Crystallization behavior of melt—spun NdFeB permanent magnets

The crystallization behavior of melt-spun Nd8.5Fe78Co5Cu1Nb1B6.5 ribbons was investigated using dynamic differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and X-ray diffractometry(XRD).It was found that the as-spun ribbons crystallize in two steps:at first the Nd3Fe62B14 α-Fe phases are formed and subsequently Nd3Fe62B4 transformed to Nd2Fe14B and α-Fe upon heating above 680℃.The effective activation energy of two crystallization peaks are 332.0kJ/mol and 470.5kJ/mol,respectively,As the wheel speed increases,the magnetic properties of the magnet change obviously,When the wheel speed is 18m/s,the best magnetic properties of the magnet was obtained after the sample was annealed at 690℃ for 8 min:Br=0.74T,iHc=421.7kA/m,(BH)max=64.5kJ/m^3.     

Effect of chemical component on shape memory effect of Fe-Mn-Si-Ni-C-RE shape memory alloy

Effect of chemical component on shape memory effect (SME) of Fe-Mn-Si-Ni-C-RE shape memory alloys was studied by bent measurement, thermal cycle training, SEM etc. Results of study indicate that the alloys with high Mn content (25%) appeare better SME, especially in lower strain. SME improves evidently when Si is higher content, especially it's range from 3% up to 4%. But brittleness of Fe-Mn-Si-Ni-C-RE alloy increases by increasing the Si content. SME of the alloy is weakening gradually as carbon content increases under small strain (3%). But in the condition of large strain (above 6%), SME of the alloy whose carbon content ranges from 0.1 % to 0.12% shows small decreasing range, especially of alloy with the addition of compound RE.     

Effects of the spinning wheel velocity on the microstructure of Fe–Pd shape memory melt-spun ribbons

Fe–Pd with approximately 30 at.% of Pd shape memory ribbons have been manufactured by the free jet melt-spinning method with various wheel velocities. The microstructure of the as-spun ribbons have been investigated.     

DSC study on temperature memory effect of NiTi shape memory alloy

A systematic study on the temperature memory effect （TME） in a polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy was presented. The investigation was carded out through a series of differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） tests. Two types of tests were conducted, namely single-step test and multi-step test. The influence of the step temperature on the peak/trough temperatures in the subsequent heating process and the associated energy absorption/release in the phase transformations was investigated. Using a simple theoretical model, the exact mechanism behind TME was studied.     

The effect of microstructure on the shape recovery of a Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni stainless steel shape memory alloy

In this work the effect of varying the microstructure on the shape memory properties of a Fe-15Mn-7Si-9Cr-5Ni (wt.%) stainless steel shape memory alloy was evaluated using a simple bend test. The best shape recovery was obtained for a single-phase austenite microstructure and for a two-phase microstructure composed of an austenite matrix and Fe₅Ni₃Si₂ type intermetallic grain boundary phase. The maximum shape recovery was achieved at the reversion temperature of 600 °C and when the pre-stain was less than 2%.     

Incomplete transformation of Ti-Ni-X ternary shape memory alloy

If the reverse transformation of a shape memory alloy is arrested, a kinetic stop will appear in the next complete transformation. The kinetic stop temperature has a close relation with the previous arrest temperature. This kinetic stop can be regarded as a ＂memory＂ of the previous arrest temperature. This phenomenon is named temperature memory effect（TME）. The TME induced by incomplete cycling in Ti-Ni-Nb and Ti-Ni-Cu alloys was systematically investigated by performing either a single incomplete cycle, or a sequence of incomplete cycles with different arrested temperatures. The results indicate that TME only exists in the heating process, and TME can occur both in B 19＇→B2 and B 19→B2 reverse transformation during heating process. But, there is no evidence of TME during cooling in the Ti-Ni-X ternary alloys. And the reverse transformation temperature interval （At-As） of the Ti44-Ni47-Nb9 alloy induced by TME can be significantly enlarged compared with that of the Ti-Ni-Cu alloy by performing multi-times incomplete transformation cycling with a decreasing order arrested temperature.     

R-phase transformation of aged Ti-Ni shape memory alloy

Ti-50.6Ni（molar fraction, %） shape memory alloy solution treated at 850 ℃ for lh followed by ageing treatment at 450 ℃ for 3 h was studied with differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）, X-ray diffractometry（XRD） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM）. DSC measurement reveals two separate transformation peaks. XRD and TEM demonstrate that a three-stage transformation occurs. The Ti3 Ni4 precipitates are coherent with the R- phase. The crystal structure of R-phase was analyzed by two diffraction patterns method. The diffraction patterns of R-phase were obtained in detail from the same region.     

