Comparative Behavior of Single-Bolted and Dual-Bolted Lap Joints

Nonlinear finite-element models that predict the load-elongation behavior of single- and dual-bolted conical-head bolted lap joints are developed, and the load-elongation predictions are compared with experimental test data. The study is conducted for several panel thicknesses with a 4.8 mm size fastener and 2024-T3 clad aluminum alloy panels. The model load-elongation predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental test data. The results show that (1) dual-bolted lap joint test results underpredict the strength of single-bolted lap joints; and (2) numerical models may reliably predict the load-elongation behavior of mechanically fastened lap joints at a fraction of the cost and time of experimental testing.     

Numerical Modeling of Bolted Lap Joint Behavior

Nonlinear finite-element models are developed that predict the load-elongation behavior of conical-head bolted lap joints, and the load-elongation predictions are compared with experimental test data. The study is conducted for several panel thicknesses with three fastener sizes and three panel materials. The model load-elongation predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental test data. Model parameters, such as part discretization, material model selection, sliding interface friction coefficients, and convergence tolerances, are discussed. A means of inducing clamp in the joint is also developed. The results show that nonlinear finite-element analysis may reliably predict the behavior of conical-head bolted joints.     

断续节理对岩体力学性能的影响

采用颗粒流数值模拟程序,建立不同节理状态的岩石试样模型,对其进行双轴试验模拟,从岩桥长度、节理长度和倾角三个方面对断续节理影响下的岩体破裂形式和力学性质进行了数值模拟分析.岩桥的破裂方式为翼裂纹扩展下的拉剪复合破坏,模型破裂大致经历了翼裂纹的扩展、次生裂纹的延伸以及岩桥的贯通三个过程,而且表现出明显的蠕变特性以及延性破坏.岩桥长度的变化对峰值强度和弹性模量影响较小;相比岩桥长度,节理岩样的力学特性对节理长度更加敏感.对于不同的节理倾角,岩石试件表现出不同的初始破裂形式,0°倾角岩样的破裂方式为翼裂纹的扩展和次生裂纹的延伸,中间岩桥没有被贯通,15°倾角岩样的初裂强度和峰值强度最大.      

Comparison of microstructure and properties between joints of FSW and TIG 316L austenitic stainless steel

FSW and TIG were conducted on 316L stainless steel.Variation during microstructure and properties in joints obtained by different welding methods was studied.The results show that the effect of severe mechanical stirring and intense plastic deformation creat a fine recrystallized grain in the welding joint during FSW.As for TIG,the temperature of welding joint exceeds the melting point of welded material itself.The entire welding process belongs to the solidification of a small molten pool;and the microstructure of the joint takes on a typical casting structure.When the welding parameters were selected appropriately,the average ultimate tensile strength of FSW joints can reach 493 MPa,which is 83.6%of base metal;the average elongation is 52.1%of base metal.The average ultimate tensile strength of TIG joints is 475 MPa, which is 80.5%of base metal;the average elongation is 40.8%of base metal.The tensile test of FSW joints is superior to the TIG joints.The microhardness of FSW joint compared to base metal and TIG joint having a significant improvement,which arel95.5 HV,159.7 HV and 160.7 HV,respectively;grain refinement strengthening plays an important role in enhancing the microhardness.The electrochemical corrosion tests show that the joint of FSW 316L austenitic stainless steel has a good corrosion resistance.     

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Fatigue Strength of Double Lap Bolted Joints and the Effect of Torque Tightening on the Fatigue Life of Jointed Plates

In this research, the effects of clamping force on the fatigue life of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy double lap bolted joints have been studied experimentally and numerically. To do so, three sets of the specimens were prepared and each subjected to torque of 1, 2.5 and 5 N m and then fatigue tests were carried out under different cyclic longitudinal load levels. In the numerical method, finite element ANSYS code was used to obtain stress distribution in connection plates due to clamping force and longitudinal applied loads. Numerical simulation and experimental results revealed that the fatigue life of double lap bolted joints were improved by increasing the clamping force due to compressive stresses which appeared around the hole.     

