Fatty acid composition of 20 lesser-known Western Australian seed oils

The fatty acid composition of the seed oils of Compositae (eight species), Proteaceae (four species), Begoniaceae (one), Boraginaceae (one), Euphorbiaceae (one), Liliaceae (one), Meliaceae (one), Rhamnaceae (one), Sapindaceae (one) and Stylidaceae (one) were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by a combination of thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography. The seeds contained oil in the range 1.6-37.7% (on a dry basis). Unusual fatty acids were not found. The major fatty acids were oleic and linoleic in all the species of seed oils except one (Phyllanthus calycinus) in which linolenic acid was the major component.     

Correlation of fatty acid composition of vegetable oils with rheological behaviour and oil uptake

The fatty acid compositions of seven edible vegetable oils were investigated and correlated with their rheological behaviours and the amount of absorbed oils to fried products. All oil samples showed constant viscosity as a function of shear rate, exhibiting Newtonian behaviours. The highest viscosity was observed in hazelnut oil, followed by olive, canola, corn, soybean, sunflower, and grapeseed oils. In addition, a high correlation (R² = 0.94) demonstrated that the flow behaviours of vegetable oils were positively governed by their major components (18:1 and 18:2 fatty acids). It was also shown that a more rapid change in viscosity with temperature was observed in the oils containing more double bonds (R² = 0.71). Furthermore, even though the overall tendency was that the potato strips fried in the oils with high viscosity appeared to cause more oil uptake, a significant effect of oil types on oil uptake was not observed.     

Fatty acid composition of seed oils of some members of the leguminosae family

Seed oils of ten leguminous tree crops were investigated for their fatty acid composition. Saturated acid components of the leguminous seed oils analysed revealed that low molecular weight acids (capric and lauric) did not commonly occur. On average, palmitic acid (19·4 ± 10·6) was the only major saturated acid present. However, within the subdivision Mimosoideae stearic acid content was slightly higher than in the subdivision Caesalpinoideae. Two members of the subdivision Mimosoideae—Tetrapleura tetraptera (13·9%) and Parkia clappertoniana (19·7%)—showed unusually high levels of behenic acid (22·0). Lignoceric acid (24·0) was not detected in any of the oils analysed.The major unsaturated acids in the seed oils of the leguminous crops investigated were oleic and linoleic acids, both comprising about 68·3% of the component acids. All members except P. africana (Mimosoideae) and Pterocarpus osun (Papilionaceae) were richer in linoleic acid than in oleic acid. Linoleic acid even comprised more than 50% of the component fatty acids in the seed oils of Adenanthera pavonina, T. tetraptera, D. oliverii and Bauhinia monandra. Very low levels of linolenic acid were detected in all the leguminous seed oils investigated. The nutritional implications of the component fatty acids are discussed.     

Fatty acid composition of rice oils.

Analysis of rice oil methyl esters of two varieties by gas-liquid chromatography showed that oil from bran-polish and oil from milled rice extracted with petroleum ether had similar fatty acid composition and had oleic/linoleic acid ratios of about 1.0. However, milled rice oil extracted with chloroform/methanol had a higher linoleic acid content and a lower oleic acid content than oil extracted with petroleum ether.     

Fatty acid composition of Hibiscus ficulneus seed oil

The fatty acid composition of seed oil from Hibiscus ficulneus (Malvaceae) was analysed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. In addition to normal saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, three hydrogen bromide-reactive fatty acids were also identified. These were shown to be epoxyoleic (4.9%), malvalic (4.2%), and sterculic (1.0%) acids. Seed oils of Vernonia anthelmintica and Sterculia foetida were used as reference standards.     

苹果籽油中脂肪酸及植物甾醇成分分析

采用冷榨法制取苹果籽油,并对制取的苹果籽油进行脂肪酸和植物甾醇成分分析.结果表明:苹果籽油中的主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(48.38％),油酸(38.32％),棕榈酸(7.15％)和硬脂酸1.83％;植物甾醇为β-谷甾醇,豆甾醇和菜油甾醇.苹果籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达86.92％,植物甾醇含量达384.7 mg/100 g,是一种具有开发价值的特种油脂.     