Electrochemical behavior of YAG laser-welded NiTi shape memory alloy

Electrochemical behaviors of laser-welded Ti-50.6%Ni（mole fraction） shape memory alloy and the base metal in 0.9% NaCl solution were investigated by electrochemical techniques as corrosion potential measurement, linear and potentiodynamic polarization. The results indicate that the laser-welded NiTi alloy is less susceptible to pitting and crevice corrosion than the base metal, which is demonstrated by the increase in polarization resistance（Rp） and pitting potential（φpit） and decrease in corrosion current density（Jcorr） and mean difference between φpit and φprot values. It is confirmed by scanning electron microscope micrographs that pits could be observed on the surface of base metal but not on the surface of laser-welded alloy after potentiodynamic tests. An improvement of corrosion resistance of laser-welded NiTi alloy could be attributed to almost complete dissolution of inclusions upon laser welding.     

Influence of process factors on shape memory effect of CuZnAl alloys

1Introduction CuZnAl shape memory alloy(SMA),characterized by low cost and high processing performance,has been studied comprehensively and has developed rapidly in recent years.Since the fundamental problems of large grain and martensitic stabilization w…     

Effect of Al addition on properties of TiNiFe shape memory alloys

A little amount of aluminum substituting for Ni was added to Ti50Ni48Fe2 and Ti50Ni47.5Fe2.5 alloys to improve the mechanical properties, especially the yield stress of the TiNiFe alloys. The martensitic transformation temperature and mechanical properties of Ti50Ni48-xFe2Alx and Ti50Ni47.5-xFe2.5Alx （x=0, 0.5, 1） alloys were examined, and it was revealed that 0.5% and 1%（mole fraction） aluminum addition lead to about 10℃ and 60-80℃ martensitic transformation temperature （Ms） decrease, respectively, 1%（mole fraction） aluminum addition enhances remarkably the yield stresses of Ti50Ni47Fe2Al1 and Ti50Ni46.5Fe2.5Al1 to 560 and 580 MPa, respectively. The systemic microstructure analysis indicates that the second phase Ti2Ni at the grain boundaries plays an important role in improving the mechanical properties of TiNiFe shape memory alloys.     

Electrochemical behavior of Ti-Ni shape memory alloy in fibrinogen solution

Electrochemical behaviors of Ti-Ni shape memory alloy in fibrinogen solution were studied by electrochemical techniques. The results indicate that the addition of the fibrinogen has no obvious effect on the corrosion potential, but decreases the pitting potential markedly and increases the passive current densities. The analysis of energy-dispersive X-ray for samples adsorbing fibrinogen exhibits that the elements of O, C and N exist on the surface of Ti-Ni alloy. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope micrographs confirm that the configuration of the adsorbing fibrinogen concentrating on surface defects is like cluster and the fibrinogen adsorption concentration is 96.67 mg/m^2 through ultroviolet ray absorption method. Fibrinogen combined with Ti-Ni alloy surface by complex band and its electrochemical transfer accelerated the corrosion of alloy.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and shape memory effect of Ni–Mn–Ga–B high-temperature shape memory alloy

The effects of boron addition on the microstructure, transformation temperature, mechanical properties and shape memory effect of (Ni₅₄Mn₂₅Ga₂₁)_100−xB_x alloys were investigated. The results showed that the martensitic transformation start temperatures M_s decreased monotonically from 465 K for x = 0–278 K for x = 3. Boron addition refined the grain and significantly enhanced the mechanical properties. The compressive fracture strain of 22.3% and reversible strain of 6.8% were obtained in (Ni₅₄Mn₂₅Ga₂₁)_99.5B_0.5 alloy.     

Structure evolution of Cu-based shape memory powder during mechanical alloying

The microstructures of shape memory powders of Cu-AI-Ni prepared from pure powders of Cu, AI and Ni using the mechanical alloying（MA） technique were studied by means of hardness measurement, metallograph observation, XRD and SEM. The hardness reaches the peak as the increase in hardness due to plastic deformation and the decrease in hardness due to kinetic annealing reach a balance. The process of MA leads to the formation of a laminated structure, and the layer becomes thinner with an increase in milling time. The pre-alloyed shape memory powder can be formed by milling at 300 r/min for 50 h using a planetary ball mill.     

