Impact of phytosanitary treatments with fungicides (cyazofamid, famoxadone, mandipropamid and valifenalate) on aroma compounds of Godello white wines

Cyazofamid, famoxadone, mandipropamid and valifenalate, four new fungicides for controlling downy mildew in vine, were applied to an experimental vineyard producing Vitis vinifera white grapes of the Godello variety. Following harvest, the grapes were subjected to single vinification runs. The odour activity values (OAVs) for the Godello white wines obtained were estimated with a view to assessing potential alterations of their aroma composition by effect of the phytosanitary treatments. Several fatty acids, their esters and acetates were formed during the winemaking process in high levels and could be expected to strongly influence the aroma of the wines by introducing floral, fruity and spicy nuances. The concentrations of six compounds (2-phenylethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl octanoate, 4-vinylguaiacol, 3-methylbutanoic acid and methionol) were found to suffice with a view to discriminating between wines from grapes treated with fungicides under Critical Agricultural Practices (CAP) and under Good Agricultural Practices (GAP).     

Changes of the sensorial attributes of white wines with the application of new anti-mildew fungicides under critical agricultural practices

Although the winemaking process could allow the dissipation of residues of fungicides applied under critical agricultural practices (CAP), their residual levels could alter the biosynthesis of volatile compounds. The purpose of this work is to look for changes in the aroma profile of those wines in comparison with wines treated under good agricultural practices (GAP). Four new fungicides (mandipropamid, valifenalate, cyazofamid and famoxadone), used to control downy mildew (Plasmoparaviticola), were applied under CAP in an experimental vineyard producing white grapes (Vitisvinifera) of Godello var. Once grapes were harvested, single vinifications were performed. Possible modifications of sensorial properties of wines were evaluated by a trained sensorial testing panel constituted of 7 experts. The fungicide residues induced an increment of typical fermentative odours associated with esters in treated wines. The critically treated wine was moved to a sweeter balance with a ripe fruit taste, associated with higher viscosity and greater cloudiness.     

Efficacy of new commercial formulations to control downy mildew and dissipation of their active fungicides in wine after good agricultural practices

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of common fungicides to control downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in vines decreases when the same commercial formulations are applied over several years. For this reason, new commercial formulations (containing new fungicides) have to offer to grape‐growers to increase the efficacy of antifungal treatments. The efficacy of five new commercial formulations (Cabrio Top, Equation Pro, Fantic M, Mikal Premium and Fobeci) to control downy mildew in an experimental vineyard producing white grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Godello) was studied. All these products have in common a new fungicide (pyraclostrobin, famoxadone, benalaxyl‐M, iprovalicarb and benalaxyl, respectively) in their chemical formulation. RESULTS: Two commercial formulations, Cabrio Top and Fobeci, gave the highest efficacy to control this fungal disease. Once treated white grapes were harvested, the fate of these fungicides from vine to wine was studied. The white winemaking process allowed the dissipation of fungicide residues in high percentages (～95%), except for iprovalicarb (45%). Concentrations in final filtered white wines were close to or lower than 0.01 mg L^?1 for all detected fungicides except iprovalicarb and fludioxonil. The following dissipation rate was found: famoxadone > cyprodinil > pyraclostrobin > benalaxyl > folpet > fludioxonil > benalaxyl‐M > penconazole > iprovalicarb. CONCLUSION: From the data obtained in the vinification process, estimated maximum residue levels for white wines were proposed for future EU legislation to control the presence of pesticides in white wines. Thereby one helps to assure also the wine quality and protection of consumer health. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fining white wine with plant proteins: effects of fining on proanthocyanidins and aroma components

Plant-derived insoluble proteins (wheat gluten, and isolates from pea, lentil, and soybean) were used as fining agents in model white wine (made from Catalanesca grapes) after cold stabilization. Plant proteins were effective in giving a fast and remarkable decrease in turbidity. GC/MS and HPLC/MS approaches indicated that individual proteins had a different impact on the levels of compounds relevant to wine stability. Protein stability of wine was not affected by fining with plant proteins. Lentil proteins and gluten gave the best removal of monomeric and dimeric flavonol. Both caused a decrease in the total content of fermentative aroma compounds, such as ethyl esters, acetate esters, and alcohols. Lentil proteins had the highest impact on the aroma components, giving a marked decrease in aroma components. Gluten may thus be regarded as giving the best balance between fining efficacy and retention of aroma compounds. Also, gluten in the treated wines remained well below the suggested threshold for gluten-free foods. This study provides a methodological frame for thorough characterization of the impact of specific interventions on key wine components.     