8种不同植物油的脂肪酸组成及抗氧化性比较

以紫苏籽油、芝麻油、胡麻油、青花菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、玉米油、葵花籽油8种植物油为研究对象,比较不同种类植物油的脂肪酸组成、多酚含量和抗氧化性。结果表明：8种植物油脂肪酸组成比例各不相同,其中花生油中油酸含量最高,为43.98%,葵花籽油中亚油酸含量最高,为6500%,紫苏籽油中亚麻酸含量最高,为63.89%;8种植物油的DPPH自由基清除能力强弱顺序为芝麻油>大豆油>玉米油>青花菜籽油>胡麻油>花生油>紫苏籽油>葵花籽油,与其多酚含量一致;8种植物油的铁离子还原能力从大到小依次为芝麻油＞大豆油＞青花菜籽油＞花生油＞胡麻油＞玉米油＞紫苏籽油＞葵花籽油。     

Fatty acid composition,oxidative stability,antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of selected cold-pressed grape seed oils and flours

Cold-pressed chardonnay, muscadine, ruby red, and concord grape seed oils and their defatted flours were studied for their fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. The phenolic profiles of the seed flours were also measured. The most abundant fatty acid in the oils was linoleic acid, ranging from 66.0 g/100 g of total fatty acids in ruby red seed oil to 75.3 g/100 g of total fatty acids in concord seed oil. The oils were also high in oleic acid and low in saturated fat. Ruby red grape seed oil recorded the highest oxidative stability index of 40 h under the accelerated conditions. Total phenolic content (TPC) was up to 100 times lower in the oils than in the flours. Lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol levels were also measured. DPPH radical-scavenging capacity ranged from 0.07 to 2.22 mmol trolox equivalents (TE)/g of oil and 11.8 to 15.0 mmol TE/g of flour. Oxidative stability of menhaden fish oil containing extracts of the seed flours was extended by up to 137%. HPLC analysis was conducted to determine the levels of free soluble, soluble conjugated and insoluble bound phenolics in the seed flours. The phenolic compounds analyzed included catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, quercetin, gallic acid, and procyanidins B1 and B2. Antiproliferative activity was tested against HT-29 colon cancer cells. All of the seed flours and muscadine seed oil registered significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of cancer cell growth. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of developing value-added uses for these seed oils and flours as dietary sources of natural antioxidants and antiproliferative agents for optimal health.     

Volatile composition of prickly pear fruit pulp from six Spanish cultivars

This research analyzed the volatile composition of the fruits pulp of six prickly pear cultivars (NT, NE, NO, NA, FR, and ORI) growing in Spain, by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography (GC-MS and GC-FID). A total of 35 compounds were isolated, identified, and quantified, with aldehydes, alcohols, and terpenes being the predominant chemical families, and esters, ketones, linear hydrocarbons, and terpenoids being also found. Nonanol, 2,6-nonadienal, 1-hexanol, 2-hexenal, and D-limonene were the predominant compounds. NT and FR cultivars showed the highest concentration of total volatile compounds. On the other hand, NE and NO cultivars presented the lowest concentration. Future studies on sensory evaluation are required to determine the sensory quality of the fruits of these Spanish cultivars.     