Strain–temperature behavior of NiTiCu shape memory single crystals

Single crystal specimens of NiTi10Cu alloys were subjected to temperature cycling conditions under constant tensile and compressive stresses and the transformation strains were monitored. The [111] orientation exhibited the highest experimental transformation strains (6.64%) in tension while the [001] provides the highest transformation strains in compression (5.34%). These transformation strain levels are significantly higher than previously reported values on NiTiCu alloys. The theoretical treatment includes both the calculation of the CVP (correspondent variant pair) formation strain incorporating the growth of monoclinic phase from the most favorably oriented orthorhombic variant, and the concomitant detwinning of the monoclinic martensite. The experimental transformation strain values are consistently below the theoretical levels due to two main reasons: the slip deformation in the austenite domains as confirmed with TEM studies, and the incomplete transformation resulting in a mixture of orthorhombic and monoclinic phases as determined from diffraction patterns. The experimental transformation strains are higher in tension compared to compression for most single crystal orientations due to two factors: the additional strain associated with the detwinning of the B19′phase in the final microstructure (such as in [111] case), and the partial completion of the second step of the transformation limiting the compression strains.     

Tribological behaviour of biomedical Ti–Zr-based shape memory alloys

The tribological behaviour of Ti–30Zr, Ti–20Zr–10Nb and Ti–19Zr–10Nb–1Fe alloys was investigated using reciprocating friction and wear tests. X-ray diffraction(XRD) results indicate that Ti–30Zr, Ti–20Zr–10Nb and Ti–19Zr–10Nb–1Fe alloys are composed of hexagonal a'-martensite, orthorhombic a'-martensite and bcc β phases,respectively. Ti–30Zr alloy has the highest hardness of HV(273.1 ± 9.3), while Ti–20Zr–10Nb alloy exhibits the lowest hardness of HV(235.2 ± 20.4) among all the alloys.The tribological results indicate that Ti–30Zr alloy shows the best wear resistance among these alloys, corresponding to the minimum average friction coefficient of 0.052 and the lowest wear rate of 6.4x10~(-4)mm3·N~(-1)·m~(-1). Ti–20Zr–10Nb alloy displays better wear resistance than Ti–19Zr–10Nb–1Fe alloy, because the iron oxide is easy to fall off and less Nb_2O_5 films form on the worn surface of the latter.Delamination and abrasive wear in association with adhesive wear are the main wear mechanism of these alloys.     

Effect of heat treatment on shape memory properties of ductile CuAlMn alloys

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Microstructures and transformation characteristics of thin films of TiNiCu shape memory alloy

Both sputtering conditions and crystallizing temperatures have great influence on the microstructures and phase transformation characteristics for TislNi44Cus. By means of the resistance-temperature measurement, X-ray diffraction and atomic fore microscopic study, the results indicate that the transformation temperatures of the thin films increase and the “rock candy“ martensitic relief is more easily obtained with promoting the sputtering Ar pressure, sputtering power, orcrystallizing temperature. However, when sputtering Ar pressure, sputtering power, or crystallizing temperature are lower, a kind of “chrysanthemum“ relief, which is related with Ti-rich GP zones, is much easier to be observed. The reason is that during crystallization process, both of the inherent compressive stresses introduced under the condition of higher sputteringpressure or higher crystallizing temperature are helpful to the transition from GP zones to Ti2(NiCu) precipitates and the increase of the transformation temperatures. The addition of copper to substitute for 5 96 nickel in mole fraction can reduce the transformation hvsteresis width to about 10 - 15 ℃.     

Effect of texture on phase-transformation strain in CuZnAl shape memory sheets

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｈａｐｅｍｅｍｏｒｙｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｔｈａｔｓｈｏｗｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌａｓｔｉｃｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉｔｉｃｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄｉｎＣｕＺｎＡｌｓｈａｐｅｍｅｍｏｒｙａｌｌｏｙｓ .Ｉｔｉｓｂｅ     

Modeling of effects of matrix on actuation characteristics of embedded shape memory alloy wires

1 INTRODUCTIONOne major application field of shape memoryalloys(SMAs) is the so-called smart structures .Numerous researches have been done on the actua-tion abilities of SMAs ,andthe results are quitein-spiring[1 ,2]. However , the complicated behaviorsof SMAs are still not fully understood, which pre-vents SMAs frombeing further adopted in real in-dustrial structures . The difficulties in understand-ing the SMAs mainly come fromthe fact that thetransformation and thus the actuatio…