Vorticity and the theory of aerodynamic sound

Lighthill strongly advocated the use of vortex methods in most areas of fluid mechanics with the notable exception of the theory of aerodynamic sound. But it is straightforward to transform his famous `acoustic analogy' to make vorticity rather than Reynolds stress the ultimate `source' of sound in homentropic flows. `Vortex sound' theory becomes especially useful in applications involving acoustically compact flow-structure interactions, where it actually emerges as an extension of Kelvin's theory of `vortex impulse', a notion that Lighthill regarded as important enough to be given special treatment in undergraduate lectures on fluid mechanics. The `impulse source' can be recast in a form more suited for numerical or analytical evaluation, and is closely related to the `compact Green's function'. Convergence difficulties encountered in the casual application of the acoustic analogy to non-compact flow-structure interactions are resolved in a natural manner by the methods of vortex sound theory. New illustrations of these methods are given in this paper by consideration of the unsteady development of lift by a starting airfoil, of the production of sound by a `vortex whistle', and of the infrasound generated when a high-speed train enters the tunnel.     

隔声墙在电厂干煤棚的应用

利用隔声技术可以治理噪声,文中阐述提高隔声墙隔声能力的措施。针对位于城区的电厂干煤棚的噪声严重影响了周围居民的生活,灵活应用提高隔声墙隔声能力的措施,采用具有吸声能力的多层复合结构隔声墙对干煤棚的噪声进行治理,得到了很好的效果。文中用实际的工程例子探讨隔声技术的实际应用问题,可为相关隔声工程提供参考。     

五星级酒店客房分户墙的常用做法和隔声特性

五星级酒店客房对私密性要求非常高,客房之间分户墙的隔声效果是业主和客户最关心的问题。根据五星级酒店国家规范和多家管理公司的隔声要求,通过软件模拟计算和部分墙体实测,系统地对比分析了多种类型墙体在不同结构参数条件下的隔声特性,总结得出不同墙体类型下满足隔声量要求的客房分户墙的几种做法,供酒店业主、管理公司和声学顾问参考。     

绿色建筑双叶结构轻质墙体隔声性能的试验研究

营造健康舒适的室内环境,对室内声舒适性有明确的要求。空气传声途径的隔声是反映建筑物声学质量最重要的物理量,控制建筑室内噪声水平已经成为室内环境设计的重要工作。本文研究了轻质墙体的隔声性能,重点分析了墙体中龙骨的类型、龙骨间距、空腔填充材料类型、填充材料厚度、面板层数和质量等对轻质结构墙体隔声性能的影响。测试结果表明,扩大独立面板尺寸,增大龙骨间距,墙体空腔填充岩棉或玻璃棉,增大面板层数或提高面板质量,避免结构性连接,对于优化改善双叶结构轻质墙体的隔声性能有积极效果。     

错缝结构对隔墙传声损失的影响研究

缝隙的存在一直制约着传统隔墙结构隔声性能的提高。以错缝双层石膏板结构为研究对象,分别研究了错缝深度和错缝距离对隔墙传声损失的影响。结果表明,错缝结构比直缝结构具有更好的隔声性能;缝隙深度的影响主要取决于隔墙面密度和声波传播路径的变化;而当错缝距离与隔墙厚度接近时,其隔声量最高,这是由于声能在墙体和错缝缝隙中的透射程度相当,从而弥补了缝隙在隔墙结构中的透声"短板"。     

高速公路高架段桥下反射声识别及改善措施

台湾因为中山高速公路承载量逐年不足,拟通过兴建汐五高架来解决交通拥堵问题。该工程虽然有效地解决了交通拥堵问题,但高架桥的桥腹反而变成了平面路段交通噪声的反射面,使当地原有噪声问题更加严重。文章通过声源识别技术取得现场不同声源的贡献量,其中以反射声为环境噪声的主要增量来源。基于前述声源识别结果,针对桥底反射声设计了不同几何形状的桥底吸声装置(W型以及倒N型吸声装置),两种桥底吸声装置的声学检测结果显示,W型以及倒N型吸声装置的斜入射吸声性能较平面型吸声板好。另外依据实测成果可知,进行大型工程的噪声改善前,通过声源识别技术区分出主要和次要噪声源,并针对噪声源提出最佳的改善方案,可大幅提升改善工程的效益。     

半无限域中结构体辐射声场计算

本文从无限域Ｈｅｌｍｈｏｌｔｚ积分方程入手，用边界元法（ＢＥＭ）计算任意形状结构体辐射声场，对用ＢＥＭ计算声场出现的奇异积分，特征频率，边角点处向不连续，高频段计算误差较大等问题进行了有效，简便的处理，并用理论算例验证了这些方法有较精度。     

Modelling the effect of non-uniform radon progeny activities on transformation frequencies in human bronchial airways

