The method was successful in evaluating equipment and preventing both load cap tilting and specimen loss, while modelling large-deformation behaviour that is not readily simulated with the conventional FEM or arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(ALE) analysis. Thereafter, a modified DS apparatus was created for the purpose of analysing mixtures of organic materials found in an Australian clay. The results obtained from the modified DS CEL model in combination with laboratory tests show a great improvement in the measured residual shear strength profiles compared to those from the standard apparatus. The modified DS setup ensures that accurate material residual shear strengths are calculated, a factor that is vital to ensure appropriate soil behaviour is simulated for numerical analyses of large-scale geotechnical projects.     

Soil element assessment of cyclic-load-induced settlement considering combination of vertical,horizontal, and shear stresses in cohesive soil

Grounds subjected to cyclic loading, either continuous or fragmentary, widely exist in natural deposits and at reclaimed sites, e.g., induced by traffic loads, earthquakes, and wave-induced loading environments. Assessing the ground deformation under cyclic loading conditions is necessary for proper design and maintenance planning for traffic services. Accordingly, a testing program, in which vertical, horizontal, and shear stresses are automatically controlled, were newly developed in this study to reproduce the actual cyclic traffic load conditions using a hollow-cylindrical torsional shear apparatus.Estimations based on the results obtained from cyclic triaxial stress conditions were seen to underestimate the ground settlement compared to actual stresses, with combined vertical, horizontal, and shear stresses. Two kinds of vertical strain arose after a certain number of cycles: incremental collapse, in which unstable deformation (failure) is caused, and plastic creep, in which deformation continues to accumulate with the dampened rate (per cycle). The number of cycles of combined vertical, horizontal, and shear stresses necessary to reach a certain vertical strain increased linearly on a logarithmic scale when the magnitude of loading decreased. Moreover, the relationship between vertical strain and excess pore water pressure presented the same trend independent of the magnitude of loading. Practical uses of the obtained results were proposed and discussed.     

Large scale direct shear tests of soil/PET-yarn geogrid interfaces

The interface shear strength of soil against geosynthetic is of great interest among the researchers in geosynthetic properties. This study conducts a series of large scale direct shear tests to investigate the interface shear strength of different soils (sand, gravel, and laterite) against PET-yarn geogrids of various tensile strengths, percent open area, and aperture patterns. First, the appropriateness of different set-ups of a lower shearing box is examined in this study. It reveals that a lower box which is filled with the test soil and is of the same size as the upper box is more suitable for testing the soil/geogrid interface. The test results show that the soil/PET-yarn geotextile interface has significantly lower shear strength than soil strength. The ratio of shear strength soil/PET-yarn geotextile interface to internal shear strength of soil is about 0.7–0.8 for Ottawa sand and for laterite, and it is about 0.85–0.95 for gravel. On the other hand, the soil/geogrid interface has higher shear strength. The ratio of shear strength soil/PET-yarn geogrid interface to internal shear strength of soil is about 0.9–1.05. It is found that the shear strength ratio of soil/PET-yarn geogrid interface is positively correlated to the transverse tensile strength of the PET-yarn geogrid. However, it is negatively correlated with the aperture length and percent open area of the PET-yarn geogrid. The interface shear test results of PET-yarn geogrid against different soils are compared with the test results predicted by a classical model for analyzing the applicability of the classical model. Further, a simple model is proposed herein to estimate the bearing resistance provided by the transverse ribs of geogrid. It shows this component to be about 0–15% when PET-yarn geogrid is against Ottawa sand or laterite, while it is smaller when the PET-yarn geogrid is against gravel.     

Concise formula for the critical buckling stresses of an elastic plate under biaxial compression and shear

This study aims to develop a concise formula for the critical buckling stresses of a simply supported plate under biaxial compression and shear. The critical stresses are obtained for different aspect ratios using classical plate theory and the Ritz method. The four-dimensional critical stress formula, which is expressed in terms of the three in-plane stresses and the aspect ratio, is developed empirically according to the two-dimensional relationships between the in-plane stresses. The findings that are of interest are: (1) the critical stress relationship is linear for the aspect ratios within the range 1 to and nonlinear for the aspect ratios within the range to 5; and (2) as shear stress approaches its critical value, the critical stress relationship becomes increasingly linear and less dependent on aspect ratio.     

Effect of slaking on direct shear behaviour of crushed mudstones

This study investigates the effects of wetting and drying cycles, known as slaking, on the strength-displacement characteristics of crushed mudstone. A series of direct shear tests was conducted by simulating cyclic wetting and drying under different stress conditions using a modified direct shear apparatus. The effects of the stress ratio, the density of specimen, the initial water content before wetting, the slaking index, and the number of wetting and drying cycles on the test results was investigated. Experiments were also performed on less-slakable materials, including crushed sand stone, silica sand and glass beads, to compare the results with the crushed mudstone. Considerable creep displacement on the crushed mudstones was observed during both drying and wetting phases under the constant shear stress conditions. The creep displacement during the drying was more significant than during the wetting phase. The creep displacement accumulated with progressive wetting and drying cycles. The drying-induced displacement was observed when the water content became smaller than the amount of water absorption of the mudstone specimens. Correspondingly, a gradual decrease of the peak stress ratio was observed with the number of wetting and drying cycles. In contrast to the mudstones, the influence of cyclic wetting and drying on the crushed sand stone, silica sand and glass beads is almost negligible. A higher slaking index, a lower water content before wetting, and lower initial density accelerate the slaking of mudstones.     