Characterization Method of Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Steel Resistance Plug Welding Joints

A novel resistance plug welding process has wide prospects for dissimilar steel. However, until present, there is no effective method to characterize the mechanical properties of resistance plug welding joints. In this paper, the influence factors such as diameter of filler, diameter of surface plastic ring, and diameter of nugget were first used for analysis. Slug ratio and indentation depth (height) ratio were designed to characterize the mechanical properties of the resistance plug welding joints. The results show that smaller the slug ratio, better the mechanical properties of the joint. The tensile shear load of the joint is higher when the indentation depth (height) ratio is 92–102%, and the joint has the best tensile shear load when the indentation depth (height) ratio is 96% or 97% in this study. Slug ratio and indentation depth (height) ratio are suitable for characterizing mechanical properties of dissimilar steel resistance plug welding joints.     

Effect of surface preparation on the corrosion resistance of friction stir linear lap welded AZ31B-H24

The effect of surface preparations on the atmospheric (continuous NaCl salt fog) corrosion resistance of bare (uncoated) linear friction stir lap welded magnesium (Mg) alloy AZ31B-H24 joints was investigated. The surface preparations evaluated included as-received (as-welded for the weld zones), mechanically abraded and acid-cleaned. Electrochemical potentiodynamic polarisation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy measurements were made to elucidate the link between the surface preparation and the relative corrosion resistance observed across the microstructural zones of the joints. Heavy metal surface contamination of the as-received material, rather than the air-formed oxide or differences in alloy grain size resulting from variations in thermo-mechanical processing history, was found to be the controlling factor affecting the corrosion mode observed and, in turn, the relative corrosion resistance across the joint. Removal of the heavy metal contamination changed the corrosion mode from pit-like to filament-like, which in turn homogenised the corrosion resistance across the joint in the continuous salt fog exposure.     

Interface Behavior and Lap Shear Properties of the 7075-T6 Al FSLW Joint Using a Tip-Threaded Pin

For the purpose of reducing the hook and increasing the effective sheet thickness of the friction stir lap welding joint, a tip-threaded pin was used to weld 3 mm-thick 7075-T6 aluminum alloy in this work. Material flow behavior, joint formation mechanism and lap shear properties of the lap joints were mainly discussed. Results showed that when using the tip-threaded pin, lap joint with nearly aequilate stir zone (SZ) along thickness and rather flat hooks were obtained. When using high rotating speeds, the width of the lower SZ exceeded that of the middle SZ. A void, which resulted from the material loss near the lap interface, was observed at the same time. With increasing the rotating speed, the lap shear failure load of the joint initially increased and then decreased, while the fracture mode changed from tensile fracture to shear fracture mode. The maximum failure load of 17661 N was attained for the joint without void at 850 rpm.     

Experimental and Numerical Simulations of Jointed Rock Block Strength under Uniaxial Loading

To simulate brittle rocks, a mixture of sand, plaster of paris, and water was used as a model material. Thin galvanized sheets were used to create joints in blocks made out of the model material. To investigate the failure modes and strength, 30 × 12.5 × 8.6 cm jointed model material blocks having different joint geometry configurations were subjected to uniaxial compressive loading. Results indicated three failure modes: (1) tensile failure through intact material; (2) combined shear and tensile failure or only shear failure on joints; and (3) mixed failure of the above two modes depending on the joint geometry. The fracture tensor component in a certain direction quantifies the directional effect of the joint geometry, including number of fracture sets, fracture density, and probability distributions for size and orientation of these fracture sets. Results obtained from the experiments were used to develop a strongly nonlinear relation between the fracture tensor component and the jointed block strength. The laboratory experiments conducted on jointed model material blocks were simulated numerically using the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). With careful selection of suitable material constitutive models for intact model material and model joints, and accurate estimation and calibration of mechanical parameters of the constitutive models through a combination of laboratory testing and numerical simulations of the intact model material and model joints separately, it was possible to obtain a good agreement between the laboratory experimental and distinct element numerical results.     

