铅锡合金的真空蒸馏深度脱铅(英文)

采用分子相互作用体积模型计算在777℃时不同Pb含量铅锡合金的活度系数,结果与实验值符合较好。对800～1300℃全成分范围内铅锡合金的活度系数进行预测,为铅锡金真空蒸馏分离提供必要的热力学参数。对两种不同铅含量的铅锡合金进行小型和工业实验,将锡中的铅含量降至0.01%以下。设计全成分范围的铅锡合金真空蒸馏处理流程,对铅含量10%～90%的铅锡合金经真空蒸馏处理后可得到纯度为99.5%的粗铅和铅含量在0.01%以下的精锡。     

Hydrochloric acid recovery from rare earth chloride solutions by vacuum membrane distillation

The possibility of the recovery of hydrochloric acid from rare earth （RE） chloride solutions was first experimentally studied by batch vacuum membrane distillation （VMD）. The recovery by continuous VMD was also studied to devise methods that enabled the operation of VMD setup in a stable condition as well as to increase the membrane-operating life The results indicated that HCl separation with RE by VMD was possible, and the recovery ratio of 80% could be achieved by batch VMD. In continuous VMD, when the temperature of circular solutions, circular rate, and downstream pressure was 62-63℃, 5.4 cm/s, and 9.33 kPa, respectively, the HCl concentration in circular solutions and the processing capacity per membrane area were obtained. The mathematical results were in accordance with the experimental ones.     

Vacuum distillation refining of crude lithium （ Ⅱ）——Kinetics on vacuum distillation of crude lithium

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Preparation of high-purity bismuth by sulphur deleadization in vacuum distillation

The feasibility of separation of impurities in refined bismuth and sulphur deleadization with vacuum distillation was studied theoretically. Experimental studies on sulphur deleadization were carried out under vacuum. The influences of amount of sulphur, distillation temperature, vacuum degree and distillation time on deleadization were investigated and an optimal technical condition was achieved. The content of lead in refined bismuth can be decreased from 30μg/g to 0.21 μg/g, which has reached the level of“5N” high-purity bismuth. Other impurities in refined bismuth can be also removed effectively under certain conditions.     

Thermodynamics of removing impurities from crude lead by vacuum distillation refining

A novel technique was developed to remove impurities from crude lead by vacuum distillation. The thermodynamics on vacuum distillation refining process of crude lead was studied by means of saturated vapor pressure of main components of crude lead, separation coefficients and vapor-liquid equilibrium composition of Pb-i (i stands for an impurity) system at different temperatures. The behaviors of impurities in the vacuum distillation refining process were investigated. The results show that the vacuum distillation should be taken to obtain lead from crude lead, in which Zn, As and partial Sb are volatilized at lower temperature of 923-1023 K. Lead is distilled from the residue containing Cu, Sn, Ag and Bi at higher temperature of 1323-1423 K, but the impurity Bi is also volatilized along with lead and cannot be separated from lead.     

真空蒸馏Zn-Ni二元合金气−液相平衡研究

在系统压力5～10 Pa、蒸馏温度1173～1423 K条件下,开展Zn-Ni二元合金真空蒸馏实验研究.结果表明:液相中Ni含量(质量分数)由18.21％增至96.05％时,气相中的Zn含量由0增至99.9966％,并且通过实验获得真空蒸馏中Zn-Ni二元合金的气?液平衡(Vapor-liquid equilibriu...     

分子相互作用体积模型在真空蒸馏分离铅-锡-锑三元合金中的应用

基于分子相互作用体积模型(MIVM),计算Pb?Sn?Sb三元合金体系的活度,并使用活度系数计算真空蒸馏过程中Pb?Sn?Sb三元合金体系的气液相平衡。结果表明：随着蒸馏温度和液相中锡含量的增加,气相中锡含量也不断增加;然而,在1100°C液相中锡含量为97%(质量分数)时,气相中锡含量仅为0.45%,分离效果较好。在真空(10 Pa)条件下,在1100~1300°C蒸馏温度范围内进行真空蒸馏分离Pb?Sn?Sb三元合金实验。结果表明：在1100°C时,当液相中锡含量为97%时,气相中锡含量为0.54%。最后对比分析了实验结果和预测值,分析表明实验结果和预测值吻合较好。     

原铝中Fe、Si杂质分配系数的计算与测定

通过平衡分配系统的计算,得到原铝中杂质Fe、Si的平衡分配系数（Ko）,通过实验测定了杂质Fe、Si的有效分配系数Ke,实验考察了铝液净化效果。结果表明,铝中的Si和Fe可采用偏析法分离净化,Fe比Si的净化效果更好,这是由于Fe的Ko和Ke比Si的小的原因。     