Effect of cofermentation of grape varieties on aroma profiles of la mancha red wines

The effect of winemaking using blends of red grape varieties cultivated in La Mancha region (Spain) on the aroma profile of wines was researched by chemical characterization. Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds were isolated by solid phase extraction using dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, respectively, as solvents in elution and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Free and bound volatile compounds were analyzed in Cencibel, Bobal, and Moravia Agria monovarietal wines, and in 3 wines obtained with the blending of grapes: Cencibel (50%) + Bobal (50%); Cencibel (50%) + Moravía Agria (50%); Cencibel (33%) + Bobal (33%) + Moravía Agria (33%). Aroma compounds were studied in terms of odor activity values (OAVs). Ninety free aroma compounds and sixty-five bound aroma compounds were identified and quantified. The odor activity values for the different compounds were classified into 7 odorant series. The fruity and sweet series contributed most strongly to the aroma profile of all wines, independently of the winemaking technique used. In general, co-winemaking wines present a more complex chemical profile than monovarietal wines. Practical Application: Some grape varieties could benefit from this process with the presence of other varieties that might have an excess of aroma compounds. In this study, the wines were elaborated by blending different grape varieties together; this process implies co-maceration and co-fermentation steps. The co-winemaking technique could benefit from additional molecules provided by the other varieties, which results in a more complex formation than in the case of monovarietal wines. This technique provides a viable alternative to traditional winemaking methods for improving and enhancing the sensory profile of elaborated wines.     

Impact of cover crops in vineyard on the aroma compounds of Vitis vinifera L. cv Cabernet Sauvignon wine

This study compared the influence of different cover crops with clean tillage on wine aroma compounds of 5-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon vines. White clover, alfalfa, and tall fescue were used in the vineyard and compared with clean tillage. Aroma compounds of wine were analysed by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). Forty-seven volatile compounds were identified and quantified. Wines made from grapes grown with various cover crops had higher levels of aroma compounds. Ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, phenylethyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, linalool, citronellol, β-damascenone, α-ionone, and 5-amyl-dihydro-2(3H)-furan were the impact odorants of sample wines. Wines from cover crop also had higher contents of these impact odorants than the control. For different cover crops, alfalfa sward yielded the highest levels, followed by the tall fescue treatment. According to the data analysis of aroma compounds and sensory assess, permanent cover crop may have the potential to improve wine quality.     

Comparison on aroma compounds in Chinese soy sauce and strong aroma type liquors by gas chromatography–olfactometry,chemical quantitative and odor activity values analysis

In order to elucidate the differences on aroma compounds in Chinese liquors with different aroma styles and the reasons, aroma compounds of Xijiu in soy sauce aroma and strong aroma type were investigated in the research. By gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O), aroma compounds in Chinese liquor were chosen for quantitative and odor activity value (OAV) analysis. Ethyl hexanoate, butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, hexanoic acid and dimethyl trisulfide were considered to be the most powerful odorants in both liquor samples (aroma intensity ≥3.5) by GC–O. As important aroma compounds (OAV ≥10) in the liquors, ethyl propanoate, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate and 1-propanol were considered with much higher OAVs in soy sauce aroma type liquor, while OAVs of ethyl pentanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl lactate, hexyl acetate, butyl hexanoate, hexyl hexanoate and hexanoic acid were far lower in strong aroma type liquor. The OAV of ethyl hexanoate in strong aroma type liquor exceeded 50,000, which explained the reason why strong aroma liquor was considered with prominent fruity aroma. The odor differences between the liquors were mainly caused by the manufacturing practices.     

