Effects of red grape skin and seed extract supplementation on atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits

Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between consumption of red wine and other polyphenolic compounds and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits were used to investigate the effects of polyphenols in a red grape skin and seed extract (GSE) on the development of atherosclerosis. WHHL rabbits received either semisynthetic diet (casein based) or semisynthetic diet added GSE over a period of 15 wk. Plasma lipids and aortic cholesterol accumulation were measured. Feeding semisynthetic diet was associated with increasing hypercholesterolemia, which was developing slower in GSE group compared to the controls as recorded by significantly lower plasma cholesterol in dosage week 7 (males: P < 0.05, females: P < 0.01) and 11 (males: P < 0.01). Aortic atherosclerosis evaluated as the cholesterol content in aortic tissue was comparable in the control and GSE-dosed females, but it was significantly reduced in the abdominal part of GSE-dosed male compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding GSE extract to WHHL rabbits had no significant effects in females but was associated with transient less hypercholesterolemic response to semisynthetic diet and, furthermore, retarded the development of aortic atherosclerosis in males as demonstrated by significantly lower cholesterol content in the abdominal part.     

Mulberry extract inhibits oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation via reduction of lipogenesis and promotion of hepatic lipid clearance

BACKGROUND: Mulberries are a traditional edible food used to treat hepatic disease. The anti‐obesity and hypolipidemic effects of mulberry water extracts (MWE) have attracted increasing interest. In the present study, MWE were assessed for their hepatic lipid‐lowering potential when administered in fatty acid overload conditions in HepG2 cells. RESULTS: We found that MWE significantly reduced lipid accumulation, suppressed fatty acid synthesis, and stimulated fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, MWE also inhibited acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase activities by stimulating adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). MWE attenuated the expression of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1 (SREBP‐1) and its target molecules, such as fatty acid synthase. Similar results were also measured in the expressions of enzymes involved in triglyceride and cholesterol biosyntheses including glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase, and SREBP‐2. In contrast, the lipolytic enzyme expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 were increased. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the hypolipidemic effects of MWE occur via phosphorylation of AMPK and inhibition of lipid biosynthesis. Therefore, the mulberry extract may be active in the prevention of fatty liver. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

桑椹食品的开发探讨

该文重点介绍了桑椹的营养成分和生理功能,并就桑椹食品的研究意义和生产现状进行了阐述,最后就桑椹食品的开发策略提出了几点建议。     

番茄提取物抗糖尿病动脉粥样硬化血小板过度活化的机制研究

血小板过度活化是糖尿病并发动脉粥样硬化（AS）的重要机制之一,膳食营养素干预对早期防治糖尿病合并AS发挥重要作用。经研究指出番茄提取物中的抗血小板因子可在不同环境下抑制血小板聚集和活化,其生物有效成分为核苷及其衍生物和酚类化合物,可延缓糖尿病合并AS的病理进展。本综述旨在探讨番茄提取物的抗血小板作用的机制,为防治糖尿病合并AS提供理论依据。     

Effects of feeding various tocotrienol sources on plasma lipids and aortic atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits

Tocotrienols exert hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects, and may hence have anti-atherogenic properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the cholesterol-lowering and anti-atherogenic effects of tocotrienols in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Rabbits were fed a basal diet (control) supplemented with γ-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienyl acetate, mixed tocotrienols or α-tocotrienol for 12 weeks. All treatments resulted in significant increases in plasma tocotrienols. None of the treatments, however, had significant effects on serum lipids or size of atherosclerotic lesions. A trend towards a decrease in plasma cholesterol was observed following γ-tocotrienol treatment (−22%) after 6 weeks. The decrease was mainly attributable to a reduction in LDL cholesterol (23%), whereas HDL cholesterol increased (14%). This trend was mirrored in a non-significant reduction in lesion area (20%). Our results demonstrate that tocotrienols are absorbed, but have little effect on plasma lipids and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits.     

Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on lipid metabolism in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis

Group 1 rabbits received cholesterol (CS) in a dose of 0.5 g/kg/day, per os, during 4, 8 and 12 weeks that resulted in a significant increase of the total CS level in the blood serum of the total lipids (TL), phospholipids and beta-lipoproteins (3-10 times). Combined administration of CS and 40% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 0.6 ml/kg, to group 2 rabbits led to a decrease in the values studied by 20-70%. By the end of the experiment the content of CS and TL in the liver of group 2 rabbits comprised 65-71% of that recorded in group 1 animals. It was also shown that the degree of sclerotic degeneration of the thoracic aorta in group 2 was lower by 55% as compared to group 1 animals. The data obtained have evidenced the hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effect of EPA.     

Azuki bean (Vigna angularis) extract inhibits the development of experimentally induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice

The present study investigated the effects of azuki bean (Vigna angularis) extract (VAE) on the progress of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice induced by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The efficacy of VAE in NC/Nga mice was determined by measuring gross and histological skin lesions, serum IgE levels, eosinophil ratio in peripheral leucocytes, and mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-4, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in splenocytes. Continuous ingestion of VAE inhibited the development of the AD-like skin lesions in a dose-dependent manner. In the VAE-treated mice, the numbers of mast cells in the skin, eosinophil ratio in peripheral leucocytes, relative mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in the spleen, and serum IgE levels were significantly reduced. Results suggest that VAE can inhibit the development of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by regulating immune mediators and cells, and may be an effective alternative therapy for AD.     

全果发酵与榨汁发酵桑果酒成分差异研究

采用萃取后气质联用色谱检测和顶空固相微萃取后气质联用检测分析桑果酒中的挥发性风味成分,研究全果发酵桑果酒和榨汁发酵桑果酒成分的区别。结果表明,对于挥发性风味成分而言,榨汁发酵桑果酒挥发性风味成分（63种）高于全果发酵（24种）,而全果发酵酒体中的成分比榨汁发酵更为丰富。     

Mori Cortex Radicis extract inhibits human norovirus surrogate in simulated digestive conditions

Food Science and Biotechnology - Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis globally, resulting in enormous health and societal costs. In this study, the antiviral activities of Mori...     

Serotoninergic system blockage in the prepubertal rat inhibits spermatogenesis development

The stimulatory and inhibitory role of serotonin in gonadotropin secretion and in the onset of puberty in the male rat has been previously described, but its role in the establishment of spermatogenesis is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of serotoninergic inhibition by p-chloroamphetamine (pCA) on the prepubertal-to-adult stage of the rat reproductive system. Hypothalamic serotonin, gonadotropins and sex steroid hormone concentrations were measured, and a histopathological analysis of seminiferous epithelium was carried out on animals treated with pCA from day 30 and killed at 45 or 65 days of age. The pCA treatment significantly reduced the hypothalamic levels of serotonin and its metabolite (5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid). This inhibition did not affect the sex steroid hormone or LH concentrations, but rather it induced an increase in FSH concentration in animals of both ages. Spermatogenesis was impaired by pCA treatment. Disruption of seminiferous epithelium and the death of numerous germ cells were observed. Sperm produced by pCA-treated animals was of poor quality and appeared in small quantities. Apparently, serotonin depletion did not affect communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary, but the FSH increase could have been related to alterations in the seminiferous epithelium effects. The seminiferous epithelium cycle was altered in rats killed at both 45 and 65 days of age, because at each age of killing the distribution of spermatogenesis stages was different. Germ cell apoptosis did not appear to be related to changes in the FSH concentrations, but other factors produced during spermatogenesis could have been involved in this induction. This study showed that serotonin was necessary for the development of normal spermatogenesis in prepubertal rats.     

竹叶提取物的研究开发现状

竹叶中含有大量的黄酮、活性多糖、特种氨基酸、芳香成分和微量元素,其提取物是我国新开发的植物类资源,具有优良的抗活性自由基、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗疲劳、增强免疫力、阻断亚硝化反应、抗菌、抑菌等生物学功能.竹叶提取物以其丰富的原料来源、明确的功能因子、良好的食用安全性、高效稳定的制剂品质和清新甜香的竹子风味,近年来在天然功能性食品添加剂、医药保健品、农业工程等领域崭露头角.本文在综述了竹叶提取物的有效成分以及各成分的生理功能的基础上,重点介绍了其抗氧化、清除活性自由基、防腐抗菌的功能以及其在食品生产和农业工程上的应用.此外,本文还比较了各种提取方法的优劣、分析了其主要活性成分的食用安全性和开发利用现状,提出了今后竹叶提取物研究的主要方向.     

