调味香料葛缕子精油的微波辅助提取及其抗氧化性研究

利用微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取了葛缕子精油(CEO),其最佳条件是:破碎功率800W,破碎时间4min,料液比1∶50。最大出油率为4.2%。利用磷钼络合物法测定了精油的总抗氧化活性,邻苯三酚自氧化法测定其清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力,水杨酸法测定其羟基自由基清除能力,并与食用抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯(PG)进行了比较。实验结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,葛缕子精油清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力强于PG;被测样品的羟基自由基清除率略低于PG。     

续随子油脂肪酸组成分析

通过索氏抽提法测定续随子含油量,同时用气相色谱-FID法分析鉴定其油中各种脂肪酸组成及相对含量。结果表明,3个不同产区续随子含油量存在差异,分别为45.13%(安徽)、45.75%(河南)和43.66%(福建);主要脂肪酸为油酸,达83%以上。续随子油脂肪酸组成与理想柴油替代品的分子组成相类似,是我国发展生物柴油的理想原料。     

Essential oils and fatty acids composition of Tunisian and Indian cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds: a comparative study

BACKGROUND: Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds of two geographic origins, Tunisia (TCS) and India (ICS), were studied regarding their fatty acid and essential oil composition. RESULTS: Oil yields were 17.77 and 15.40% for TCS and ICS respectively. Petroselinic acid (C18:1n‐12) was the major fatty acid in both varieties, with a higher proportion being found in TCS (55.90% of total fatty acids (TFA)) than in ICS (41.42% TFA). Moreover, the most predominant fatty acids were palmitic, petroselenic and linoleic acids, accounting for more than 91% TFA in both varieties. The unsaturated fatty acid content was high: 70.95% TFA in TCS and 62.17% TFA in ICS. Essential oil yields differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the two varieties: 1.21 and 1.62% for ICS and TCS respectively. A total of 40 compounds were identified, 34 of which were present in both essential oils. The two varieties displayed different chemotypes: γ‐terpinene/1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol for TCS and cuminaldheyde/γ‐terpinene for ICS. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the biochemical composition of cumin seeds is origin‐dependent and that cumin seeds are rich in an unusual fatty acid, petroselinic acid. Besides, cumin essential oil is a rich source of many compounds, including cuminaldehyde and γ‐terpinene. The overall results suggest the exploitation of cumin seeds as a low‐cost renewable source for industrial processing in the fields of cosmetics, perfumes and pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemistry and antioxidant activity of essential oil and oleoresins of black caraway (Carum bulbocastanum) fruits: Part 69

BACKGROUND: The present study describes the chemical analysis of the essential oil and oleoresins from caraway, which have been studied by using GC–MS. The paper also explains the importance of the extracted oil and oleoresins in the antioxidant activities of target plant species. RESULTS: GC–MS analysis of caraway essential oil showed 51 compounds representing about 96.6% of the total weight. The major components were dillapiole (44.6%), germacrene‐β (14.1%), nothoapiole (8.3%), and β‐selinene (6.8%), along with many other components in minor amounts. Major components in ethyl acetate and iso‐octane oleoresins are dillapiole, nothoapiole and germacrene‐β, whereas in ethanol oleoresin contains dillapiole (25%), sitosterol (21.3%) stigmasterol (9.5%) and nothoapiole (8.1%). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by various antioxidant assays such as peroxide, thiobarbituric acid and p‐anisidine values. These experiments were further supported by other complementary antioxidant assays such as ferric thiocyanate method in linoleic acid system, reducing power, and scavenging effects on 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Both the caraway volatile oil and its oleoresins showed strong antioxidant activity in comparison with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). CONCLUSION: This study provides additional information about the chemistry and antioxidant activity of caraway. Hence, caraway may be used as natural food preservatives. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

苹果籽油中脂肪酸及植物甾醇成分分析

采用冷榨法制取苹果籽油,并对制取的苹果籽油进行脂肪酸和植物甾醇成分分析.结果表明:苹果籽油中的主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(48.38％),油酸(38.32％),棕榈酸(7.15％)和硬脂酸1.83％;植物甾醇为β-谷甾醇,豆甾醇和菜油甾醇.苹果籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达86.92％,植物甾醇含量达384.7 mg/100 g,是一种具有开发价值的特种油脂.     

新疆野蔷薇种子油的脂肪酸组成分析

采用超声辅助提取法提取野蔷薇种子油,以气相色谱-质谱联用技术对油脂进行脂肪酸组成分析.结果表明:野蔷薇种子油中的主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸占总量的92.41%;主要成分棕榈酸占5.88%,油酸占12.39%,亚油酸占56.52%,亚麻酸占23.50% .     

