Photodegradation of methyl orange by BiOI-sensitized TiO2

BiOI-sensitized titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts were prepared by a deposition method at room temperature and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurements. The photocatalytic activities of the catalysts were evaluated for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) solution under UV and visible light irradiation. The effects of catalyst amount, initial pH value, initial concentration of MO, as well as KI amount were investigated. ...     

TiO2-g-C3N4 composite materials for photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation

In this investigation, we report the preparation of TiO₂-g-C₃N₄ composite materials with varying the wt.% of g-C₃N₄, the characterization of these materials by various techniques and photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation in the presence of methanol. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) shows that the composite materials are consist of anatase TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra show that the absorbance band intensity of composite materials was stronger than that of C₃N₄. The UV-vis absorption spectra show that the absorption edge of the composite materials shifts to the lower energy region comparing to pure anatase and to longer wavelengths with increasing the amount of C₃N₄. The significant photoluminescence quenching was observed in TiO₂-C₃N₄ composite materials, indicating the charge transfer from C₃N₄ to TiO₂. The visible light induced H₂ evolution rate was remarkably enhanced by coupling TiO₂ with C₃N₄.     

Novel AgCl/Ag<Subscript>2</Subscript>CO<Subscript>3</Subscript> heterostructured photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic performance

A series of novel AgCl/Ag₂CO₃ heterostructured photocatalysts with different AgCl contents (5 wt%, 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%) were prepared by facile coprecipitation method at room temperature. The resulting products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV light irradiation. With the optimal AgCl content of 20 wt%, the AgCl/Ag₂CO₃ composite exhibits the greatest enhancement in photocatalytic degradation efficiency. Its first-order reaction rate constant (0.67 h^?1) is 5.2 times faster than that of Ag₂CO₃ (0.13 h^?1), and 16.8 times faster than that of AgCl (0.04 h^?1). The formation of AgCl/Ag₂CO₃ heterostructure could effectively suppress the recombination of the photo-generated electron and hole, resulting in an increase in photocatalytic activity.     

CC/PANI/TiO2复合材料的制备及其光催化性能研究

先采用原位聚合的方法在碳布上负载聚苯胺,然后利用溶剂热法在制备的碳布/聚苯胺(CC/PANI)复合材料上生长二氧化钛纳米片,得到了可便捷分离的CC/PANI/TiO₂复合光催化材料。通过SEM、XRD、UV、FTIR、XPS等手段对所制备的样品进行了形貌和结构表征,并比较了CC/PANI/TiO₂复合材料和纯TiO₂紫外-可见光条件下催化降解RhB的活性差异,结果表明CC/PANI/TiO₂复合材料具有比TiO₂更优异的光催化活性。光致发光光谱说明CC/PANI/TiO₂复合材料的发光强度比纯TiO₂的弱,有效抑制了光生载流子的复合;瞬态光电流响应和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)证明CC/PANI/TiO₂纳米复合材料更有效促进电子-空穴对分离和提高转移效率;活性物质捕捉实验证实?OH和?O_2^-是复合材料光催化降解RhB过程中的主要活性物质。CC/PANI/TiO₂复合材料循环利用6次后,仍然具有较高的催化活性,显示了其在污水处理领域中的良好应用前景。     

Synthesis of WO3 nanoparticles for photocatalytic O2 evolution by thermal decomposition of ammonium tungstate loading on g-C3N4

Tungsten trioxide (WO₃) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by thermal decomposition of ammonium tungstate loading on g-C₃N₄. The as prepared nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, UV-vis, photoluminescence spectra (PL) and TEM. The XRD results indicate that the g-C₃N₄ decomposed completely with WO₃ remaining at calcination temperature higher than 550 °C. The WO₃ prepared at temperature below 750 °C exhibits orthorhombic phase, and monoclinic phase at temperature higher than 850 °C. The UV-vis absorption onset wavelength of the obtained samples is approximately 470 nm, and the absorption intensity increases with calcination temperature, and reaches a maximum at 750 °C. The as prepared WO₃ powders, loaded with 0.5 wt% Pt as cocatalyst, were used as photocatalysts for O₂ evolution from an aqueous KIO₃ solution. The WO₃ nanoparticles prepared from ammonium tungstate loading on g-C₃N₄ showed photocatalytic activity in O₂ evolution up to 77 times higher than that of WO₃ samples prepared from ammonium tungstate without loading on g-C₃N₄.     

Preparation and properties of a nano TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> composite superparamagnetic photocatalyst

Nano TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ composite particles with different molar ratios of TiO₂ to Fe₃O₄ were prepared via sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and vibration sample magnetometry were used to characterize the TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ particles. The photocatalytic activity of the particles was tested by degrading methyl blue solution under UV illumination (254 nm). The results indicate that with the content of TiO₂ increasing, the photocatalytic activity of the composite particles enhances, while the magnetism of the particles decreases. When the molar ratio of TiO₂ to Fe₃O₄ is about 8, both the photocatalytic activity and magnetism of the TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ particles are relatively high, and their photocatalytic activity remains well after repeated use.     