Growth of the cervical spine with special reference to its lordosis and mobility

STUDY DESIGN: The cervical spine of the healthy Japanese children aged between 1 year and 18 years was radiographically examined. OBJECTIVES: To examine the correlation between growth of the cervical vertebral body and the facet joint and the development of the cervical lordosis and intervertebral motion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although the growth of body height and facet angle have been well documented, their correlation with curvature or mobility has not been elucidated. METHODS: We evaluated plain lateral radiographs of 180 boys and 180 girls regarding diameters and central heights of the cervical vertebra, the anterior and posterior vertebral height ratio, body height index, the facet joint angles, and tilting and sliding motions. Cervical length as the summation of the central height from C3 to C7 and the cervical lordosis angle (C3-C7 angle) were also measured. RESULTS: The mean C3-C7 angle and body height index gradually decreased until 9 years of age and then increased. The C3-C7 angle showed a significant correlation with cervical length, body height index, and facet joint angles before 9 years of age, and with cervical length and body height index after 9 years of age but not with facet joint angles. Facet joint angle decreased until 10 years of age and remained almost unchanged thereafter. Total sliding showed a significant age-related decrease and showed a significant correlation with facet joint angle. CONCLUSION: Although the lordosis angle showed a significant correlation with the other values, cervical length, body height index, and facet joint angle, the determinants of the lordosis could not be elucidate in the present study. As for the mobility of the cervical spine, changes of tilting motion were small, whereas changes of sliding motion were restricted by the change of orientation of the facet joints.     

N型组合节理类岩体单轴压缩破坏试验

针对实际工程中平行与交叉裂隙组合呈N字形裂隙岩体的稳定性问题,以N型组合节理为研究对象,开展了N型节理类岩体试件超声波检测试验和单轴静载试验,结合断裂力学理论,分析其强度特征、破坏特征和超声波波速衰减规律。结果表明：（1）N型组合节理类岩体的裂纹类型依次有翼型裂纹和次生倾斜裂纹,其扩展路径最终均趋向于主应力方向,不同于单节理下的裂纹发展规律;（2）当主节理倾角一定时,主次节理夹角和节理条数对试件的物理性能有一定的影响。各组合节理试件的波速衰减率范围在0.9%～9.6%之间,且15°和90°夹角节理试件的波速衰减最快,而60°夹角节理试件的衰减最慢;（3）组合节理类岩体的本构关系、峰值强度和破坏特征均表现出非线性特征。峰值强度分布规律基本服从M型分布,不同于单节理下的U型分布,其中15°、30°、45°、75°和90°夹角试件,以及完整试件呈准脆性破坏,其他夹角试件呈脆性破坏。     

基于虚拟材料复模量非均匀分布的螺栓连接薄板结构半解析建模

基于非均匀分布的虚拟材料模拟螺栓连接薄板搭接部分的力学特性,其中虚拟材料的材料参数用复模量表示,可直接生成复刚度矩阵以表示搭接部分的刚度及阻尼特性,省却了常规建模中生成结合部阻尼矩阵的步骤,在保证模型精确性的基础上简化了建模流程,以此建立了螺栓连接薄板结构的半解析模型并对其进行了动力学分析。首先描述了建模理念,将虚拟材料分别假定了三种复模量非均匀分布形式模拟螺栓搭接部分的力学特性,提出用反推辨识技术确定虚拟材料储能模量与耗能模量的方法。接着,基于能量法并用正交多项式假定模态,推导了螺栓连接薄板的半解析分析模型,并创新性地给出了求解半解析模型任意锤击点与拾振点处频响函数的公式。最后,以一个具体的螺栓连接薄板结构为对象进行了实例研究,结果表明:用所创建的半解析模型计算出的各阶仿真固有频率与实验测得的各阶固有频率的误差均在5%以内,计算得到的各阶仿真模态振型以及频响函数曲线与实测值均较为接近,从而证明了利用复模量非均匀分布的虚拟材料模拟螺栓搭接部分可有效简化螺栓结合部建模,亦可达到较高的仿真计算精度。      