TIG焊对低合金钢焊缝金属元素分布状态的影响

采用TIG焊,选取两种成分相近的焊丝,制备了两组低合金钢焊接接头.通过焊材的EDS成分分析、焊缝金属XRF元素分析以及元素分布状态图等手段,研究了焊材及母材的合金元素在焊缝金属中的存在状态和分布特征.结果表明,锰在ER307Si焊缝中较高,镍、铬在ER308LSi焊缝中较高,硅在两组焊缝金属中相差不大;铬、镍、锰、硅在ER307Si焊缝中的起弧处含量较高,在ER308LSi焊缝中的中间处含量较高;起弧处元素分布较均匀,熔合线附近分布较稀疏;焊缝中间位置Ni元素分布较疏,含量较低;收弧处各元素分布不均.     

Separation of oxide inclusions from liquid metal in an applied electrostatic field

It is known that oxide inclusions in liquid metal carry mostly positive charges on their surfaces. In an electrostatic field, therefore, such charged particles suspended in a liquid metal experience forces and accumulate in the region of the negatively charged surface, resulting in the separation of oxide inclusions from the liquid metal. In this study, this principle was experimentally demonstrated for the case of a capacitor cell by the imposition of a d.c. potential on electrodes. The capacitor cell consisted of a dielectric container of Pyrex tube, a high voltage d.c. source, and two electrodes, which were symmetrically attached onto the outer surface of the Pyrex. tube. Experiments were carried out for suspensions of liquid tin/metal oxides, such as SnO₂, WO₃, and PbO under an applied potential of up to 12 kV. All experimental results were in good agreement with the theoretical prediction and showed that the degree of separation was significantly increased with the applied potential.     

The effect of different crystal conditions of filler metal on vacuum brazing of TiAl alloy and 42CrMo

Ti-based filler metals made by transient solidification and normal crystallization were selected for the vacuum brazing of the TiAl alloy and 42CrMo under different processing parameters. The results show that the tensile strength of the joint of transient solidified filler metal is higher than that of normal crystallized filler metal under the same processing parameters. By the analysis of scanning electron microscope（SEM） and X-ray diffracting （XRD） , it is found that the higher strength maybe caused by the generating of TiAl , TiNi and TiCu at the interface of joint made by transient solidified filler metal.     

海绵钛中杂质分布及其对产品质量的影响

论述了海绵钛产品的杂质分布及其对产品质量的影响，针对杂质分布的不均匀性，提出了生产中改善产品质量的措施，对产品进行处理，分部包装，以保证产品质量，提高合格率。     

金属型真空重力精密铸造技术的研究及在铝硅系合金铸造上的应用

总结了传统金属型铸造的特点，综合创新研发了金属型真空重力精密铸造技术，开展了真空环境中铝液流动充型和快速凝固过程的研究，并投入批量生产，生产证明，该技术在增加铸件致密度、强度，提高尺寸精度和金属利用率，减少废品和降低生产成本等各方面都有明显的优势，具有很大的推广应用价值。     

Microstructural evolution during direct laser sintering of multi-component Cu-based metal powder

A multi-component Cu-based metal powder was chosen for direct laser sintering. The powder consists of a mixture of high-purity Cu powder, pre-alloyed CuSn and CuP powder. Liquid phase sintering with complete melting of the binder （CuSn） but non-melting of the cores of structural metal （Cu） proves to be a feasible mechanism for laser sintering of this powder system. The microstructural evolution of the sintered powder with variation of laser processing parameters was presented. High sintering activities and sound densification response were obtained by optimizing the laser powers and scan speeds. Using a high laser power accompanied by a high scan speed gives rise to baUing effect. At a high laser power with a slow scan speed the sintering mechanism may change into complete melting/solidification, which decreases the obtainable sintered density. The role of additive phosphorus in the laser sintering process is addressed. Phosphorus can act as a fluxing agent and has a preferential reaction with oxygen to form phosphatic slag, protecting the Cu particles from oxidation. The phosphatic slag shows a concentration along grain boundaries due to its light mass as well as the short thermal cycle of SLS.     