TiO2/膨润土复合光催化材料的常温制备及性能研究

采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法,在以水为主要溶剂的反应体系中,控制钛酸四丁酯充分水解、缓慢聚合,在 常压、低温(70℃)的温和条件下制备出稳定的TiO₂纳米晶溶胶,并利用TiO₂纳米晶溶胶在膨润土表面负载,获得TiO₂/膨润土复合光催化材料。采用 X 射线衍射、扫描电镜、比表面积测定等研究手段对样品的结构形貌进行了表征,并考察了其光催化活性。结果表明：较高的水用量有利于TiO₂晶体形成,当去离子水:钛酸四丁酯摩尔比大于167:1时,在溶胶体系中出现了锐钛矿型TiO₂纳米晶体;TiO₂纳米晶主要负载于膨润土表面,并未嵌入到膨润土层间结构,但相对于单一膨润土,TiO₂负载显著提高了材料比表面积;当去离子水:钛酸四丁酯摩尔比=192:1时,在紫外光照射下,复合光催化材料表现出最高的光催化活性,对亚甲基蓝的降解率达到93.8%。     

Effect of Nd2O3 addition on the surface phase of TiO2 and photocatalytic activity studied by UV Raman spectroscopy

TiO₂ modified with Nd₂O₃ (Nd-TiO₂) nanoparticles were prepared by a co-precipitation method and utilized as the photocatalysts for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). The influence of Nd₂O₃ on the bulk and surface phase, surface area, particle size, and optical response of TiO₂ was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra. It is found that the crystalline phase and phase composition in the bulk and surface region of Nd-TiO₂ calcined at high temperatures can be tuned by changing the amount of Nd₂O₃. Based on the results from XPS, EDX, XRD, and UV Raman spectra, it is assumed that Nd³⁺ ions do not enter the TiO₂ lattice, but highly disperse onto the Nd-TiO₂ particle surface in the form of Nd₂O₃ crystallites. These crystallites inhibit the agglomeration, growth in crystal size, and anatase-to-rutile phase transformation of TiO₂. In the photocatalytic degradation of RhB reaction, Nd-TiO₂ nanoparticles with higher surface area and wider optical response are more reactive in case of the same surface anatase phase. When the mixed phases of anatase and rutile exist in the surface region of Nd-TiO₂, the synergetic effect over surface area and optical response is the important parameter which determines optimal photocatalytic activity.     

Preparation, characterization and photo-catalytic behavior of WO3-TiO2 catalysts with oxygen vacancies

TiO₂ photocatalysts compounded with WO₃ were prepared via a modified hydrolysis process and the 2% WO₃-TiO₂ catalysts with different oxygen vacancies were obtained by calcination at 873 K in H₂ atmosphere. The catalysts were identified using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), specific surface measurement (BET), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), UV-Vis diffusion refraction spectroscopy (DRS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity of 2% WO₃-TiO₂ with different oxygen vacancies was investigated employing splitting of water for O₂ evolution. The results indicate that appropriate oxygen vacancies can obviously improve the photocatalytic activity of 2% WO₃-TiO₂ catalysts, and using Fe³⁺ as an electron acceptor under UV irradiation in 12 h, the maximum rate for O₂ evolution is 667 µmol/(L·h).     

Visible light-induced photocatalytic activity of Ag-containing TiO2/carbon nanofibers composites

TiO₂/carbon nanofiber (CNF) composites containing Ag nanoparticles (Ag–TiO₂/CNF) were prepared and their photocatalytic degradation ability upon visible light irradiation assessed. The reduction of methylene blue (MB) adsorption in an aqueous solution by the photocatalysts occurred due to the combined effects of MB adsorption in the pores of CNFs and decomposition by the photocatalysts throughout the process. The Ag–TiO₂/CNF photocatalyst degraded MB 17 times faster than the TiO₂/CNF composites with no Ag nanoparticles after 3 h under visible light illuminations.     

Effect of WS2 particle size on mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of Cu-WS2 composites sintered by SPS

The mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of Cu-WS₂ composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) using two different WS₂ particle sizes of 0.6 and 5.0 µm and Cu powders as raw materials were investigated. The results indicate that the bending strength and tribological behavior of Cu-WS₂ composites are greatly affected by the size of WS₂ particles. The bending strength of Cu-WS₂ composites with the WS₂ particle size of 5.0 μm is 292.2 MPa. As the size of WS₂ particle decreases to 0.6 µm, the bending strength also decreases to 181.5 MPa. Moreover, as the WS₂ particle size decreases from 5.0 to 0.6 µm, the wear rate of Cu-WS₂ composite sharply increases from 2.99×10^?14 to 6.13×10^?14 m³/(N·m) and its friction coefficient increases from 0.158 to 0.172. The size of WS₂ particle (5.0 μm) plays an important role in forming transfer film formed on the counter-face. The sample with 5.0 μm WS₂ particle forms smoother and more continuous transfer film, which results in a low wear rate and friction coefficient of the Cu-WS₂ composites.     