Flexural Reinforcement of Glulam Timber Beams and Joints with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Rods

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have largely been used in combination with masonry and concrete structural elements in the last decade. Recent applications showed that new advantages may also be achieved in the field of timber structures, even if currently steel fasteners are used mainly in connecting systems. This study investigated the possibility of using carbon FRP (CFRP) rods as glued-in reinforcement of glulam beams and as glued-in connectors for glulam timber head joints that should transfer flexural moment between two adjacent beams. Half-scale beams were tested both with and without the presence of FRP reinforcement. Flexural behavior of CFRP-reinforced beams was compared with unreinforced beams that were used as control specimens. Two different amounts of CFRP reinforcement were used in the beam section. Experimental results showed a significant influence of the CFRP rods, because the reinforced beams demonstrated an increase in ultimate capacity and stiffness. Experimental results were also compared with numerical analysis, which showed good accordance with regard to the load and deflection values. Full-size head joints were prepared and tested. Flexural behavior of the joints was compared with the mechanical properties of monopiece beams that were used as reference specimens. Three different force transfer lengths were used for the construction of CFRP-timber joints. Experimental results showed that the use of CFRP rods in timber joints was successful, because the capacity of the CFRP-jointed beams was almost the same as that of the monolithic beams for the longest bond length that was adopted. This result is important in order to find an adequate alternative to traditional joints made with steel bolts and plates, which are unable to create rigid connections, increase dramatically the weight of timber structures, and may be subjected to corrosion in an aggressive environment. A numerical modeling based on the virtual work principle was also conducted and theoretical results were found in good accordance with the experimental results for the tested joint.     

Mechanical and elemental characterization of solder joints and welds using a gold-palladium alloy

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine whether newer infrared or laser welding technologies created joints superior to traditional furnace or torch soldering methods of joining metals. It was designed to assess the mechanical resistance, the characteristics of the fractured surfaces, and the elemental diffusion of joints obtained by four different techniques: (1) preceramic soldering with a propane-oxygen torch, (2) postceramic soldering with a porcelain furnace, (3) preceramic and (4) postceramic soldering with an infrared heat source, and (5) laser welding. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mechanical resistance was determined by measuring the ultimate tensile strength of the joint and by determining their resistance to fatigue loading. Elemental diffusion to and from the joint was assessed with microprobe tracings. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the fractured surface were also obtained and evaluated. RESULTS: Under monotonic tensile stress, three groups emerged: The laser welds were the strongest, the preceramic joints ranged second, and the postceramic joints were the weakest. Under fatigue stress, the order was as follows: first, the preceramic joints, and second, a group that comprised both postceramic joints and the laser welds. Inspection of the fractographs revealed several fracture modes but no consistent pattern emerged. Microprobe analyses demonstrated minor diffusion processes in the preceramic joints, whereas significant diffusion was observed in the postceramic joints. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The mechanical resistance data conflicted as to the strength that could be expected of laser welded joints. On the basis of fatigue resistance of the joints, neither infrared solder joints nor laser welds were stronger than torch or furnace soldered joints.     

2219铝合金及变极性等离子接头的低温力学性能

通过拉伸试验．测定了2219-T87铝合金母材及其变极性等离子焊焊接接头不同温度下的力学性能。利用光学昆微镜与扫描电镜等手段,对母材和焊接接头的微观组织及断口形貌进行了观察和分析,研究了低温对母材和焊接接头性能的影响。试验结果表明,该铝合金具有低温增强增韧现象,适用于低温条件下工作;VPPAW接头强度塑性提高的同时低温延伸率变化不大。探讨了低温对母材及焊接接头性能的影响机理。     