Fatty acid composition and volatile compounds of selected marine oils and meals

BACKGROUND: Although volatile compounds characterising seafood have been studied extensively, no similar data are available regarding the volatiles of raw materials used in fish feed. Therefore the aim of this study was to make an initial screening of the volatiles of various common marine raw materials used in the aquaculture feed industry. Nine commercial marine oils (German (GFO1, GFO2 and GFO3) and Norwegian (NFO) fish oils and salmon (SO1 and SO2), tuna (TO), sardine (SRDO) and shrimp (SHO) oils) and eight commercial marine meals (Peruvian (PFM1 and PFM2), Danish (DFM1 and DFM2) and prime quality (PQFM1 and PQFM2) fish meals and Antarctic krill meals (KM1 and KM2)) were analysed for their fatty acid profiles and volatile flavour compounds. The relation between fatty acids and volatiles was examined. RESULTS: The highest polyunsaturated fatty acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) contents and ω3/ω6 ratio were found in NFO. The fatty acid composition of all marine meals except krill meals was found to be more variable among batches than that of marine oils. Regarding volatiles, all marine raw materials were characterised by the complete absence or negligible levels of eight‐ and nine‐carbon alcohols and carbonyls. All marine oils were found to have high 2‐ethyl furan, 2‐methylenebutyl cyclopropane, hexanal, 2,4‐octadiene and 3,5‐octadiene contents. Marine meals, unlike marine oils, were characterised by the almost complete absence of unsaturated and cyclic hydrocarbons and terpenes and very low levels of furans. CONCLUSION: Volatiles of marine meals differ from those of marine oils. Unlike fatty acids which give useful traceability information, volatiles seem to fail in this role owing to their strong variability. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Monitoring of seed composition of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus‐indica L) fruits during maturation period

Prickly pear fruit seeds were subjected to a range of chemical analyses during their 15 week maturation period. Seeds contained on average 71.5 g kg^?1 dry matter, 61.9 g kg^?1 crude oil, 9.4 g kg^?1 protein, 507.4 g kg^?1 crude fibre, 12.3 g kg^?1 ash and 409.0 g kg^?1 carbohydrate. The fatty acid composition of prickly pear seed oil consisted of 1.3–1.9 g kg^?1 myristic (14:0), 132.1–156.0 g kg^?1 palmitic (16:0), 14.4–18.5 g kg^?1 palmitoleic (16:1), 33.1–47.9 g kg^?1 stearic (18:0), 210.5–256.0 g kg^?1 oleic (18:1), 522.5–577.6 g kg^?1 linoleic (18:2), 2.9–9.7 g kg^?1 linolenic (18:3), 4.2–6.6 g kg^?1 arachidic (20:0) and 2.1–3.0 g kg^?1 behenic (22:0) acids, which is comparable with that of corn oil. No statistical difference in seed weight ratio was determined during the maturation period, whereas changes in the saturated fatty acids of the seed oil were observed. From this study it can be concluded that the seeds of prickly pear are suitable as animal feed. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

西瓜籽油脂肪酸成分分析及抗氧化活性研究

目的：研究西瓜籽油脂肪酸成分及抗氧化活性。方法：采用索氏回流法对西瓜籽进行提油,对西瓜籽油进行酯化处理,用气相色谱—质谱联机（GC-MS）对其脂肪酸的成分、含量进行分析,通过其对铁离子的还原能力和对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基及超氧阴离子自由基清除能力的测定。结果：西瓜籽油中含有6种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量达到50%以上;西瓜籽油对铁离子具有还原能力,对DPPH自由基的IC₅₀值为3.7 mg/mL,对超氧阴离子自由基的IC₅₀值为0.031 mg/mL,对羟基自由基的IC₅₀值为12.04 mg/mL。结论：西瓜籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸,有较好的抗氧化活性。     

丽江野生植物油的脂肪酸组成及氧化稳定性研究

通过气相色谱仪分别测定丽江5种野生植物油的脂肪酸组成及含量,再采用873Rancimat油脂氧化稳定性测定仪分别测定5种野生植物油的氧化诱导期,比较分析不同野生植物油氧化稳定性差异,并用外推法预测常温20℃条件下5种野生植物油的货架期。结果表明:5种野生植物油脂肪酸组成相似,主要由油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸组成,且不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,分别为青刺果油75.9%、核桃油90.6%、大麻籽油87.1%、紫苏油87.1%、香薷籽油89.6%;氧化稳定性试验显示5种不同野生植物油氧化稳定性从优到劣依次为青刺果油核桃油大麻籽油紫苏油香薷籽油,在20℃条件下,紫苏油、香薷籽油、核桃油、大麻籽油、青刺果油的货架寿命分别为57.0、52.8、110.9、75.9、216.9 d。     

Chemical characterization of prickly pear pulp, Opuntia ficus-indica, and the manufacturing of prickly pear jam

