基于脉冲涡流差分信号提离交汇点的亚表面层材质劣化检测技术理论研究

多层金属结构广泛应用于石油、化工、航天和能源等工业领域的大型、复杂装备中。由于服役工况一般较为恶劣,该结构亚表面层材质性能会出现劣化,直接威胁到大型、复杂装备的安全运转。通过脉冲涡流检测理论仿真,发现了一种基于脉冲涡流差分信号的新型提离交汇点。通过对该交汇点的特性研究,提出了一种能够对多层结构亚表面层材质劣化进行检测和评估的方法。由于当前的脉冲涡流检测技术主要针对金属结构表面层材质劣化进行检测,所以该方法的提出拓展了脉冲涡流检测技术的应用领域。通过数值仿真,所提方法的正确性及实用性得到了验证。     

金属亚表面腐蚀缺陷的脉冲调制涡流磁场梯度成像

由于工况复杂,在役金属构件极易产生亚表面腐蚀缺陷,严重影响其安全运行。脉冲调制涡流检测技术是一种新型脉冲涡流检测技术。相较传统脉冲涡流检测技术,其在金属构件缺陷检测和评估中具有优势;将其与磁场梯度测量技术有效结合,探究其在金属构件亚表面腐蚀缺陷检测中的成像方法和技术优势。通过有限元分析,发现相较脉冲涡流磁场梯度信号,脉冲调制涡流磁场梯度信号对金属亚表面腐蚀缺陷边缘识别具有更高的灵敏度。并且,搭建了相关试验系统,通过试验验证了仿真分析结论。试验结果表明,脉冲调制涡流磁场梯度检测信号对金属构件亚表面腐蚀缺陷成像具有更高的精度,有利于缺陷的检测。     

脉冲涡流检测技术的进展

脉冲涡流检测技术主要用于检测亚表面及多层金属结构缺陷。脉冲激励与金属结构缺陷之间发生相互作用,在探头中引起的瞬态响应信号包含大量的缺陷信息,使之具有快速定量检测缺陷的潜力,但也增加了对响应信号解释的难度。评述了脉冲涡流瞬态响应的计算、提离噪声抑制等方面的国内外研究进展,分析了脉冲涡流检测技术的发展方向。     

基于固态磁场传感器的脉冲涡流检测铁磁性构件腐蚀缺陷

脉冲涡流检测技术是一种新兴的电磁无损检测技术,该技术可用于铁磁性材料腐蚀缺陷的检测和评估。目前国内外铁磁性材料腐蚀缺陷的脉冲涡流检测多采用盘式检出线圈拾取感应电压信号,但对采用固态磁场传感器拾取磁场信号的分析尚存不足。通过解析建模仿真和试验发现,与传统感应电压信号相比,磁场信号对铁磁性构件腐蚀缺陷深度的响应更为灵敏,有利于铁磁性构件腐蚀缺陷检出率和评估精度的提升。     

一种基于DDS技术的脉冲涡流信号源的实现

脉冲涡流检测技术是近几年新兴的无损检测方法。与传统涡流检测法不同,它以一定占空比的方波脉冲为激励,此信号经过傅里叶变换可分解为无限多个谐波分量之和,所以在采集的磁场信号中含有更多信息。根据脉冲涡流检测法自身的特点,基于DDS技术,设计了一种参数可调式脉冲波形发生器。通过试验验证,此波形发生器性能稳定、参数设置方便,能满足涡流检测系统激励信号的要求,有很好的推广应用价值。     

飞机多层金属结构脉冲涡流检测提离效应的抑制

探头提离造成的信号畸变是脉冲涡流检测中主要干扰之一。本研究针对飞机多层铆接结构脉冲涡流检测中的提离效应进行抑制,采用一种基于提离数据库的峰值补偿方法对探头提离效应进行了一定程度的抑制。通过线性阵列探头获取提离补偿后的信号峰值,组成幅值矩阵,实现成像检测。对比探头提离的抑制效果,实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地运用于多层金属结构近表面及深层缺陷的提离检测。     

绝对式涡流传感器测量非磁性管材外径和电导率

以开发绝对式感应涡流传感器测量能力、实现单机多参数测量为目的,对非磁性管件中的涡流磁场进行了研究和分析。建立了基于绝对式感应涡流传感器,对非磁性管件的外径和相对磁导率进行检测的数学模型,并设计了相应的检测方法。试验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

