一种FCC油浆与煤共处理影响因素研究

通过高压釜研究了山东某炼厂的催化裂化油浆(FCC油浆)与新疆哈密地区煤共处理效果.结果表明:当煤粉添加量为30%时,油煤浆的黏度已经达到了1 375mPa·s,远大于煤直接液化中油煤浆的黏度,不利于泵的输送,因此,如何降低油煤浆黏度是煤油共炼技术要解决的重要问题之一;在煤粉添加量为30%~35%、反应温度为450℃、停留时间为2.0h的条件下,FCC油浆与煤共处理的反应效果较好,转化率超过了98%,油产率基本维持在80%;对FCC油浆进行加氢预处理来改善其性质,可显著降低油煤浆的黏度,同时提高了煤粉添加量为40%条件下的煤油共处理效果,使转化率由92.4%上升至96.5%,油产率由71.12%上升至79.19%.     

高压均质改性污泥对水煤浆成浆性的影响研究

为实现污泥的资源化利用,利用强碱性物质对污泥进行改性,通过污泥改性机的高压均质作用后将污泥掺入煤中制备高浓度污泥煤浆,研究了改性污泥对煤浆成浆浓度、黏度、流动性及稳定性等性能的影响。结果表明,0.5%Na OH加入到污泥中黏度为251 m Pa·s,1.0%Na OH添加量时污泥黏度为244 m Pa·s,过量Na OH对污泥作用不明显。经过污泥改性机高压均质后的污泥黏度为251m Pa·s,电动搅拌后的污泥黏度为337 m Pa·s,污泥改性机对污泥改性作用突出。Na OH占污泥配比0.5%,污泥添加量5%,添加剂比例0.5%,粗细粉质量比80∶20时,污泥煤浆成浆浓度最高为59.8%,流动性和稳定性均达到A级,成浆性最好。     

响应面优化法改善神府煤成浆性的试验研究

针对神府煤低灰、低硫、高内水,难以制备出高浓度、低黏度水煤浆的问题,以超细煤粉平均粒径12、6.5μm质量分数和复配分散剂用量为因素,采用Box-Behnken设计试验得到水煤浆黏度的回归方程模型,利用响应面分析三因素对水煤浆黏度的影响,并优化试验结果。结果表明,神府煤制备水煤浆的最优配方为:12μm煤粉质量分数为55%,6.5μm煤粉质量分数为35%,分散剂用量为1.04 g,预测水煤浆黏度为918.65 m Pa·s。在定浓条件下,按照最优配方进行试验验证,水煤浆黏度从1975 m Pa·s降至1066.67 m Pa·s,且优化后水煤浆的稳定性和流变性明显改善。     

胜利褐煤油煤浆常压低温黏度变化研究

研究了常压低温条件下胜利褐煤油煤浆的黏度变化,重点分析了溶剂、温度、浓度以及煤粒度、溶胀和剪切速率、剪切时间对黏度的影响,并通过对实验数据的回归,建立了黏度变化的数学模型,实验结果表明,胜利褐煤油煤浆的黏度随溶剂黏度增加而增加,随煤粒度增加、剪切速率增大、剪切时间延长而降低;随煤油比增大呈指数递增型变化,方程为γ=γ0 A·exp(x/t),随温度增加呈指数递减型变化,方程为γ=γ0 A·exp(-x/t);常压低温条件下溶胀对胜利煤浆黏度变化影响较小.     

催化裂化油浆用作煤油共炼溶剂的流变性研究

为解决油煤浆输送过程中的沉积和阻力过大等问题,在常压低温条件下,分析了溶剂性质、煤颗粒粒度、催化剂和助催化剂、溶胀、剪切速率、煤浆浓度、配制时间和温度等条件对油煤浆黏度的影响规律。结果表明,在相同条件下,油煤浆黏度随溶剂黏度的增大而增大,随煤颗粒粒度的增加而减小,随催化剂和助催化剂的添加而增加,随煤浆浓度升高而增加。当油煤浆的浓度大于30%时,表观黏度随剪切速率的增大而降低,表现出剪切稀化。煤颗粒在溶剂中溶胀后,使得煤颗粒在煤浆中的体积浓度增大,黏度变大。温度对油煤浆黏度影响较大,黏度随温度的升高而降低,在常压低温条件下,黏度随温度变化呈现一定的定量关系。     

神华煤直接液化油煤浆常温流变特性研究

研究了常温放置不同时间神华煤直接液化油煤浆随存放时间、测定温度、剪切速率的不同流变特性的变化规律,并分析了可能的原因.结果表明,常温放置不同时间,在相同温度和相同剪切速率下,油煤浆的黏度与油煤浆常温放置时间关系不大;相同的存放时间和相同的剪切速率,油煤浆黏度随着温度的升高而下降;在相同的存放时间、相同的温度和不同剪切速率下,油煤浆黏度随着剪切速率的增加而升高.     