Salt effects on Origanum majorana fatty acid and essential oil composition

BACKGROUND: The effects of salt on the essential oil yield and fatty acid composition of aerial parts of two marjoram varieties were investigated. Plants with 6 leaves were treated with NaCl (75mM). RESULTS: Salt treatment led to a reduction in aerial part growth. Salinity increased the fatty acid content more significantly in Tunisian variety (TV) than in Canadian variety (CV). CV showed an increase in double‐bond index (DBI) and a decrease in malondialdehyde content under salt stress, while the opposite was observed in TV. The DBI was mainly affected by a strong reduction in oleic and linoleic acids in TV, whereas a strong stimulation of linoleic acid in CV was observed. Salt decreased and increased the essential oil yield in TV and CV respectively. The main constituents of the essential oil of TV were trans‐hydrate sabinene and terpinen‐4‐ol, which showed a significant decrease under salt stress. In contrast, the main constituents of the essential oil of CV were sabinene and trans‐hydrate sabinene, which showed a significant decrease and increase respectively under salt stress. CONCLUSION: Marjoram oil is a rich source of many compounds such as essential oils and fatty acids, but the distribution of these compounds differed significantly between the two varieties studied. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

麻疯树籽油理化特性和脂肪酸组成分析

对产于我国西南部金沙江沿岸的麻疯树籽油的理化特性及主要脂肪酸组成进行了分析研究.结果表明,麻疯树籽含油量高,且富含油酸和亚油酸(70%以上);油脂碘值低,属于半干性油,特别适合做工业用油,具有较好的开发利用前景.     

橄榄核仁油的理化特性及脂肪酸组成

为开发和利用橄榄核仁资源,对橄榄核仁油的理化特性和脂肪酸组成进行研究。结果表明,橄榄核仁油主要含不饱和脂肪酸,其中亚油酸含量50.04%、油酸含量20.75%,还含有奇数碳脂肪酸十七烷酸,是一种值得开发利用的营养保健油源。     

假酸浆籽油的理化指标及其脂肪酸组成分析

按国家标准分析测定了假酸浆籽油的理化指标,采用GC法分析了假酸浆籽油的脂肪酸组成。假酸浆籽油含亚油酸73.66%、油酸12.06%、α-亚麻酸2.01%、硬脂酸9.05%、棕榈酸3.15%。假酸浆籽是富含亚油酸的一种新油源。     

Modification of Fatty Acid,Essential Oil and Phenolic Contents of Salt‐Treated Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) According to Developmental Stage

Abstract: Variation in the composition of Origanum majorana L. essential oil (EO) and fatty acids were studied under salt treatment. Plant material has been harvested at 2 phenological stages: early vegetative stage (EVS) and late vegetative stage (LVS) or prefloral. Our results showed that the application of 75 mM NaCl increased total lipid contents in marjoram shoots and caused great qualitative changes in the fatty acids profiles. NaCl treatment reduced and stimulated the EO yields, respectively, at EVS and LVS and induced quantitative changes in the chemical EO composition in shoots. Phenolic contents were higher during the LVS than EVS in the absence and the presence of salt. Under control conditions, RP‐HPLC analysis of the methanolic extract of marjoram dried shoots showed a predominance of flavonoid during the EVS whereas phenolic acids predominated during the LVS. However, under 75 mM NaCl, we noted a predominance of flavonoid at LVS and constant levels of phenolic and flavonoid classes at the EVS. For control treatment and at both EVS and LVS, the main components identified were respectively rosmarinic acid gallic as phenolic acids and amentoflavone as flavonoid. In the presence of salt and at the EVS, we observed a significant increase in trans‐2 hydrocinnamic, gallic acid and quercetin‐3‐galactoside contents. However, for the LVS, salt induced a stimulation of gallic acid, apigenin, and amentoflavone. Our results showed that LVS had the highest contents of bioactive compounds, and could be considered as the best stage for harvesting marjoram plants. Practical Application: In this study, the fatty acid composition, essential oil, and phenolic content of Origanum majorana were investigated. This is important for potential application of marjoram as functional food at the late vegetative stage. The richness of O. majorana in volatile and phenolic active compounds known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activities could support the utilization of this plant in a large field of application including cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agro alimentary, and biological defense.     

无患子籽油脂肪酸成分分析

为了开发利用无患子资源,对无患子籽油的主要理化特性及脂肪酸组成进行了研究.结果表明:无患子种仁含油量为42.7%,无患子籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量高达86.63%,其中油酸含量为55.68%;无患子籽油的酸值(KOH)为4.33 mg/g,碘值(I)为102.22 g/100 g,是很有开发前景的生物柴油的原料.     