真空蒸馏法处理贵铅新工艺研究

从理论上分析了采用真空蒸馏法分离贵铅中铅、银、铜、铋、锑的可行性,研究了蒸馏时间、蒸馏温度对贵铅中金属分离效果的影响规律。实验结果表明,当系统压力在10~20 Pa,温度在800℃以上,保温时间≥2 h时,铅和铋的挥发率接近100%,银和锑的挥发率随温度的升高、保温时间的增长而逐渐增大。当温度为850℃,保温时间为2 h时,所得残留物中铅、银、铜、铋、锑的含量分别为0.21%、45.31%、13.24%、0.0001%、33.6%,挥发物中铅、银、铜、铋、锑的含量分别为46.15%、0.236%、0.022%、8.87%、35.4%。     

高效MAG焊接旋转射流过渡时液流束的运动分析

利用高速摄像研究了高效MAG焊接旋转射流过渡过程,对旋转射流过渡过程中液流束以及电弧运动进行了观察.通过分析液流束和焊接电弧上的作用力,揭示了旋转射流过渡时液流束的运动特性以及液流束的运动与焊接电弧的运动之间的主从关系.指出旋转射流过渡时特有的焊接电弧形态所产生的电弧力促使液流束的旋转,而液流束的旋转又带动焊接电弧的旋转.在旋转过程中,液流束上阳极斑点力促进了液流束的旋转,而工件上阴极斑点的粘着性阻碍了电弧的旋转.因此可以通过控制焊接电弧形态,达到控制旋转射流过渡过程的目的.     

基于点热源的GMAW热输入分布模式及应用

分析比较了三种基于点热源的熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW)热输入分布模式,并结合移动点热源作用下焊接温度场的瞬态解分别对其进行了计算,通过焊缝横截面熔合线几何形状计算值与实测值的比较,对三种热输入分布模式进行了评估.利用所建串热源模型模拟了Q195低碳钢和JG590低合金钢GMAW焊缝横截面熔合线的几何形状,进行了Q195钢和JG590钢的GMAW工艺试验,通过焊缝横截面熔合线的几何形状对所建模型进行了试验验证.采用计算和试验相结合的方法,分析评价了目前常用的t3/5计算公式,利用JG590钢焊接温度场的计算结果,结合JG590钢的焊接连续冷却组织转变图,成功地预测了焊接接头熔合区的组织及硬度.     

奥氏体不锈钢激光焊接过程中残留液体金属的在线观察

激光焊接时较快的冷却速度,有可能促进凝固热裂纹的生成,而凝固热裂纹的生成与凝固温度区间内的残留液体金属行为直接相关.采用由高速摄像机和光学显微镜头组成的摄像装置,针对SUS304,SUS316,SUS310S等3种奥氏体不锈钢激光焊接熔池后端残留液体金属的凝固行为进行高速高倍在线观察,对不同焊接速度下的熔池凝固行为进行了分析,并对3种材料凝固前沿残留液体金属的存在范围进行了量化比较.结果表明,在线观察法可辨别的残留液体金属是固液相共存区间的一部分,在线观察得到的残留液体金属的存在范围与热裂纹试验获得的热裂纹敏感性有较好的对应关系.     

Numerical investigation on flow process of liquid metals in melt delivery nozzle during gas atomization process for fine metal powder production

Based on volume of fluid (VoF) interface capturing method and shear-stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model, numerical simulation was performed to reveal the flow mechanism of metal melts in melt delivery nozzle (MDN) during gas atomization (GA) process. The experimental validation indicated that the numerical models could give a reasonable prediction on the melt flow process in the MDN. With the decrease of the MDN inner-diameter, the melt flow resistance increased for both molten aluminum and iron, especially achieving an order of 10² kPa in the case of the MDN inner-diameter ≤1 mm. Based on the conventional GA process, the positive pressure was imposed on the viscous aluminum alloy melt to overcome its flow resistance in the MDN, thus producing powders under different MDN inner-diameters. When the MDN inner-diameter was reduced from 4 to 2 mm, the yield of fine powder (<150 μm) soared from 54.7% to 94.2%. The surface quality of powders has also been improved when using a smaller inner-diameter MDN.     

加碳条件下钼精矿真空冶炼过程中主要杂质元素的行为分析

采用在钼精矿真空冶炼过程中添加碳粉的方法,进一步降低钼精矿真空冶炼过程中主要杂质SiO₂、MgO、Al₂O₃和CaO的含量。热力学计算结果表明:SiO₂、MgO、Al₂O₃和CaO均有可能与碳发生反应,生成气态物质被去除。试验研究结果表明,在钼精矿真空冶炼过程中加入碳粉可以明显降低其中Si、Mg、Al和Ca的含量,其中Si的脱除率约达到100%,Mg的脱除率约达到99.7%,Al的脱除率约达到78.44%,Ca的脱除率最高约为9.8%。采用品位为48%的低品位钼精矿为原料,经过真空冶炼过程,得到的金属钼产品中钼含量达到92%,S含量降至0.69%,主要杂质元素SiO₂含量降至0.0021%,Cu含量小于0.005%,P含量小于0.005%,Mg含量降至0.001%,Al含量降至0.64%,Ca含量为0.51%。