Attempts were made to use prickly pear fruits, Opuntia ficus-indica , which are locally abundant and relatively inexpensive in the manufacturing of jam.
Physical characterization of the strained pulp showed a value of 14.2° Brix for total soluble solids (TSS), 14.5% total solids and a pH of 5.75. The acidity of the pulp as citric acid was 0.18%. Proximate analysis revealed low amounts of protein (0.21%) as Nx6.25, crude fat (0.12%), crude fibre (0.02%), ash (0.44%) and pectin (0.19%). All the sugars were present as reducing sugars (12.8%) and consisting mainly of glucose and fructose (60:40). Vitamin analysis showed only trace amount of vitamin A @-carotene) and 22.1 mg% of vitamin C. The pulp was rich in potassium, fair in calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and poor in sodium and iron.
Pilot plant studies on the manufacturing of the jam in conjunction with sensory evaluation of the final products showed that blanching in comparison to non-blanching resulted in no significant difference in the sensory quality of the jam. Citric acid and a combination of citric and tartaric acids (1 :l) wcrc preferred over several other natural acids used as acidifying agents. The addition of cloves, grapefruit, orange and almond flavours ranked best among several other flavours added in addition to the pulp containing 20% date paste.     

9个杂交蓖麻品种蓖麻籽中不同脂肪酸含量分析

对9个杂交蓖麻品种蓖麻籽的百粒重、出仁率、含油率及主要脂肪酸含量进行了分析,试验结果表明,不同品种蓖麻籽的百粒重、含油率及主要脂肪酸蓖麻油酸的含量差别较大。百粒重变化范围为21．1—52.1g;含油率变化范围为46．0％-57．6％,1号蓖麻籽含油率最高,高达57．6％;9种蓖麻籽中蓖麻油酸含量变化范围为81．44％-90．25％,2号品种的蓖麻油酸含量最高,高达90．25％;油酸、亚油酸含量变化范围分别为2．83％-6．03％和4．27％-7．80％,蓖麻油中还含有少量的棕榈酸、硬脂酸和极少量的二十烷酸、二十烷一烯酸,其中棕榈酸、硬脂酸含量变化范围分别为0．81％-1．74％和0．88％-1．91％,二十烷酸和二十烷一烯酸的含量均低于1％。     

冷榨油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成及氧化稳定性研究

以普通油茶果为原料,去壳后通过冷榨机机械压榨,得到冷榨油茶籽油,采用气相色谱法分析其脂肪酸组成,采用Rancimat法分析其氧化稳定性。研究结果表明:冷榨油茶籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量为84.99%,其中油酸72.48%,亚油酸6.97%,α-亚麻酸2.22%;诱导期的对数与温度之间呈线性相关;在抗氧化剂添加量相等的情况下,TBHQ的抗氧化效果最好,其次是迷迭香提取物和茶多酚;使用100 mg/kg TBHQ+200 mg/kg迷迭香提取物作为冷榨油茶籽油的抗氧化剂,可使冷榨油茶籽油在120℃的诱导期延长1.88倍,抗氧化效果显著。     

猫屎瓜籽油脂肪酸组成及理化性质分析

采用冷榨法提取猫屎瓜籽油,用气相色谱法分析油中脂肪酸组成,根据相关的国家标准对油的理化性质进行了测定.结果表明,冷榨所得到的猫屎瓜籽油为淡黄色,清亮透明,有淡淡的清香味.猫屎瓜籽油主要脂肪酸成分为单不饱和脂肪酸棕榈油酸,含量为49.9%,占油中脂肪酸成分的一半.其余成分为:肉豆蔻酸0.2%,棕榈酸9.7%,硬脂酸1.7%,油酸27.5%,亚油酸10.1%,亚麻酸0.8%.此外,该油的酸值(KOH)、碘值(I)、过氧化值分别为3.1 mg/g、97 g/100 g和3.9 mmol/kg.     

巴旦木仁油中脂肪酸成分分析

采用索氏提取法对巴旦木仁中的油脂进行提取,并对提取的巴旦木仁油进行脂肪酸组成分析.结果表明,其主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸(4.01%)、硬脂酸(2.72%)、油酸(23.95%)、亚油酸(34.76%)和亚麻酸(28.55%).巴旦木仁油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达87%,适合制备营养保健油.