Werkstoffmechanische Bewertung von Laserstrahl‐Schweißnähten in Feinkornbaustählen

Materials and Mechanics Effects in the Assessment of Laser Beam Weld Joints in Structural Steels For fine‐grained structural steels of different strength levels the consequences of mechanical inhomogeneity (mismatch) in laser‐beam welds on their deformation and failure behaviour without and with defects are quantified; requirements for fitness‐for‐service are derived.     

Elektronenstrahl‐Randschichtbehandlung für die Herstellung verschleißbeständiger Auftragschichten auf nichtrostenden Stählen

Stainless steel components exposed to mechanical stresses are subjected not only to corrosion, but to abrasive wear. There are several possibilities for enhancing the wear resistance of stainless steels; however, such processes are very often associated with a reduction in corrosion resistance. This paper presents an electron beam surface treatment technology to significantly improve the wear resistance of austenitic steels (e.g. X6CrNiMoTi17‐12‐2) and duplex steels (e.g. X2CrNiMoN22‐5‐3), without a negative influence on the corrosion behavior. Fe‐ and Co‐additive wires were deposited thermally by electron beam cladding. The cladding layers produced were free of defects such as cracks and pores, and were well metallurgical bonded to the base materials. Microstructural analysis, hardness measurements, wear tests and corrosion tests were carried out. The wear rate k was reduced by a factor of 100 compared to the base materials for electron beam cladding with Fe‐based wire and by a factor of 10 with Co‐based wire. Corrosion resistance was preserved for the Fe‐based cladding layers and slightly increased (by a factor of 3) for the Co‐based cladding layers.     

Microstructure modifications and corrosion behaviors of Cr4Mo4V steel treated by high current pulsed electron beam

In this work, Cr4Mo4V steel was irradiated by high energy current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) with energy density of 6 J/cm². Morphology and phase composition of the surface layer were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GXRD). The crater-like morphology was observed on surface after HCPEB treatment, and the thickness of melted layer was ∼7 μm. Results from GXRD revealed that HCPEB treatment could suppress martensite transition and the content of retained austenite in the melted layer increased with irradiation number. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical polarization tests in neutral 3.5% NaCl solution. Compared with the untreated Cr4Mo4V steel, corrosion potential of the samples treated by HCPEB improved and the corrosion current density decreased. The improved corrosion resistance is attributed to the absence of the carbide, formation of retained austenite and dissolution of alloy elements, particularly of Cr and Mo, into the matrix.     

Comparative study of fatigue and fracture in friction stir and electron beam welds of 24 mm thick titanium alloy Ti‐6Al‐4 V

In this study, friction stir welding of Ti‐6Al‐4 V was demonstrated in 24 mm thickness material. The microstructure and mechanical properties, fatigue, fracture toughness and crack growth of these thick section friction stir welds were evaluated and compared with electron beam welds produced in the same thickness material. It was found that the friction stir welds possessed a relatively coarse lamellar alpha transformed beta microstructure because of slow cooling from above the transus temperature of the material. The electron beam welds had a fine acicular alpha structure as a result of rapid solidification. The friction stir welds possessed better ductility, fatigue life, fracture toughness and crack growth resistance than the base meal or electron beam welds. Thus, even though friction stir welding is a relatively new process, the performance benefits it offers for the fabrication of heavy gage primary structure make it a more attractive option than the more well‐established electron beam welding method.     

Explicit free‐floating beam element

A two‐node free‐floating beam element capable of undergoing arbitrary large displacements and finite rotations is presented in explicit form. The configuration of the beam in three‐dimensional space is represented by the global components of the position of the beam nodes and an associated set of convected base vectors (directors). The local constitutive stiffness is derived from the complementary energy of a set of six independent deformation modes, each corresponding to an equilibrium state of constant internal force or moment. The deformation modes are characterized by generalized strains, formed via scalar products of the element related vectors. This leads to a homogeneous quadratic strain definition in terms of the generalized displacements, whereby the elastic energy becomes at most bi‐quadratic. Additionally, the use of independent equilibrium modes to set up the element stiffness avoids interpolation of kinematic variables, resulting in a locking‐free formulation in terms of three explicit matrices. A set of classic benchmark examples illustrates excellent performance of the explicit beam element. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elektronenstrahlschweißen von massiven metallischen Gläsern

Electron‐Beam‐Welding of bulk metallic glasses Because of their excellent mechano‐technological properties bulk metallic glasses form a promising, relatively new class of materials. Due to their low thermal stability the weldability of bulk metallic glasses is subject to narrow limits, in case the joining zone shall be prevented from crystallization. The paper at hand describes the status‐quo of the research work on electron beam welding of beryllium‐free, zirconium‐based bulk metallic glasses (Zr_52,5Ti₅Cu_17,9Ni_14,6Al₁₀) carried out at the Welding and Joining Institute at RWTH Aachen University. So far, high quality joints free from defects could be produced, however, it has not beenaccomplished to avoid the crystallization of the joining zone completely. Further research is in progress.     