金属构件缺陷的脉冲涡流近-远场复合定量检测

鉴于脉冲涡流检测和脉冲远场涡流检测在金属构件损伤检测中的优势,提出一种非铁磁性金属构件缺陷的脉冲涡流近-远场复合定量检测探头。通过数值仿真,在系统分析电磁场能流密度的基础上,研究脉冲涡流近-远场检测信号特性及其对构件腐蚀减薄缺陷的响应灵敏度,剖析检测信号特征与缺陷尺寸参数间的关联规律。同时,搭建试验平台,进一步探究基于脉冲涡流近-远场复合定量检测的非铁磁性金属构件腐蚀减薄缺陷定量检测方法。仿真及试验结果表明,所提集成磁场直接和间接耦合分量的新探头构型可同时对金属构件腐蚀减薄缺陷实施脉冲涡流检测和脉冲远场涡流检测,增强了缺陷定量信息的有效拾取。     

脉冲涡流技术对飞机结构内层裂纹缺陷的检测识别

如何检测老龄化飞机多层结构中的裂纹缺陷一直是无损检测领域的一个难点。脉冲涡流技术是一种可以对多层结构中缺陷进行有效检测的电磁无损检测技术。理论推导了脉冲涡流渗透深度的公式,得出适当的减小脉冲激励频率与增加占空比有利于检测深层缺陷。设计了实验系统与矩形传感器,对激励信号的频率与占空比进行了优化设计。对多层结构中的内层缺陷进行了实验,并对微弱的检测信号进行了必要的数据处理。实验结果证明脉冲涡流检测技术可以对内层裂纹缺陷进行有效的检测。脉冲涡流技术将会在航空无损检测领域发挥重大的作用。     

脉冲激励远场涡流管道检测技术的有限元仿真

研究了脉冲激励下的远场涡流管道检测技术,采用有限元仿真的方法对检测系统参数对检测结果的影响做了详细的分析。表明该技术将远场涡流和脉冲激励的优势有效结合,能提取较多检测信息,可同时测量管道内径和内、外壁缺陷信息,且具有信号幅值高,功耗低的优点。     

利用磁屏蔽效应改善钻杆漏磁检测信号信噪比

为了高效率地检测油田钻杆,设计了磁屏蔽器,电磁有限元分析表明,有磁屏蔽器存在时,钻杆漏磁信号将明显集中于缺陷附近,且永磁体元件之间通过空气介质耦合的背景磁通会大大降低。钻杆实物漏磁测试证实了这一分析结果,配有磁屏蔽器的探头可明显提高漏磁信号信噪比,有利于提高缺陷漏磁识别率。     

Quantitative non-destructive evaluation of wall thinning defect in double-layer pipe of nuclear power plants using pulsed ECT method

In this paper, an inversion algorithm for three-dimensional profile reconstruction of wall thinning defect in a double-layer region of a typical coolant pipe of nuclear power plants from pulsed eddy current testing (PECT) signals has been proposed and experimentally validated, based on a fast simulator of PECT signals and a deterministic optimization strategy. First, the fast simulator developed by authors for PECT signal prediction based on a Fourier-series scheme in addition with interpolation and database approaches is briefly described as a base for the inversion of PECT signals. Then, the formula of the conjugate graduate inversion algorithm for sizing three-dimensional wall thinning from PECT signals is deduced in detail based on that for crack like reconstruction using single frequency ECT signals. The three-dimensional local wall thinning is modeled as a group of planar defects with different length and depth which are reconstructed from two-dimensional scanning PECT signals through inverse analysis. Through conducting PECT experiment for double-layer coolant tube test-piece and reconstructing wall thinning profile from the measured signals, the efficiency and the robustness of the proposed inversion algorithm are demonstrated.     

A hybrid nondestructive testing method of pulsed eddy current testing and electromagnetic acoustic transducer techniques for simultaneous surface and volumetric defects inspection

In this paper, a hybrid nondestructive testing (NDT) method combining with the pulsed eddy current testing (PECT) method and the electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) method has been proposed and validated through numerical simulations and experiments. First, a numerical code is developed for the simulation of hybrid EMAT/PECT signals based on the developed EMAT and PECT code. Second, based on the numerical simulation, the influences of the eddy current induced by the excitation coil and the eddy current due to the velocity effect of the ultrasonic wave are compared and analyzed. In addition, the features of the EMAT and the PECT signals are analyzed respectively. Third, several signal separation and extraction methods are proposed on the basis of the spectral analysis and filtering strategies for extracting EMAT and PECT signals from the mixed signals of the hybrid EMAT/PECT method and their validity are evaluated through experiments. Finally, hybrid EMAT/PECT experiments are conducted and three types of defects (surface defects, bottom thinning defects, composite defects) in an aluminum plate and a SUS304 plate are successfully detected at the same time using the proposed hybrid NDT method and the signal feature parameters. Based on the numerical and experimental results, the proposed hybrid PECT/EMAT NDT method is demonstrated both high detectability and high efficiency for detecting surface and volumetric defects at the same time.     