有转角窗高层住宅短肢剪力墙结构设计

对短肢剪力墙结构设计过程中遇到的问题进行了总结,着重探讨了短肢剪力墙结构的截面形状、平面布置等,通过建立计算模型提出了设计转角窗剪力墙的加强方案,以保证结构安全可靠。     

Effects of water saturation and loading rate on direct shear tests of andesite

For estimating the long-term stability of underground framework, it is vital to learn the mechanical and rheological characteristics of rock in multiple water saturation conditions. However, the majority of previous studies explored the rheological properties of rock in air-dried and water saturated conditions, as well as the water effects on compressive and tensile strengths. In this study, andesite was subjected to direct shear tests under five water saturation conditions, which were controlled by varying the wetting and drying time. The tests were conducted at alternating displacement rates under three vertical stresses. The results reveal that the shear strength decreases exponentially as water saturation increases, and that the increase in shear strength with a tenfold increase in displacement rate is nearly constant for each of the vertical stresses. Based on the findings of the shear tests in this study and the compression and tension tests in previous studies, the influences of both water saturation and loading rate on the Hoek-Brown failure criterion for the andesite was examined. These results indicate that the brittleness index of the andesite, which is defined as the ratio of uniaxial compressive strength to tensile strength, is independent of both water saturation and loading rate and that the influences of the water saturation dependence and the loading rate dependence of the failure criterion can be converted between each other.     

UHPC键齿湿接缝直剪试验及湿接缝直剪承载力统一公式

为得到UHPC键齿湿接缝的直剪受力性能及直剪承载力统一公式,开展17个UHPC试件的直剪推出试验,考察键齿形状、侧向应力等对UHPC键齿湿接缝直剪破坏模式、裂纹发展情况、直剪强度以及剪切滑移性能的影响,并结合前期24个UHPC整体浇筑试件和24个UHPC平(湿)接缝试件的试验结果对UHPC界面直剪承载力计算方法进行研究。结果表明：UHPC键齿接缝试件的剪切破坏过程可分为线弹性阶段、裂纹发展阶段、破坏阶段和残余应力阶段;各键齿接缝直剪破坏界面与剪切界面几乎重合;梯形(键齿夹角113°)、矩形、倒梯形(键齿夹角65°)等三种键齿形式的直剪性能基本相同,为方便施工,工程中键齿宜选用梯形;键齿接缝试件的初裂强度、峰值强度提升值(相对于平接缝)与整体试件相应强度提升值之比远小于两者剪切面的整体面积之比;无侧向应力下,UHPC键齿接缝试件的剪切刚度和峰值强度均大于平接缝试件,逊于整体试件,且差距较大;键齿接缝试件峰值强度为整体试件的52.5%;在5MPa侧向应力下,平接缝试件与各键齿接缝试件剪切刚度已差别不大,峰值强度差值变小;键齿接缝试件的峰裂比(峰值强度与初裂强度之比)为1.173～1.319;键齿接缝试件的剪切刚度、延性系数、初裂强度、峰值强度及剪切滑移能力均随着侧向应力的增大而增大;UHPC湿接缝试件初裂强度和峰值强度随侧向应力的增长规律符合库伦准则,其摩擦系数可取1.26。最后,建立物理意义明确、形式简单、精度较高的可适用于未配抗剪钢筋UHPC整体界面、平湿接缝界面和键齿湿接缝界面的直剪承载力计算统一公式。     

Suggestion of advanced regression model on friction angle of fault gouge in South Korea

Although friction characteristics of fault gouge are important to understand reactivation of fault, behavior of earthquake, and mechanism of slope failure, analysis results of fault gouge have low accuracy mostly than those of soils or rocks due to its high heterogeneity and low strength. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of analysis results, we conducted simple regression analysis and structural equation model analysis and selected major influential factors of friction characteristics among many factors, and then we deduced advanced regression model with the highest coefficient of determination (R²) via multiple regression analysis. Whereas most coefficients of determination in simple regression analysis are below 0.3–0.4, coefficient of determination in multiple regression analysis is remarkably large as 0.657.     

摩擦角与摩擦自锁的一般性解释

从分析物体接触相互作用出发,讨论了摩擦角的概念,并按照摩擦平衡问题推导出摩擦自锁的条件,使学生更容易对这两个概念建立一般性的理解,达到灵活运用理论力学知识的目的。     

饱和砂土的剪切波速与抗液化强度相关性研究

依据扭剪振动原理,开发出剪切波速与振动三轴联合试验装置。进而针对取自20 多个工程场地、埋深在20 m 以内的12种大量原状砂土,分析了同一类土、在同一固结压力作用下,原状与重塑土样抗液化强度与其初始剪切波速之间的相关性。结果表明,当判别液化的应变标准不超过6%时,土的抗液化强度与其初始剪切波速之间存在良好的对应关系。当应变破坏标准超过6%,土的初始剪切波速与抗液化强度之间不具备唯一对应关系。