The effects of radiological and morphological source heterogeneities in straight and Y-shaped bronchial airways on hit frequencies and microdosimetric quantities in epithelial cells have been investigated previously. The goal of the present study is to relate these physical quantities to transformation frequencies in sensitive target cells and to radon-induced lung cancer risk. Based on an effect-specific track length model, computed linear energy transfer (LET) spectra were converted to corresponding transformation frequencies for different activity distributions and source-target configurations. Average transformation probabilities were considerably enhanced for radon progeny accumulations and target cells at the carinal ridge, relative to uniform activity distributions and target cells located along the curved and straight airway portions at the same exposure level. Although uncorrelated transformation probabilities produce a linear dose-effect relationship, correlated transformations first increase depending on the LET, but then decrease significantly when exceeding a defined number of hits or cumulative exposure level.     

椭球面镜声波反射聚焦数值模拟研究

据Hamilton线性理论解,给出沿椭球面镜轴线的电弧放电等离子声源(AD-PSS)反射波计算结果,分析由镜面引起的相位变化对中心波、边缘波及尾波传播影响。在聚焦前区中心波压力为正,边缘波、尾波压力为负;聚焦后区则相反。在线性条件下,反射波压力峰值出现于椭球面镜几何焦点,越过焦点后反射波压力幅值迅速衰减。利用有限元软件COMSOL对椭球面镜声反射过程进行数值模拟,揭示反射波传播演化过程及声场分布规律。据KZK方程及等效声源法,分析非线性效应对声传播过程影响。研究表明,非线性效应将使椭球面镜实际焦点位置偏离几何焦点,即正压实际焦点出现在几何焦点后,负压实际焦点出现在几何焦点前;随非线性系数增加正压实际焦点后移,负压实际焦点前移。     

虚拟声屏障代价函数的比较

研究虚拟声屏障（Virtual Sound Barrier,VSB）系统在采用不同代价函数时的性能表现。在三维声场分别以声势能密度和、声动能密度和、声能量密度和为代价函数进行数值模拟。结果表明,以声势能密度和为代价函数,降噪效果好,但声压降低量不均匀;以声动能密度和为代价函数,声压降低量最为均匀,但降噪效果不好;以声能量密度和为代价函数,降噪效果最好,声压降低量均匀程度在上述两者之间,是一个比较好的折衷。此外,将声动能密度和与声势能密度和按权重相加构成代价函数Je（w）,针对不同的控制目标,可调整声动能密度和与声势能密度和的权重,得到适合控制目标的最优选择。     

气流声源及其信号传播研究

本文根据空气的各向同性特性 ,通过数学推导 ,得到了气流声源信号的传播速度公式。     

埋地管道漏损检测的声传播特性研究

地下管道漏损的准确定位问题一直是困扰世界范围内供水系统和市政建设的难题。管道漏损不仅会浪费大量的资源,而且还会造成严重的事故以及环境污染。针对埋地管道这样一个典型的土-管-液三相耦合问题,将管道周围土壤做弹性体考虑,对弹性介质中充液管道的声传播特性进行了解析研究。推导了低频域周向波数n=0的轴对称管道振动耦合方程,通过数值方法分别得到了流体波(s=1)和壳体压缩波(s=2)的复波数解。结果显示,管外土介质会使管道流体波波数减少(也即加快波的传播速度),而对壳体压缩波的传播影响较小。由于管-土作用产生的能量辐射,在整个研究频段s=1波和s=2波都有较大的衰减。研究结果可为埋地管道漏损的精确检测提供理论支持。     

一种新的消声室声压级的计算方法

根据国标JJF 1147-2006计算反平方律声压级时出现了不符合常识的现象,提出一种新的计算消声室内声压级的方法,将声压级随着距离的衰减量与声压级在空气中的衰减量分开计算,并且使用声压级偏差的平方和最小为判据计算反平方律声压级.此方法能很好地改变上述现象,而且在低中高频具有普遍性.     

用边界元法计算声辐射时高次奇异积分的处理方法

边界元法应用于计算辐射声场时，由于奇积分的存在，会影响以计算结果的精度，本文描述了处理带有１／ｒ奇异积分和１／ｒ＾２二次奇异积分处理方法，包括数学证明和数值积分方法，计算结果表明这种方法能提高精度。     

高声强次声产生装置声场特性实验研究

气流调制技术产生次声具有发声强度高、声波频率可控的特点。对基于气流调制的封闭空间高声强次声产生装置开展了实验研究。研究了双舱声信号的异同、测试舱的频响特性和谐波情况,还研究了舱外次声及其谐波的传播衰减情况。实验结果表明：测试舱内次声波的基频强度比其2次谐波的强度要大40dB以上,失真较小。排气管在舱外产生的次声在传播过程中衰减很快,波形的非线性失真严重,大多数能量向其谐波转移,8Hz频率成分的2次谐波强度比其基频大20dB以上。     