桑葚干和桑葚酒中花青素稳定性分析

研究光照、温度、氧化剂和还原剂对桑葚干和桑葚酒中花青素稳定性的影响,通过自由基清除试验评价桑葚干和桑葚酒的抗氧化能力,相关性分析讨论表征桑葚花青素稳定性的指标,比较桑葚花青素在不同产品中的稳定性。结果表明,桑葚酒中花青素对光照、温度、氧化剂、还原剂的耐受性显著强于桑葚干。桑葚酒提取物清除DPPH和ABTS+自由基的半数抑制率浓度均为3.05 mg/mL,对应的桑葚干提取物为3.93 mg/mL和3.55 mg/mL。相关性分析结果表明,光照、温度和H2O2对花青素的稳定性、花青素清除DPPH、ABTS+自由基能力与聚合型花青素占比成显著的正相关关系（p<0.05）。表征花青素的稳定性指标可能是聚合型花青素所占比重,桑葚酒中花青素的稳定性强于桑葚干,更耐受复杂的外界环境变化。     

Identification of the compound in a potent cranberry juice extract that inhibits lipid oxidation in comminuted muscle

An extract prepared from cranberry juice powder using a mixture of chloroform and methanol was particularly effective at inhibiting lipid oxidation in mechanically separated turkey (MST), providing more than 3 weeks of additional stability during −4 °C storage at a usage level of 0.1% (wet weight basis). The chloroform extract was fractionated by flash chromatography (FC) and analysed using reverse-phased high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with UV/vis diode array detection to identify the component(s) present in the fractions. One of the five fractions obtained was effective in delaying the formation of lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in MST, while the remaining fractions had little to no inhibitory action. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis indicated the presence of two flavonols, quercetin and quercetin-3-O-(6″-benzoyl)-β-galactoside in the inhibitory fraction. This fraction (containing quercetin at 467 μmol/kg MST) inhibited lipid oxidation in MST similarly to pure quercetin added to MST at the same concentration. This indicated that quercetin accounted for all or nearly all of the inhibitory capacity in the chloroform extract.     

一种鳀鱼提取物的开发和生产工艺研究

利用生物酶解和美拉德反应工艺,开发了一种鳀鱼提取物产品。通过酶种类及料水比筛选实验确定了酶解最佳工艺;利用正交实验设计确定了美拉德反应最佳工艺。实验结果表明:于56℃,料液比为1:2条件下,添加复合风味蛋白酶0.2%,水解蛋白酶0.1%,酶解4个小时为最适酶解工艺,酶解得率可达89.5%;将鳀鱼酶解液60g,葡萄糖2g,L-半胱氨酸1.5g,白胡椒0.3g,月桂粉0.1g,紫苏粉0.05g,八角茴香粉0.05g混合均匀,于105℃反应90 min为最佳美拉德反应工艺。按照上述工艺制作的鳀鱼提取物产品具有鳀鱼的典型风味,滋味鲜美协调,香气浓郁,肉感好,可用于鳀鱼和海鱼风味食品中起提味增鲜、增强厚实度的作用。该工艺易于实现生产,具有一定的实用性和市场开发价值。     

天然肉类提取物的发展及应用

本文阐述中外肉类提取物的发展及应用     

大蒜提取物对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成的影响

研究了大蒜提取物对铜绿假单胞菌PAO1生物膜形成的影响。通过对铜绿假单胞菌PAO1生物膜以及与生物膜形成相关因素的测定,结果表明大蒜提取物在不影响PAO1生长的浓度条件下,能抑制其生物膜的形成、胞外多糖的产生以及浮游现象;与阿奇霉素具有协同作用。因此,大蒜提取物通过干扰铜绿假单胞菌PAO1群体感应系统来抑制其生物膜的形成,降低与生物膜形成相关特性的表达。