重油性质对油煤浆表观黏度的影响

以催化裂解油浆(DCC)、山东渣油(SDR)、中低温煤焦油重馏分(TAR)和塔河渣油(THR)为研究对象,考察了不同条件下油煤浆表观黏度变化规律,研究了油煤浆的流体性质和黏温特性,探讨了制浆过程中不同性质重油对煤的适应性。结果表明:不同性质的重油组分差距较大,THR与TAR中饱和脂肪烃含量低,含有大量氢键缔合结构。分析结果表明THR中沥青质的分子母核结构更大,重油胶质体系稳定性差,极易缩聚,在升温过程中容易结焦。煤粉浓度为30%条件下,随剪切速率提高,DCC,SDR和TAR油煤浆体系黏度下降幅度均小于10%,这与三种重油均呈牛顿流体性质有关。添加煤粉增强了THR剪切稀化的能力,黏度下降高达26.80%。四种重油配制的不同浓度油煤浆体系lnμ与1/T线性关系良好,相关系数R²>0.98。在相同温度和煤浆浓度条件下,THR油煤浆体系黏度>SDR油煤浆体系黏度>TAR油煤浆体系黏度>DCC油煤浆体系黏度。SDR与TAR配制的油煤浆黏度适中,且在输送过程中受温度波动影响较小,油煤浆稳定性较高,是比较适宜的制浆原料。     

两种不同稳定剂对水焦浆稳定性的影响

为提高水焦浆的稳定性,采用A、B两种稳定剂制备水焦浆,考察对比了2种稳定剂对水焦浆的表观黏度和析水率的影响。结果表明,A物质的添加量为0.3%时,随着浓度的增加,流动性逐渐变差,表观黏度上升,由873 m Pa·s增至1 039 m Pa·s,析水率由11.61%降至8.57%。B物质的添加量为0.3%时,随着浓度的增加,流动性逐渐变差,表观黏度由891 m Pa·s增至1 187 m Pa·s,析水率逐渐下降,由6.30%降至3.45%。2种添加剂均可提高水焦浆的稳定性。随着2种稳定剂添加量的增加,水焦浆黏度有所增加,析水率逐渐降低,即稳定性增加。添加0.3%的B物质时浆体的黏度低于添加0.6%的A物质的水焦浆黏度,而浆体的析水率也优于添加0.6%的A物质水焦浆的析水率,因此B物质对稳定性的提升效果要优于A物质。     

高浓度有机废液对水煤浆气化的适用性研究

为实现己内酰胺车间高浓有机废水资源化利用，对废水进行了成分分析和制浆试验，并采用Aspen Plus软件模拟了添加有机废水制浆对气化运行的影响。结果表明，加入有机废水后，煤灰成分变化不明显，煤灰渣黏温曲线黏度3 Pa·s～25 Pa·s对应的温度范围由1 323℃～1 379℃拓宽至1 244℃～1 382℃；单独使用有机废水制浆，煤浆流动性有所增强，但黏度明显变低，稳定性变差，煤浆静置24 h析水率大于5.00%；通过调节废液酸碱度，并使用羧甲基纤维素钠作为稳定剂，可改善煤浆稳定性；随着有机废液使用量增加，气化温度有所降低，有效气含量略有升高，节煤量增加。     

新疆煤制备精细甲醇煤浆及其特性研究

以低灰分、高挥发分、高水分的新疆煤和工业甲醇为原料,进行了精细甲醇煤浆的制备及其特性研究.实验中主要采用172μm左右和54μm左右粒度的煤粉进行研究.探讨了分散剂、稳定剂、甲醇煤浆的原料配比、煤粉粒度级配等因素对甲醇煤浆黏度的影响.确定了最佳的工艺条件为:十二烷基硫酸钠、膨润土用量均为25%,煤粉粒度为172μm左右与54μm左右按1∶1复配对煤浆的制备效果最好.产品性能测试表明:通过实验制得的甲醇煤浆黏度在1 200 mPa·s以内,其稳定性较好,煤浆的最大浓度为63%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。