TC4钛合金电子束沉积修复工艺研究

目的 研究TC4钛合金电子束沉积修复工艺对修复试样成形形貌的影响。方法 主要对电子束流、送丝速度和成形速度3种工艺参数进行研究,观察其宏观形貌,从而归纳出工艺参数对电子束沉积修复钛合金TC4的影响规律。结果 在一定范围内,电子束流较小时,母材与修复区熔合不良,产生“V”型孔洞缺陷;随着电子束流增大,热影响区也随之增大。送丝速度主要影响试样的外观成形,较快或较慢的送丝速度都会使修复试样表面成形不良。成形速度较小时,成形表面有密集的鱼鳞纹,修复试样余高较低;成形速度增大时,热影响区随之减小,同时会产生孔洞缺陷。结论 不同的电子束流、送丝速度、成形速度都会对TC4钛合金电子束沉积修复形貌产生重要影响,需要合理的控制工艺参数。     

A one‐dimensional theory of thin‐walled curved rectangular box beams under torsion and out‐of‐plane bending

A new five degree‐of‐freedom one‐dimensional theory is proposed for the analysis of thin‐walled curved rectangular box beams subjected to torsion and out‐of‐plane bending. In addition to the usual three degrees of freedom used for solid curved beams, two additional degrees corresponding to warping and distortion are included in the present theory. The coupling between the deformations corresponding to five degrees of freedom due to the curvature of the beam is carefully treated in the present work. The superior behaviour of the present beam theory is verified through numerical examples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potenziale von ausgewählten Randschichtbehandlungsverfahren sowie deren Kombinationen zur Verbesserung des Verschleiß‐ und Korrosionsverhaltens von Gusseisenwerkstoffen

Die typischen hohen C‐ und Si‐Gehalte von Gusseisenwerkstoffen und der weiche Graphit limitieren die Behandel‐ und Beanspruchbarkeit nach dem Nitrieren und der Hartstoffbeschichtung. Wenn die Gusseisenoberfläche vor den genannten Randschichtbehandlungen mittels Elektronstrahls umgeschmolzen wird (Kombinationsbehandlung) und eine harte, graphitfreie ledeburitische Randschicht gebildet wird, dient diese als Stützschicht für die harte und dünne Verbindungs‐ bzw. Hartstoffschicht. Vergleichende Verschleißtests (Stift‐Scheibe) zeigten, dass bei geringen Lasten die Verschleißrate aller Einzel‐ und Kombinationsbehandlungen auf einem vergleichbar niedrigen Niveau wie der unbehandelte und beschichtete Grundwerkstoff liegen. Bei höheren Lasten kommt das überragende Verschleißverhalten der Kombinationsbehandlungen gegenüber den Einzelbehandlungen voll zum Tragen. Die Bildung defektfreier Randschichten nach der Kombinationsbehandlung resultiert außerdem in einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit in chloridhaltiger Lösung. Im Vergleich zum Grundwerkstoff und den Einzelbehandlungen wurden die relevanten Potenziale zu deutlich positiveren Werten verschoben.     

Room-Temperature Photomagnetic Effect of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>Ga<Subscript>4</Subscript> Grown on GaAs Substrates

Ga–As–Fe composite films prepared by molecular beam epitaxy at 600°C on GaAs(100) substrates with the stacking sequence of [100-nm GaAs/50-nm Fe₃Ga_{2− x} As _x /100-nm GaAs] exhibit the distinct photo-enhanced magnetization at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the formation of metamagnetic Fe₃Ga₄ grains on the sample surface. Illumination power dependence of the enhanced magnetization has been carefully compared with the antiferromagnetic-type magnetization–temperature (M–T) curve (Neel temperature of T _N = 340–390 K), from which we have discussed the existence of photon-mode photo-enhanced magnetization of some sort in addition with the enhancement due to the light-induced heating.     

Thermische Nachbehandlung der laserstrahlgeschweißten Al‐Legierungen AlSi1MgMn und AlCu4Mg1

Post heat treatment of the laser beam welded aluminium alloys AlSi1MgMn and AlCu4Mg1 Laser beam welded age hardenable aluminium alloys often exhibit a loss in strength in the fusion and the heat affected zones, compared to the uninfluenced base material. A material‐compatible combination among a base material, a welding filler material, as well as welding parameters and a suitable post heat treatment of the welded joint allows to improve the weld seam properties. The base material AlSi1MgMn (6082) was welded in the aging condition T4 using AlSi12 and AlSi7Mg ‐ filler materials and the welded joint was completely aged at different temperatures and times, in order to adjust an almost constant hardness profile over the base material, heat affected zone and fusion zone. The base material AlCu4Mg1 (2024) was welded in the aging condition T351 using a AlCu6Mn ‐ filler material and the welded joint was naturally aged. The aging behaviour, the residual stress, the static and dynamic properties of welded joints were examined. The properties can be clearly improved by the post heat treatment.     