N-doped TiO2/ZnO composite powder and its photocatalytic performance for degradation of methyl orange

The N-doped TiO₂/ZnO composite powder with a molar ratio of Ti to Zn of 3/1 was prepared via sol–gel process and then ammonia treated with NH₃ mass fractions of 0%, 7%, and 28% for 24 h at room temperature followed by thermal calcinations in air for 2 h at various temperatures of 500, 600, and 700 °C. The as-prepared composite powder was characterized in detail through thermo-gravimetric analyzer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the phase transformation of anatase to rutile has been successfully retarded via the ammonia treating process, leading to the presence of anatase phase in the composite. The particle crystallization of the composite powder was significantly promoted with the increase of the calcining temperature. The photocatalysis evaluation through MO degradation revealed an enhanced photocatalytic activity for the composite powder that might be related to the good crystallization, the presence of anatase phase, and the particle size reduction of the powder.     

溶胶凝胶法制备LaMn1-XVXO3及光催化氧化性能

以La(NO₃)₂、MnC₄H₆O₂、柠檬酸和乙二醇(EG)为主要原料,NH₄VO₃为掺杂试剂,采用溶胶凝胶法制备LaMnO₃和LaMn_1-XV_XO₃粉体。采用XRD进行晶体结构表征;采用甲基橙(MO)模拟污水,进行光催化降解实验。研究了煅烧温度、催化剂用量和掺杂量对光催化氧化降解率的影响,讨论MO降解的动力学规律。结果表明700-900 ℃煅烧温度不影响LaMnO₃晶体结构和光催化氧化降解率;掺杂量影响LaMn_1-XV_XO₃晶体结构,光催化氧化降解率随着掺杂量增加而呈下降趋势;光催化氧化实验中,LaMn_1-XV_XO₃粉体效果高于LaMnO₃,两者均符合一级动力学方程。     

Fast fabrication of Co3O4 and CuO/BiVO4 composite photocatalysts with high crystallinity and enhanced photocatalytic activity via ultrasound irradiation

A facile and efficient approach for the fabrication of Co₃O₄ and CuO/BiVO₄ composite photocatalysts was developed by intense ultrasound irradiation at room temperature. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas. The photocatalytic activity of the composite catalysts was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of acid orange II under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation. Results showed that under intense ultrasonic irradiation, the precursors of copper acetate and cobaltous acetate could transform into CuO and Co₃O₄, respectively and the amorphous BiVO₄ can easily crystallize to highly crystalline BiVO₄. The composite photocatalysts exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity than that of pure BiVO₄. The enhanced photocatalytic performance could be attributed to the high crystallinity of BiVO₄ and the formed p-n heterojunction of Co₃O₄/BiVO₄ or CuO/BiVO₄. These two factors can effectively suppress the recombination of photogenerated hole-electron pairs.     

纳米LiInO2光催化剂的溶胶-凝胶法制备与表征

本文利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了LiInO₂纳米材料,采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和紫外-可见吸收光谱等测试手段,研究了制备条件对LiInO₂微观结构的影响因素,并以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物研究了LiInO₂的光催化性能。研究结果表明：制备的LiInO₂纳米粒子具有LiFeO₂的晶型,颗粒尺寸约50-100纳米,制备样品的焙烧温度对其结构和性能产生了明显地影响,在氙灯(300W)照射90 min条件下,纳米LiInO₂对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解率达92%,活性位点捕获实验表明光生空穴在降解亚甲基蓝的机制中占主导作用。     

Tribological Behavior of Plasma-Sprayed Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-20 wt.%TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Coating

Al₂O₃-20 wt.% TiO₂ ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of Grade D steel by plasma spraying of commercially available powders. The phases and the microstructures of the coatings were investigated by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The Al₂O₃-20 wt.% TiO₂ composite coating exhibited a typical inter-lamellar structure consisting of the γ-Al₂O₃ and the Al₂TiO₅ phases. The dry sliding wear behavior of the coating was examined at 20 °C using a ball-on-disk wear tester. The plasma-sprayed coating showed a low wear rate (~4.5 × 10^?6 mm³ N^?1 m^?1), which was <2% of that of the matrix (~283.3 × 10^?6 mm³ N^?1 m^?1), under a load of 15 N. In addition, the tribological behavior of the plasma-sprayed coating was analyzed by examining the microstructure after the wear tests. It was found that delamination of the Al₂TiO₅ phase was the main cause of the wear during the sliding wear tests. A suitable model was used to simulate the wear mechanism of the coating.     