Analysis of FRP-Strengthened RC Beam-Column Joints

Analytical models are presented in this study for the analysis of reinforced concrete joints strengthened with composite materials in the form of externally bonded reinforcement comprising unidirectional strips or flexible fabrics. The models provide equations for stresses and strains at various stages of the response (before or after yielding of the beam or column reinforcement) until the ultimate capacity is reached, defined by concrete crushing or fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) failure due to fracture or debonding. Solutions to these equations are obtained numerically. The models provide useful information on the shear capacity of FRP-strengthened joints in terms of the quantity and configuration of the externally bonded reinforcement and may be used to design FRP patching for inadequately detailed beam-column joints. A number of case studies are examined in this article, indicating that even low quantities of FRP materials may provide significant enhancement of the shear capacity. The effectiveness of external reinforcement increases considerably if debonding is suppressed and depends heavily on the distribution of layers in the beam and column. The latter depends on the relative quantities of steel reinforcement crossing the joint panel and the level of axial load in the column. Analytical shear strength predictions were in good agreement with test results found in the literature, thus adding confidence to the validity of the proposed models.     

Characteristics of adhesive joints of metals using inorganic particulate composite adhesives

The characteristics of adhesive joints of similar sheets of aluminium and steel containing epoxy based particulate composite adhesives have been studied. The composite adhesives having particulate fillers as aluminium and alumina powders of varying amount (5–15wt.%) and size (75–84 to 0.8–1.2 mm) are applied to mechanically and chemically treated aluminium and mechanically treated steel substrates. The joints of the composite adhesive are characterized by their tensile lap shear strength as a function of the bond-line thickness as well as the amount, size and type of particle. For a given substrate the characteristics of the composite adhesive joint have been compared to those of the conventional adhesive joints. The bond-line thickness of the adhesive with respect to the amount and size of the aluminium and alumina particles has been optimised for maximum tensile shear strength of the adhesive joint of differently treated substrates.     

干/湿状态下HFRP搭接接头的剪切蠕变试验及分数阶导数流变模型

搭接是纤维增强复合材料(FRP)的重要连接方式,长期性能是该技术实际工程应用的关键.对不同恒定应力和湿度状态下混杂FRP (HFRP)双搭接接头的剪切蠕变性能进行了试验研究.试验观测到了明显的蠕变变形,测定了蠕变与恒定应力及湿度的关系.进一步采用分数阶导数流变模型对试件的蠕变进行模拟.根据模型所包含的Mittag-Leffler函数的性质采用了改进的Powell优化算法,并确定了合理的初值,结合试验曲线拟合得到模型各参数值.根据搭接接头蠕变的特点,在经典分数阶流变模型中引入了表征应力水平对搭接接头非线性蠕变特性影响的函数,提出了一种改进的分数阶蠕变柔量计算公式.研究结果表明,该流变模型能够采用简单的表达形式和较少的参数对试件的非线性蠕变行为进行拟合,在30%~70%恒定应力范围内准确模拟了双剪搭接接头的蠕变曲线.      

Gait analysis of the hemophilic ankle with silicone heel cushion

Shock absorption becomes very important in damaged joints with destroyed cartilage and progressive muscular imbalance as occurs in hemarthropathy. The effects of silicone heel cushioning on the ankle motion of hemophilic patients in different stages of hemarthropathy of the ankle joints was measured using an ultrasound motion analysis system. It is concluded that silicone heel cushioning has no influence on ankles in the late stage of hemarthropathy. Silicone heel cushioning will lead to uncontrolled changes of the ankle joint in the early hemarthropathic ankle, involving the tibiotalar and the subtalar joints. The angular velocity of the ankle is increased producing higher acceleration at the ankle joint. The higher angle acceleration is related to higher joint loading uncontrolled by the muscles. The resulting uncoordinated motion can cause ligamentous overloading, strains, and a higher probability of joint bleeding. Therefore, silicone heel cushioning or other shock absorbing devices that return the energy immediately to the foot are not useful for prevention and treatment of chronic hemophilic synovitis and may cause additional deterioration of the joint.