黑果腺肋花楸酒与赤霞珠葡萄酒香气物质对比分析

以赤霞珠葡萄酒为参照分析黑果腺肋花楸发酵酒的香气物质组成并进行感官品评,评价其酿酒潜质,为开发适宜消费者口味的黑果腺肋花楸酒提供参考。采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱分析酒的香气物质成分。结果显示：黑果腺肋花楸酒香气物质含量为赤霞珠葡萄酒的2.73 倍,香气物质种类分别为41 种和40 种,其中共有的18 种。醇类物质含量最高,分别占总香气的62.11%和73.87%。依据香气活度值,酯类物质对酒的香气贡献最大,分别为36.57%和22.04%。黑果腺肋花楸酒的主体香气物质是大马士酮、辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯和乙酸异戊酯,而赤霞珠葡萄酒则为α-紫罗酮、辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯和苯乙醛。2 款酒中共有香气物质对香气贡献占比分别为34.20%和21.81%,说明具有一定的相似性,而大马士酮和α-紫罗酮对酒香气值的贡献分别为63.22%和76.36%,形成了各自酒的特色。经感官品评,黑果腺肋花楸酒比赤霞珠葡萄酒总得分高2 分,黑果腺肋花楸作为黑色浆果具有开发酿酒的价值。     

Bound aroma compounds of Marmajuelo and Malvasía grape varieties and their influence on the elaborated wines

Marmajuelo and Malvasía are two white grape varieties grown in Spain (Canary Islands), the former only in the Canary Islands, while the latter is a variety widely spread throughout the world. At the present time, the oenological potential of these varieties grown in the Canaries has not yet been studied. Aroma precursors in musts and skins, and free volatiles in wines were determined in samples of both varieties. Aroma precursors of must and skins were isolated by absorption on XAD-2 resin, and the aglycone liberated by means of acid hydrolysis. Free volatiles from wines and from aroma precursors were extracted with dichloromethane and then analysed by GC–MS. The analysis of glycosidic aroma precursors showed that Malvasía variety presented higher contents of terpenes in grapes than those of Marmajuelo variety. In addition, some precursors of benzenic compounds presented higher contents in the musts of Malvasía with respect to those in the musts of Marmajuelo. The main difference in wine volatile composition was that cis-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl acetate and γ-nonalactone compounds showed a significantly higher mean content in Malvasía wines than in Marmajuelo wines. Among the aroma precursors analysed, only α-terpineol, linalool oxides, 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and benzyl alcohol showed contents in grapes comparable to the levels observed in wine volatile compounds.     

基于GC-O、OAV及Feller加和模型对酱香型习酒特征香气成分的分析

通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪、气相色谱硫磷检测器研究3种酱香型习酒(习酒蓝、习酒印象贵州、习酒银质)中的挥发性香气成分,分别鉴定出99、96、98种香气成分,其中各包含12种含硫化合物.基于气相色谱嗅闻仪和香气活性值(odor activity value,OAV)方法,表明己酸乙酯(OAV:1720～1992)、丁酸乙酯...     

Influence of some oenological practices on the aromatic and sensorial characteristics of white Verdejo wines

Changes in the aromatic composition as well as sensory characteristics in Verdejo white wines were analysed based on two factors: the winemaking methodology and the storing time of wine in bottles. The volatile components were determined by GLC‐MS, and the sensory profile was designed and assessed according to the ISO 11035 standard. The results showed that when wines were made in oak barrels, either completely or partially, which means the wines were in contact with the lees, the levels of 1‐octanol, ethyl heptanoate and ethyl decanoate were significantly affected (P < 0.05); the softness sensation was also influenced (P < 0.05). However, the amount of time the wines were stored in bottles significantly affected (P < 0.05) the levels of 1‐hexanol, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, hexyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and isoamyl lactate and also an odour note (tropical fruit). The compounds with higher OAV values belong to the groups of esters and fatty acids. For these reasons, the composition and the quality of the aroma of Verdejo white wines appear to be significantly affected both by use of oak barrels in winemaking and the time the wines are stored in bottles.     

机械修剪方式下不同叶幕厚度对晋中地区赤霞珠葡萄酒香气的影响

以酿酒葡萄赤霞珠为试材,研究机械修剪方式下3?种不同叶幕厚度（70、85、100?cm）对葡萄酒香气的影响。结果表明：70?cm的叶幕厚度能够显著地增加赤霞珠葡萄酒中总酚、单宁和总花色苷的含量,但不利于香气物质的积累。85?cm的叶幕厚度能够增加高级醇、脂肪酸、醛酮类和挥发性苯类衍生物的含量,其中具有花香、果香与奶酪味的3-甲基-1-丁醇、乙酸乙酯、β-大马士酮、苯乙醛、苯乙醇、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯的香气值均高于其他处理组。     