基于三维有限元的平行钢丝拉索断丝漏磁场仿真

随着桥梁检测技术的发展,漏磁检测技术开始应用于在役拉索检测。由于拉索自身结构复杂,拉索漏磁检测具有大直径和大提离的特点,导致背景磁场较强。利用有限元方法建立三维漏磁检测模型,通过将存在断丝缺陷的磁场信号与无缺陷的磁场信号求差,获得了真实漏磁场信号;研究了断丝断口宽度、埋藏深度等参数对检测信号的影响,给出了漏磁场随上述参数的变化曲线,从而为拉索漏磁检测信号的解释提供依据,为断丝量化分析奠定了基础。     

Weak magnetic flux leakage: A possible method for studying pipeline defects located either inside or outside the structures

Magnetic leakage distribution results from linear defects of oil–gas pipelines in a weak magnetic field, which is modeled by the magnetic dipole theory. The analysis is useful for the identification of defects located either inside or outside the pipelines. The results indicate that the radial signals of inside–outside defects can be clearly distinguished, and the axial signals are basically the same in a weak magnetic field. The theoretical and the experimental results are very consistent.     

Pulse-modulation eddy current probes for imaging of external corrosion in nonmagnetic pipes

Since the nonmagnetic pipe is normally utilized in corrosive and hostile environment, it is prone to the external corrosion which occurs on the outer surface of the pipe and severely undermines the structural integrity and safety. Although Pulsed Eddy Current technique (PEC) is currently preferred for detection and evaluation of subsurface defects in tubular conductors, it is subject to technical drawbacks. In light of this, Pulse-modulation Eddy Current technique (PMEC) is intensively investigated in the paper for enhancement of the evaluation sensitivity to external corrosion and accuracy of corrosion imaging. Closed-form expressions of the PMEC response and its sensitivity to external corrosion in tubular conductors are formulated via the Extended Truncated Region Eigenfunction Expansion (ETREE) modeling. Following simulations for analysis and comparison of field signals and evaluation sensitivities of PMEC and PEC, experiments of PMEC for evaluation and imaging of external corrosion are carried out. Through theoretical and experimental investigation, it has been found that regarding the evaluation and imaging of external corrosion in nonmagnetic pipes, the PMEC-based probe have higher sensitivity and imaging accuracy than that based on PEC. The superiority of PMEC to PEC in inspection of tubular conductors is further identified.     

基于磁噪声和增量磁导率的塑性变形定量无损评价

针对机械结构在加工、制造和使用过程中常出现的塑性变形损伤,研究了碳素钢材料塑性变形与巴克豪森噪声及增量磁导率之间的关联性。试验结果表明,在小变形时,巴克豪森噪声信号随塑性变形变化明显;增量磁导率值随塑性变形的增大而规律性变化。不同碳素钢材料的试验结果表明,巴克豪森磁噪声和增量磁导率可用于碳素钢材料中塑性变形的定量无损评价。     

Metal magnetic memory signal response to plastic deformation of low carbon steel

Metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique can be potentially used to evaluate early damage of ferromagnetic materials nondestructively due to its high sensitivity to stress and stress–strain state. An experimental investigation of the effect of plastic deformation on magnetic behavior has been undertaken in low carbon steel specimens. The measurements were made under applied tension after unloading in the elastic–plastic region for different strain levels. Magnetic memory signals show apparently different variation characteristics in the elastic and plastic ranges, and the magnetic signals are sharply changed by a rather small plastic deformation, which is in agreement with the predictions of the modified magnetomechanical effect model correlating magnetic memory signal with plastic strain. The results of the present work indicate that the MMM method can detect macroyielding and early stage of plastic deformation effectively.     

泰勒法制备的Ni-Mn-In-Co合金纤维的磁热效应

采用泰勒法制备了直径范围在30~100μm之间的玻璃包裹Ni-Mn-In-Co合金纤维。利用综合物性测量系统（PPMS）研究了磁场对制备态和退火态纤维马氏体相变温度的影响,并且从M-B曲线中分别计算得出了制备态和退火态纤维的磁热效应。研究结果表明：制备态纤维在室温下为7M马氏体结构。在制备态和退火态纤维中,奥氏体相变开始温度随外加磁场变化速率（ΔAs/ΔB）分别为-1.6和-4 K/T。退火态纤维在As点附近发生磁场诱发马氏体向奥氏体逆相变。退火态纤维最大磁熵变为3.0 J/（kg·K）,远大于制备态纤维的0.5 J/（kg·K）。Ni-Mn-In-Co合金纤维的大磁熵变和低成本使其成为最具潜力的磁制冷材料之一。