莴苣籽油理化性质及脂肪酸组成研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC/MS)对莴苣籽油中脂肪酸组成及相对含量进行了分析研究,同时按照国家标准对莴苣籽油的酸值、皂化值、碘值、折光率以及相对密度进行了测定。结果表明:莴苣籽油由亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸等10种脂肪酸组成,不饱和脂肪酸达75%以上,其中亚油酸53.18%,油酸17.22%,棕榈酸11.58%。研究结果为莴苣籽在食品及药品领域的开发提供了一定理论依据。     

草莓籽油脂肪酸组分分析

采用气相色谱法分析了草莓籽油的脂肪酸组成,并对其理化特性进行了研究。分析结果表明,草莓籽油主要由不饱和脂肪酸组成(94.52%),其中油酸13.29%,亚油酸39.92%,亚麻酸39.50%。亚油酸与亚麻酸的含量非常接近。     

海红豆油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对海红豆油脂肪酸组成进行分析和鉴定,并对海红豆油的理化性质进行分析研究.结果表明:从海红豆油中共分离出24个峰,鉴识出其中16种脂肪酸,主要为亚油酸(40.61％)、油酸(23.36％)、山嵛酸(11.50％)和花生酸(5.68％),其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量为67.38％;海红豆油得率为17.4％;海红豆油的酸值(KOH)、碘值(Ⅰ)、皂化值(KOH)、过氧化值分别为1.31 mg/g、157.4 g/100 g、161.1 mg/g、0.78 mmol/kg.海红豆油具有较高的应用潜力和开发价值.     

Fatty acid composition of mexican pine nut (Pinus cembroides) oil from three seed coat phenotypes

Fatty acids from oils extracted from three seed coat phenotypes of Mexican stone pines (Pinus cembroides Zuc) growing in the central region of Veracruz State, Mexico, consisted of lauric (0-4.8%), myristic (3.4-9.1%), palmitic (6.4-7.8%), stearic (3.1-5.5%), oleic (36.7-47.2%) and linoleic (32.9-44.5%) acids. The differences between the phenotypes studied were statistically significant in their levels of myristic, oleic and linoleic acids.     

香薷籽油脂肪酸组成分析

为开发利用香薷籽资源 ,对香薷籽油物理化学性质和脂肪酸组成进行了分析测定。结果表明 ,香薷籽含油率为 4 2 .38% ,香薷籽油脂肪酸组成中α -亚麻酸的含量为 5 8.0 6 % ,亚油酸为 2 0 .70 % ,油酸为 11.70 % ,棕榈酸为 6 .93% ,硬脂酸为 2 .6 0 %。香薷籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量高达 90 .4 6 % ,是不饱和脂肪酸含量极高的植物油之一。     

Fatty acid composition and biological activities of volatiles from fruits of two Tunisian olive cultivars

This study investigates volatile compounds, fatty acid composition and antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of fruits from two olive cultivars (Chemlali and Neb Jmel). Fatty acid profiles varied significantly between cultivars (cvs) where Neb Jmel seem to have higher contents of palmitic and oleic acids (16.4% and 66.4%, respectively) and lower of linoleic acid (9.4%). The volatile profile indicated the apparent difference between cvs. In fact, the main components detected in Chemlali cv. were (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal (23.0%), (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienal (14.9%) and nonanal (6.7%), while 3‐ethenylpyridine (15.5%), (E)‐2‐decenal (14.4%) and (E)‐2‐undecenal (7.0%) were the major components in Neb Jmel cv. Furthermore, these volatiles were subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activities where volatiles from Neb Jmel fruits were found to be better. Results presented here may suggest that the volatiles fraction of two cultivars possess antimicrobial and antifungal activities.     

Essential oil,fatty acid and sterol composition of Tunisian coriander fruit different parts

BACKGROUND: Seed and pericarp of coriander fruit were compared in terms of essential oil, fatty acids and sterols. RESULTS: Essential oil yield of coriander samples ranged from 0.30 to 0.68% (w/w) in fruit and seed, respectively. However, in pericarp, the essential oil yield was only of 0.04% (w/w). Linalool was the major compound in the whole fruit, seed and pericarp, with 86.1%, 91.1% and 24.6% of the oils, respectively. Fatty acid composition of pericarp and seed lipids were investigated by gas chromatography. Petroselinic acid was the main compound of fruit and seed, followed by linoleic and oleic acids. Palmitic and linoleic acids were estimated in higher amounts in pericarp lipids. Total sterol contents were 36.93 g kg^?1 oil in seed, 6.29 g kg^?1 oil in fruit and 4.30 g kg^?1 oil in pericarp. Fruit and pericarp oils were characterized by a high proportion of β‐sitosterol, with 36.7% and 49.4% of total sterols, respectively. However, stigmasterol (29.5%) was found to be the sterol marker in seed oils. CONCLUSION: Coriander oil is a rich source of many compounds such as essential oils, fatty acids and sterols. This compound distribution presented significant differences between whole fruit, seed and pericarp. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry