A comparative study on the corrosion behavior of NdFeB magnets in different electrolyte solutions

Sintered NdFeB magnets possess excellent magnetic properties. However, the corrosion resistance property of NdFeB is very poor due to its multiphase microstructure consisting of matrix phase Nd₂Fe₁₄B, Nd‐rich phase, and B‐rich phase. The corrosion behavior of NdFeB magnets in sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chloride (NaCl), nitric acid (HNO₃), and oxalic acid (H₂C₂O₄) solutions was investigated by immersion and electrochemical tests. HNO₃is the strongest corrosive electrolyte compared with the other three solutions. The increase in HNO₃concentration can accelerate the corrosion of NdFeB magnets. NaCl belongs to medium corrosion electrolyte. A NaCl concentration of 0.5 M shows the severest corrosive feature in comparison with other concentrations of NaCl solution. NdFeB hardly suffers corrosion in NaOH and H₂C₂O₄solutions owing to the formation of passivation films on the surface of magnets. Based on the corrosion behavior of NdFeB in different electrolytes, the possible corrosion mechanisms are discussed.     

Corrosion resistance of environment‐friendly sealing layer for Zn‐coated sintered NdFeB magnet

In this paper, a protective sealed Zn coating (SZC) was prepared on sintered NdFeB magnet by the combination of electrodeposition and sol–gel method. The unsealed Zn coating (UZC) was also studied for a comparison. The surface morphology of UZC and the cross‐section morphology of SZC were investigated using scanning election microscope (SEM). The microstructure of Zn coating and structure of sealing layer were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectrum, respectively. The corrosion characteristics of SZC and UZC in neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solution were evaluated using electrochemical measurements including open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization test, indicating that the anticorrosive properties of SZC coated specimens increased 20 times compared with that of UZC coated specimens. In order to further investigate the anticorrosive properties of SZC, a long‐term immersion test was carried out in neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solution using EIS. The results of long‐term corrosion test showed that the SZC could provide long‐term protection in neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for NdFeB magnet.     

Corrosion protection of sintered NdFeB magnets by CAPVD Ti2N coating

Sintered NdFeB magnets have poor corrosion resistance and are readily susceptible to corrosion under different environmental conditions. Cathodic arc physical vapour deposited (CAPVD) titanium nitride coating for sintered NdFeB permanent magnets has been investigated in this paper. Tafel extrapolation was employed to study the corrosion behaviour in 3.5% NaCl solution at ambient temperature. The adhesive strength of the coating was estimated with the help of the scratch test. The surface chemistry and coating morphologies were studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-Ray diffraction (XRD) was used for qualitative phase analyses of coatings and substrate. The properties of CAPVD titanium nitride coating were compared with electrodeposited multilayer nickel–copper–nickel coating. It was figured out that the CAPVD titanium nitride coating had better adhesion strength and shifted the free corrosion potential (FCP) of the system towards positive potential, providing protection to the NdFeB substrate. However, the corrosion rate of CAPVD titanium nitride coating was more than the electrodeposited multilayer nickel–copper–nickel coating. The magnetic properties remained comparable.     

Improving adhesion of electroless Ni-P coating on sintered NdFeB magnet

The poor adhesion of Ni-P coatings on sintered NdFeB magnets imposes a great challenge in industrial applications. In this work, a kind of Zn phosphate film was fabricated on NdFeB sintered magnets surface to enhance the adhesion strength between the Ni-P coating and the substrate. The results showed that the adhesion strength between magnet surface and Ni-P coating was enhanced from 2.3 MPa to 10.1 MPa after Zn phosphating treatment. The addition of the phosphate created a protective layer over the substrate and inhibited the dissolving of the substrate and generation of H₂, which deteriorated the mechanical strength of the substrate and led to lower adhesion strength. On the other hand, the pores and micro-cracks on the phosphate film enhanced the interfacial contact area as well as reinforced the anchoring of Ni-P grains through the pinning effect, thus leading to high adhesion strength between Ni-P and magnet substrate. Phosphating solution composition and process were also optimized by orthogonal experiments in this work.     

烧结NdFeB喷涂无铬Zn-Al涂层的耐蚀性能

以硅烷为粘接剂、片状锌、铝粉为原料,采用喷涂方式在NdFeB基体上制备了环境友好型无铬Zn-Al涂层。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对涂层的相结构及形貌进行表征,采用中性盐雾试验（NSS）和电化学方法分析镀层的耐蚀性能和耐蚀机理,采用拉力试验测试涂层结合力。结果表明：Zn-Al涂层呈鳞片状,均匀致密地涂敷于NdFeB磁体表面,涂层厚度约27 μm,涂层与基体结合力可达10.95 MPa。Zn-Al对NdFeB基体起到阳极保护的作用,且涂层片状结构延长了腐蚀介质的腐蚀通道,涂层NSS测试可达600 h以上,远远超过传统电镀Zn层的耐中性盐雾能力。     

Electrochemical corrosion behaviors and protective properties of Ni–Co–TiO2 composite coating prepared on sintered NdFeB magnet

In this paper, a protective Ni–Co–TiO₂ composite coating was prepared on the sintered NdFeB magnet by direct current electrodeposition. The surface morphologies, microstructure, and chemical composition of the composite coating were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The surface morphologies and microstructure analysis showed that the composite coating possessed cauliflower‐like grain colonies, and formed face‐centered cubic (fcc) solid solution. The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of the composite coating in 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄, 0.6 mol/L NaOH, 0.6 mol/L Na₂SO₄, and neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions were evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), showing good protection for NdFeB magnet. In order to further investigate the protective properties of the composite coating for NdFeB magnet and the practicability of the composite coating, the long‐term immersion test was carried out in neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions using EIS. The results of long‐term corrosion test showed that the Ni–Co–TiO₂ composite coating could provide long‐term protection in neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions for NdFeB magnet.     

铝薄膜对烧结NdFeB磁体耐蚀性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射的方法在烧结NdFeB磁体表面沉积Al薄膜提高磁体的耐蚀性能。研究膜厚及溅射功率对薄膜结构和耐蚀性能的影响。利用SEM对Al薄膜的微观结构进行分析,并采用动态极化曲线和中性盐雾实验分析Al薄膜耐蚀性能。均匀致密的Al薄膜的形成是获得良好耐蚀性能的必要条件。在51-82 W溅射功率下制备的6.69μm的Al薄膜具有良好的耐蚀性能。     

真空退火对镀Al薄膜NdFeB磁体矫顽力和耐蚀性的影响

采用电弧离子镀技术在烧结NdFeB表面沉积一层Al薄膜,并进行真空退火热处理。利用扫描电镜、永磁材料测量系统、电化学工作站和盐雾试验箱等,研究了不同退火工艺对Al/NdFeB试样显微组织、磁性能和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,矫顽力先升高后降低,550 ℃退火60 min时矫顽力最高,达到22.41 kOe,较镀态试样增幅7.6%,但耐蚀性有所降低;随着退火时间的增加,矫顽力先降低后升高,550 ℃退火5 min时矫顽力为22.16 kOe,且自腐蚀电流密度较基体NdFeB降低了1~2个数量级。550 ℃退火5 min试样具有较高的矫顽力和较好的耐蚀性能。     

烧结钕铁硼磁体表面CeO2/硅烷复合涂层的制备及其耐蚀性能

采用浸涂方式在烧结钕铁硼磁体表面制备CeO2/硅烷复合涂层,研究了硅烷水溶液中纳米CeO2颗粒掺杂量对复合涂层性能的影响,通过扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、动电位极化曲线及中性盐雾试验对所制备的CeO2/硅烷复合涂层的形貌、元素分布以及耐腐蚀性能进行分析。结果表明:纳米CeO2颗粒的添加增强了涂层的硬度,提高了硅烷涂层的屏蔽性能,延长了腐蚀溶液渗入硅烷涂层的腐蚀通道,复合涂层耐中性盐雾试验能力可达24 h。但由于纳米颗粒只是机械的镶嵌到复合涂层中,不会改变硅烷涂层在固化过程中醇基之间脱水缩合反应的本质,在NaCl溶液中,复合涂层依然会形成高低不同的交联密度区,CeO2/硅烷复合涂层失效的主要原因依然是在交联密度低的区域首先水解溶解导致的。     

Jet electrodeposition multilayer nickel on the surface of sintered NdFeB and corrosion behaviours

Sintered neodymium (NdFeB) magnet material is highly vulnerable to corrosion. To solve this problem, three kinds of structures (dark nickel, bright nickel, and multilayered nickel) were produced efficiently and quickly by using jet electrodeposition technology. The structure and microstructure of the coatings were analysed by X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The corrosion resistance of the samples was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarisation (Tafel). By comparing the corrosion behaviours of different structures, we found that the corrosion resistance of multilayered structure nickel coating was much higher than that of single layered nickel and the surface quality was significantly improved compared with dark nickel, which can better protect the NdFeB material.     

Study on the corrosion behavior of NdFeB permanent magnets in nitric acid and oxalic acid solutions with electrochemical techniques

Corrosion behavior of sintered NdFeB magnets in nitric acid and oxalic acid was investigated. The experiment results indicated that NdFeB is strongly corroded in nitric acid solution, and is passivated in oxalic acid solution. Based on the corrosion behavior, the possible corrosion mechanisms are discussed.     

烧结NdFeB磁体热压变形后富Nd相的显微组织

采用热压变形法对NdFeB磁体晶间富Nd相的显微组织进行了研究,实验结果表明,NdFeB磁体经真空热压变形后,富Nd相不再平均地分布在磁体晶间,而是聚集成团块状或从磁体边缘渗出,显微组织分析表明,富Nd相主要是由α-Dd和Nd2Fe17两相组成,与Nd-Fe合金的共晶组织成分接近,对于晶间添加Al元素的磁体,Al溶入晶间形成Nd2Fe15Al2相弥散地分布在晶界上,这有益于磁体矫顽力的提高;对于晶间添加Cu元素的磁体,晶间没有发现有新相产生。     

Grain growth effects on the corrosion behavior of nanocrystalline NdFeB magnets

Isotropic nanocrystalline Nd₁₄Fe₈₀B₆ magnets with different grain sizes in the range of 100-600 nm have been produced from melt-spun materials by hot pressing at 700 °C and subsequent annealing at 800 °C for 0.5-6 h. The microstructures have been characterized using XRD, SEM, EDX and Kerr microscopy. The effect of grain size on the corrosion behavior of nanocrystalline magnets has been examined in N₂-purged 0.1 M H₂SO₄ electrolyte by in situ inductively coupled plasma solution analysis, gravimetric and electrochemical techniques and hot extraction [H]-analysis. The corrosion resistance increases with increasing grain size of the hard magnetic phase. Nanocrystalline magnets showed an increase in absorbed hydrogen by anodic polarization and abnormal dissolution by cathodic polarization. The corrosion behavior of the magnets in relation to their microstructure is discussed in terms of dissolution, hydrogenation and mechanical degradation.     

烧结NdFeB永磁体表面微弧氧化涂层的制备及性能

为了提高烧结NdFeB永磁体的耐蚀性,本文在铝酸盐溶液中采用二步微弧氧化工艺在烧结NdFeB永磁体表面制备了氧化铝陶瓷涂层。微弧氧化过程中,电压-时间曲线可大致分为四个阶段,与阀金属处理的曲线基本一致。烧结NdFeB表面制备的涂层呈现出典型的微弧氧化多孔形貌,厚度大约为5 μm。涂层中仅含有Al₂O₃结晶相,并含有少量的Fe、Nd和P元素。微弧氧化处理后,烧结NdFeB的表面粗糙度有所增加,耐蚀性较基体提高了1个数量级。然后,微弧氧化处理后,烧结NdFeB磁体的剩磁和最大磁能积较未处理NdFeB有所下降。     

Electrochemical corrosion of novel beta titanium alloys

Electrochemical corrosion behaviors of novel beta titanium alloys, Ti−30Ta−10Nb−10Zr, Ti−40Ta−10Nb−10Zr and Ti−40Ta−10Nb−4Sn were characterized in naturally aerated Hank's solution at 37°C compared with currently used biomedical titanium alloys. Ti−30Ta−10Nb−10Zr and Ti−40Ta−10Nb−10Zr exhibited comparable corrosion resistance to CP Ti or Ti−6Al−4V, while the corrosion resistance of Ti−40Ta−10Nb−4Sn was greatly inferior to the other alloys. An EIS data analysis confirmed that the resistance of passive film for Ti−30Ta−10Nb−10Zr and Ti−40Ta−10Nb−10Zr was comparable to CP Ti or Ti−6Al−4V. Ti−30Ta−10Nb−10Zr and Ti−40Ta−10Nb−10Zr alloys are promising metallic biomaterials for the future, owing to their very low elastic modulus and good corrosion resistance capabilities.     

The influence of Co and Ga additions on the corrosion behavior of nanocrystalline NdFeB magnets

Isotropic nanocrystalline Nd₁₄Fe₈₀B₆ and Nd₁₂Dy₂Fe_73.2Co_6.6Ga_0.6B_5.6 magnets with different grain sizes in the range of 60-600 nm have been produced from melt-spun materials by hot pressing at 700 °C and subsequent annealing at 800 °C for 0.5-6 h. The microstructure has been characterized using XRD, SEM, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and Kerr microscopy. The corrosion behavior of NdFeB magnets has been examined on 0.1 M H₂SO₄ by in situ inductively coupled plasma solution analysis, gravimetric and electrochemical techniques. The corrosion hydrogen absorption/desorption behavior has been investigated by thermal desorption analysis and hot extraction methods. Partial substitution of Fe with Co and Ga leads to an improvement in corrosion resistance and reduces the affinity and binding energy for hydrogen in these materials. Coarsening of the microstructure results in a better corrosion performance of these materials. The corrosion behavior of the magnets in relation to phase composition, phase distribution and grain size is discussed in terms of dissolution, hydrogenation and mechanical degradation.     

Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of plasma‐nitrocarburized sintered steel

Powder characteristics and manufacturing processes determine the microstructure, and therefore, the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of sintered steels. In particular, porosity and corrosion resistance are intimately related, since the contact area between substrate and electrolyte significantly affects the corrosion resistance of sintered steels. This study addresses the effect of powder characteristics and pressing parameters on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of low‐carbon sintered and sintered/plasma‐nitrocarburized steel. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance increased with increasing density and decreasing specific surface area. Additionally, plasma‐nitrocarburizing was highly effective in coating open pores of the material.     

Cu/Ti在模拟海水中的电偶腐蚀行为(英文)

采用电化学阻抗谱、电化学噪声和扫描电镜等技术研究了纯铜、铜/钛耦合电极在模拟海水中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:纯铜的腐蚀过程分2个阶段,其腐蚀阻抗和点蚀参数SE均遵循先增后降的规律,而其腐蚀参数SG的变化规律则正好相反;铜/钛耦合电极的腐蚀过程则由3个阶段组成,其腐蚀阻抗和点蚀参数SE均遵循先降后升到最后再降的规律,而其腐蚀参数SG则同样反向变化。铜和钛之间的电势差加速了纯铜的点蚀萌生,同时铜/钛耦合电极的腐蚀电位总是正于纯铜的腐蚀电位。     

烧结NdFeB永磁体在不同酸溶液中的腐蚀行为（英文）EI北大核心CSCD

通过酸洗、浸泡法和电化学腐蚀测试分析了烧结Nd Fe B永磁体在不同浓度的H2SO4溶液、HCl溶液和HNO3溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,烧结Nd Fe B磁体在HNO3溶液中的腐蚀机制为均匀腐蚀,而在H2SO4溶液和HCl溶液中的腐蚀机制为选择性的晶间腐蚀。烧结Nd Fe B磁体在酸溶液中的腐蚀速率随着酸溶液浓度的增加而增加。在浸泡试验和电化学腐蚀试验中,烧结Nd Fe B磁体在HNO3溶液中的腐蚀速率均最小。因此,HNO3溶液更适合作为烧结Nd Fe B磁体的酸洗液。     

The effect of absorbed hydrogen on the corrosion behavior of sintered NdFeB magnet

The absorption of hydrogen by NdFeB magnet has been investigated by using the electrochemical charging technique at constant cathodic current density I_c ranging from 0 to 4 mA/cm². Open circuit potential measurements (OCP) and polarization curves were carried out to study the corrosion behavior of the charged NdFeB magnet in 0.01 mol/L NaCl solution. The results showed that hydrogen had a strong influence on the corrosion of NdFeB magnet. The open circuit potential became gradually negative due to the hydrogen incorporation into the NdFeB magnet. The corrosion resistance was reduced gradually with the increasing cathodic current density I_c. The surface structure and the morphology of the charged NdFeB magnet were examined by XRD and SEM. The results revealed that the effect of the absorbed hydrogen focused mostly on accelerating the exfoliation corrosion of Nd₂Fe₁₄B matrix grain.