Headspace solid‐phase micro extraction coupled to comprehensive two‐dimensional with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry applied to the evaluation of Nebbiolo‐based wine volatile aroma during ageing

This study presents the application of a headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) method on the analysis of Nebbiolo‐based wine volatiles by comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF‐MS). The aroma patterns were established for different samples of Nebbiolo‐based wines, aged in oak wood barrels for 18 months at constant temperature. The methodology allowed for the simultaneous analysis of over 130 different volatile compounds detected in the headspace. The odour activity values (OAVs) were assessed to identify potentially important odorants of Nebbiolo‐based wine during ageing. The highest OAVs were obtained for several compounds such as ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, β‐damascenone, ethyl cinnamate, ethyl 3‐methylbutanate and acetaldehyde. Ethyl butanoate, octanoic acid, ethyl dihydrocinnamate and γ‐nonalactone were also at concentrations higher than their corresponding threshold. Also vanillin, (E)‐whisky lactone, (Z)‐whisky lactone, guaiacol and 4‐ethyl guaiacol seem to be important odorants after oak wood ageing period.     

Volatile aroma compounds in wines from Chinese wild/hybrid species

The volatile aroma compounds in wines produced from Chinese wild/hybrid species were investigated in comparison to wines from European grapes. Volatiles were extracted by headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction and identified by gas‐chromatography/mass‐spectrometry. The identification of analyte was performed by a combination of the linear retention index approach with the comparison of the obtained mass spectra. A total of 98 peaks were tentatively assigned as wine aroma components, and 15 odorants can be found at concentrations above their odor threshold among the odor activity values (OAVs) of 46 compounds evaluated in all of the wines. The “OAVs’ aroma wheels” showed that the classes of aromatic series are first fruity, next herbaceous and roasty and no spicy and caramelized notes. Via principal component analysis, all the grape germplasm studied could be divided into four groups: “Jingsheng‐1,” “Cabernet Gernischt,” “Beibinghong,” and others, which exhibited distinctive aroma features, respectively. Practical applications Chinese wild grape species have many desirable properties for wine grape breeding such as possessing strong resistant genes to fungal diseases and cold condition, especially after hybridization with European grapes. As an emerging wine country, wines from Chinese wild/hybrid species have achieved much success in the last few years. The chemical content and biological properties have been studied extensively in many but there are a few studies in our knowledge about the wine tastes of these species. In this paper, the key odorants in wines produced from the Chinese grape species of V. amurensis Rupr., V. davidii Foex., and V. quinquangularis Rehd. and its hybrids were characterized in comparison to wines produced from European grapes (V. vinifera). The findings will help to the further understanding of the key aroma components in the different Chinese grapevine germplasm, and make further efforts to enrich the wine types in the marketplace.     

7 株野生葡萄酒酵母对‘桂葡3号’干白葡萄酒香气成分的影响

对筛选自我国广西毛葡萄产区的汉逊酵母属的Hanseniaspora thailandica（MSF1-4、MG4、MG6、MSF6-2）、伊萨酵母属的Issatchenkia terricola（MG3-1）、酿酒酵母属的Saccharomyas cerevisiae（MSF8-1）和毕赤酵母属的Pichia pastoris（MG1）共7 株酵母酿造‘桂葡3号’干白葡萄酒,分析探讨其理化指标及挥发性香气物质,并以商业酵母K1发酵酒样为对照。结果表明：7?株菌发酵酒各理化指标均符合GB?15037—2006《葡萄酒》要求;共检测到68?种香气物质,实验组香气总量均大于对照组K1;其中辛酸乙酯在乙酯类总含量中高达46.05%,而对照组K1中辛酸乙酯占乙酯总含量的7.12%;MG3-1、MG1、MSF6-2特征香气物质为乙酸苯乙酯、壬醛、4-萜烯醇、芳樟醇、1-辛醇、1-癸醇,MG6的特征香气物质为乙酸异戊酯、香茅醇,MSF8-1、K1、MG4特征香气物质为乙酸乙酯,MSF1-4的香气特征物质为玫瑰醚、月桂酸乙酯、辛酸、癸酸、癸酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸甲酯;其中K1、MG4发酵实验组香气特征最为接近,MG6、MSF1-4发酵实验组香气特征差异最大。上述结果分析得出7?株野生酵母菌具有较强的产辛酸乙酯的能力,MG1、MSF1-4产香能力最好,适合进一步研究开发。