Modelling the layer-specific three-dimensional residual stresses in arteries,with an application to the human aorta

This paper provides the first analysis of the three-dimensional state of residual stress and stretch in an artery wall consisting of three layers (intima, media and adventitia), modelled as a circular cylindrical tube. The analysis is based on experimental results on human aortas with non-atherosclerotic intimal thickening documented in a recent paper by Holzapfel et al. ( Holzapfel et al. 2007 Ann. Biomed. Eng. 35, 530–545 (doi:10.1007/s10439-006-9252-z)). The intima is included in the analysis because it has significant thickness and load-bearing capacity, unlike in a young, healthy human aorta. The mathematical model takes account of bending and stretching in both the circumferential and axial directions in each layer of the wall. Previous analysis of residual stress was essentially based on a simple application of the opening-angle method, which cannot accommodate the three-dimensional residual stretch and stress states observed in experiments. The geometry and nonlinear kinematics of the intima, media and adventitia are derived and the associated stress components determined explicitly using the nonlinear theory of elasticity. The theoretical results are then combined with the mean numerical values of the geometrical parameters and material constants from the experiments to illustrate the three-dimensional distributions of the stretches and stresses throughout the wall. The results highlight the compressive nature of the circumferential stress in the intima, which may be associated with buckling of the intima and its delamination from the media, and show that the qualitative features of the stretch and stress distributions in the media and adventitia are unaffected by the presence or absence of the intima. The circumferential residual stress in the intima increases significantly as the associated residual deformation in the intima increases while the corresponding stress in the media (which is compressive at its inner boundary and tensile at its outer boundary) is only slightly affected. The theoretical framework developed herein enables the state of residual stress to be calculated directly, serves to improve insight into the mechanical response of an unloaded artery wall and can be extended to accommodate more general geometries, kinematics and states of residual stress as well as more general constitutive models.     

光弹法研究固体圆柱横截面上的脉冲声场

为了研究超声脉冲波在钢、铁、铝等金属棒内的传播规律。检验已有的声学理论,采用和金属声速接近的光学玻璃为样品,当超声垂直于样品侧壁入射时,利用研制的动态光弹成像系统研究了玻璃园棒内超声脉冲纵波、横波、瑞利波声场的传播特性。自动记录了0—99．9μs时间内各种超声波声场在玻璃园棒横截面上的传播图像（时间间隔0．1μs）,由此来模拟超声脉冲波在金属棒横截面中的传播行为。     

双层介质声传播问题的标准解及有限元解

文章通过双层介质中的声传播问题,研究了有限元方法在水下声场计算中的应用。基于传统的Galerkin方法推导出水下声场的有限元方程,采用四节点四边形单元离散求解物理域,可选择辐射边界条件、DtN (Dirichletto Neumann)非局部算子、完美匹配层来处理出射声场,得到有限元解。为了验证该有限元模型,需要高精度的参考解。水平不变均匀介质中的声传播问题存在解析解,但双层介质问题不存在解析解。因此,对于双层介质声传播问题,使用波数积分法推导出标准解。分别考虑了有限深度和无限深度双层介质两种情况,并进行了数值模拟。数值结果表明,文章所提的有限元模型与参考解非常吻合。此外,还发现当某号简正波的本征值非常接近割线时,简正波模型KRAKEN难以准确计算该号简正波的本征值,从而声场计算结果存在明显误差;但是有限元方法不需要计算本征值,所以当KRAKEN模型出现此类问题时,有限元方法仍能给出准确的声场计算结果,表明有限元方法在普适性方面优于简正波方法。     

波数空间中活塞辐射体近场声压分布的计算及测试

在近场范围内,声源在任何平面上的声场都可以通过平面传播波和倏逝波的叠加来得到。以圆形活塞为例,在波数空间中利用角谱法求得其辐射声场的传播波和倏逝波的分布。借助数值分析方法,对圆形活塞声源声轴线上的声压进行计算,得到相应的近场声压分布曲线。由角谱法计算得到的近远场分界点与点源组合法所得结果一致。对不同声源半径时,不同辐射频率下的声压分布曲线进行比较,得出了近场声压的变化规律。阶梯圆盘在辐射理论上应等于对应圆形活塞的辐射。对设计的阶梯圆盘的轴向声压进行了测试,实验测试结果与理论计算结果基本吻合。     

Speed of sound in liquid R134a

The speed of sound for liquid R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) has been measured along isotherms at temperatures from close to the triplee point to above the critical temperature (180–380 K) at pressures from near saturation to 70 MPa. The measurements were made by using a pulse-echo-overlap technique at 3 MHz. A rational approximant fits the data with a standard deviation of 0.45 m s⁻¹. Because the speed of sound depends on the molar volume and the adiabatic compressibility, these data may be used with density and heat capacity data to construct accurate thermodynamic property tables.