溅射功率对La-Ti/WS2 复合薄膜高温摩擦学行为的影响

高温条件下WS₂易于氧化生成WO3,导致WS₂固体润滑薄膜的摩擦学性能受到较大影响。为改善WS₂固体润滑薄膜在高温条件下的摩擦学性能,采用非平衡磁控溅射技术制备了共掺杂La-Ti/WS₂复合薄膜,研究了靶功率对磁控溅射La-Ti/WS₂复合薄膜结构和高温摩擦学性能的影响。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、纳米压痕仪和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了薄膜微观形貌、成分、力学性能、微观结构。利用高温摩擦磨损试验机研究了复合薄膜的高温摩擦学性能。结果表明,高温环境下,靶功率为20W时La-Ti/WS₂复合薄膜表现出优异的摩擦学性能。此时,复合薄膜H/E值最大,摩擦系数最小,平均为0.012,磨损率最低为1.56×10^-8mm³/N·m,这主要归因于高温下摩擦界面产生的稀土氧化物,促使La-Ti/WS₂复合薄膜的摩擦磨损机制发生了改变,使得WS₂在高温受破坏的情...     

Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes with H<Subscript>3</Subscript>PW<Subscript>12</Subscript>O<Subscript>40</Subscript>/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂–SiO₂ was synthesized by impregnation method which significantly improved the catalytic activity under simulated natural light. The properties of the samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRD), Scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and Zeta potential. Degradation of methyl violet was used as a probe reaction to explore the influencing factors on the photodegradation reaction. The results show that the optimal conditions are as follows: initial concentration of methyl violet of 10 mg·L^?1, pH of 3.0, catalyst dosage of 2.9 g·L^?1, and light irradiation time of 2.5 h. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of methyl violet is 95.4 %. The reaction on photodegradation for methyl violet can be expressed as the first-order kinetic model, and the possible mechanism for the photocatalysis under simulated natural light is suggested. After used continuously for five times, the catalyst keeps the inherent photocatalytic activity for degradation of dyes. The photodegradation of methyl orange, methyl red, naphthol green B, and methylene blue was also tested, and the degradation rate of dyes can reach 81 %–100 %.     

Synthesis and Characterization of C-TiO_2/FeTiO_3 and CQD/C-TiO_2/FeTiO_3 Photocatalysts with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activities Under Sunlight Irradiation

Sunlight-driven C-TiO_2/FeTiO_3 composites were synthesized with different weight fractions of FeTiO_3.The as-prepared samples were characterized by UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction analysis,transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,and photoluminescence.Under sunlight irradiation,the C-TiO_2/FeTiO_3 photocatalysts degraded methyl orange(MO) efficiently and displayed much higher photocatalytic activity than that of pure FeTiO_3 or carbon-doped titanium dioxide(C-TiO_2),and the C-TiO_2/FeTiO_3 photocatalyst with 10 wt%of FeTiO_3 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity.The enhancement of photocatalytic activity was mainly ascribed to the formation of a heterojunction between C-TiO_2 and FeTiO_3,which facilitated the transfer and separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.The quenching effects of different scavengers demonstrated that the reactive superoxide radicals(O_2~-) and hydroxyl radicals(OH) played a major role in the MO degradation.The possible photocatalytic mechanism is discussed on the basis of the band structures of C-TiO_2 and FeTiO_3.To further enhance the photocatalytic efficiency,double-heterojunctioned CQD/C-TiO_2/FeTiO_3 composite was prepared by loading carbon quantum dots onto the C-TiO_2/FeTiO_3 surface.     

Synthesis and photoactivity of the highly efficient Ag species/TiO2 nanoflakes photocatalysts

Ag species/TiO₂ nanoflakes photocatalysts with different relative contents (Ag⁺, Ag²⁺, Ag⁰) have been successfully synthesized by a simple template-free synthetic strategy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra indicated that the dopant ions (Ag⁺ or Ag²⁺) were partly incorporated into the titanium dioxide nanoflakes. Meanwhile, part of the silver ions migrated to the surface after the subsequent calcination and aggregated into ultra-small metallic Ag nanoclusters (NCs) (1-2 nm), which are well dispersed on the surface of TiO₂ nanoflakes. The photocatalytic activities of the Ag species/TiO₂ materials obtained were evaluated by testing the photodegradation of the azo dye reactive brilliant X-3B (X-3B) under near UV irradiation. Interestingly, it was found that the maximum photocatalytic efficiency was observed when Ag species coexisted in three valence states (Ag⁺, Ag²⁺, Ag⁰ NCs), which was higher than that of Degussa P25. The high photocatalytic activity of the Ag species/TiO₂ can be attributed to the synergy effect of the three Ag species.