Photoluminescence investigation of GaAs1 − xBix/GaAs heterostructures

In this work the impact of doped GaAs buffer and cap layers on the bismide photoluminescence (PL) spectra has been studied. For this study three types of heterostructures were grown: a thin GaAsBi layer deposited directly onto the nominally undoped GaAs buffer layer, a GaAsBi layer grown onto the GaAs:Be layer, and a GaAsBi layer deposited onto the GaAs:Be layer and capped with the GaAs:Be layer. It has been demonstrated that p-type doping of the GaAs buffer and cap layers is resulting in a significant increase of the PL intensity. This enhancement was explained by a better photoexcited electron and hole confinement in the GaAsBi layer.     

A 3D beam‐to‐beam contact finite element for coupled electric–mechanical fields

In this paper the formulation of an electric–mechanical beam‐to‐beam contact element is presented. Beams with circular cross‐sections are assumed to get in contact in a point‐wise manner and with clean metallic surfaces. The voltage distribution is influenced by the contact mechanics, since the current flow is constricted to small contacting spots. Therefore, the solution is governed by the contacting areas and hence by the contact forces. As a consequence the problem is semi‐coupled with the mechanical field influencing the electric one. The electric–mechanical contact constraints are enforced with the penalty method within the finite element technique. The virtual work equations for the mechanical and electric fields are written and consistently linearized to achieve a good level of computational efficiency with the finite element method. The set of equations is solved with a monolithic approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Schubtragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk aus Wärmedämmziegeln

Der Beitrag berichtet über zentrische und exzentrische Schubversuche an Mauerwerk aus Wärmedämmziegeln. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den aktuell gültigen Bemessungsansätzen in DIN 1053‐1 verglichen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Versuchsergebnisse immer eine ausreichende Sicherheit gegenüber den Bemessungswerten nach DIN 1053‐1 aufweisen. Auch für Mauerwerk aus Wärmedämmziegeln mit allgemeiner bauaufsichtlicher Zulassung können somit die vereinfachten Bemessungsregeln der DIN 4149 ohne Abminderungen angewendet werden. In plane shear resistance of thermal insulating vertically perforated clay brick masonry. In plane shear tests on thermal insulating vertically perforated clay brick masonry are presented. The results are compared with the design rules from DIN 1053‐1. The test results exceeded the design predictions of DIN 1053‐1 by a significant safety margin. The simplified design rules from the German earthquake standard DIN 4149 can be applied to thermal insulating clay unit masonry with technical approvals without any reduction.     

Rost‐ und säurebeständige Stähle unter Komplexbeanspruchung

Rust and acid resistant steels under complex loading With corrosion fatigue investigations under different loadings (R = 0,27, ‐1 and 10) and with inner pressure tests a duplex steel (1.4462) and a super austenitic steel (1.3974) are compared. The investigations were carried out in 10 % HNO₃, artificial seawater according to DIN 50905 and in two very important liquids for application (artificial seawater according to DIN 50905 with H₂S aerated and water with chloride, fluoride, bromide, iodide). For comparison the same tests under only mechanical loads were done in acid free oil. The results show that the super austenitic steel has an significantly higher resistance against corrosion fatigue as the duplex steel under one‐ and three dimensional loads up to 10⁷ cycles. The proportion between the results in the corrosive liquids and the oil can be described by a factor. In artificial seawater factors between 0,67 and 0,92 and in 10 % HNO₃ between 0,67 and 0,83 were determined depending from the loading for the duplex steel. With the super austenitic steel factors between 0,86 and 1 in artificial seawater and between 0,7 and 1,0 in 10 % HNO₃ were received.     

Schweißen von Hohlstrukturen und offenporösen Metallschäumen für den Einsatz in Kombi‐Kraftwerken

Welding of Hollow Structures and Open‐Porous Metal Foams for Application in Combined Cycle Power Plants For applications within the scope of novel cooling concepts joining technologies for sandwich composites and open‐porous metal foams are researched in the context of the Collaborative Research Centre 561 “Thermally highly loaded, porous and cooled multi‐layer systems for combined cycle power plants”. The research motivation and application fields of the different structures are defined. Welding processes and strategies for manufacturing these structures are specified as well as the joining technologies’ characteristics. Planned future works for enhancements of the processes and structures are listed.