典型工况下的稀燃天然气发动机燃烧循环变动研究

通过分别记录稀燃天然气发动机在怠速、低速大负荷及高速大负荷工况下的缸内压力数据,提取并计算各工况下缸内燃烧特征参数的循环变动率,进而研究各工况下稀燃天然气发动机燃烧循环变动的特性。结果表明:在怠速工况下,天然气发动机燃用稀混和气时,燃烧循环变动十分明显;与低速大负荷工况相比,稀燃天然气发动机在高速大负荷工况下的平均指示压力燃烧循环变动系数上升了一倍。     

Determination of cycle number for real in-cylinder pressure cycle analysis in internal combustion engines

The in-cylinder pressure of internal combustion engines is one of the most important measurable parameter for analyzing the factors affecting performance characteristics of the engine. In many studies, in-cylinder pressure data are averaged over certain number of cycles at each crank angle in order to observe the effects of the parameters. If the number of cycles included is low, then the results may be misleading due to cyclic variations of in-cylinder pressure. The desired level of accuracy can only be obtained if the number of cycles is increased with increasing cyclic variations. The number of cycles used by researchers varies in the literature even for the same subject of study such as research and development, cyclic variations, cycle simulation, etc. There is no general agreement about how many cycle should be taken to obtain the average cycle to remove the effects of cyclic variations. The purpose of this study is therefore to determine the sufficient minimum cycle number at various engine operating conditions on a spark ignition engine by using statistical Levene’s test. The results showed that 50 cycles are enough to do accurate calculation of the average pressure cycle at various operation conditions of the engine.     

稀燃天然气发动机燃烧循环变动影响因素研究

通过对一台点燃式多点电喷稀燃天然气发动机进行试验,获得了不同工况下的平均指示压力循环变动系数,以此为基础研究了燃空当量比、节气门开度、转速及点火时刻对稀燃天然气发动机燃烧循环变动的影响趋势。结果表明:混合气燃空当量比越小,燃烧循环变动越明显,当燃空当量比降低到一定值时,平均指示压力循环变动系数的增长会突然加大;节气门开度越小燃烧循环变动越明显,节气门开度小于30%后,其对燃烧循环变动影响更加明显;燃烧循环变动量随转速上升有增加的趋势,在高转速工况下燃烧循环变动的加强尤其明显;在工况一定的条件下存在一个最优的点火时刻可使稀燃天然气发动机的燃烧循环变动最小。     

Dilution limits of n-butane/air mixtures under conditions relevant to HCCI combustion

The role of a spark discharge in extending the operating limits of homogeneous change compression ignition (HCCI) combustion has been investigated using engine experiments and computational flame modeling. The flammability limits of ultra-dilute n-butane/air mixtures are calculated over ranges of temperature, pressure, and dilution levels relevant to HCCI operation. The results suggest that with the elevated temperatures required to achieve HCCI combustion the in-cylinder charge is capable of supporting a propagating flame over most of the HCCI operating regime. However, under light-load and idle conditions the dilution levels are too large and the spark has no effect on HCCI combustion. Thus, some other mechanism must be found to control combustion phasing under these conditions. Since the true eigenvalue for the flame propagation calculation is the mass burning rate and not the flame speed, these results demonstrate that using an arbitrary flame speed cut-off criteria for determining the dilution limit significantly underestimates the actual flammability ranges.     

一种评价循环波动的新方法

在EQ491i多点电喷汽油机上安装了与火花塞集成一体的光纤燃烧传感器以及气缸压力传感器，测取了气缸压力以及C2(517nm)和CH(431nm)自由基的光辐射强度等数据，提出了用自由基光辐射强度峰值来评价循环波动的新方法，并与采用最高燃烧压力评价的方法进行了对比。试验结果表明，光强变化曲线反映出燃烧过程进行的好坏，这种评价循环波动的方法是可行的。     

低散热柴油机燃烧过程模拟研究

在分析低散热柴油机燃烧过程特点的基础上,建立了一个准维三区燃烧模型,喷油规律的计算进行了简化处理,考虑高温喷雾燃烧区和产物区的辐射传热,对低散热柴油机在不同隔热条件下缸内燃烧过程进行了编程计算。计算针对12150L柴油机燃烧室受热表面喷涂ZrO2陶瓷热障涂层进行。结果表明,隔热后,燃烧滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长,后燃现象有增强趋势。只隔热活塞顶时滞燃期较其它两种隔热方式长,燃烧持续期短,燃烧恶化现象相对不明显。     

Analysis of performance parameters of an ethanol fueled spark ignition engine operating with hydrogen enrichment

Concerns with the environment and energy security have increased interest in phasing out fossil fuels in the automotive industry, as it transitions from conventional internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric and fuel cell powertrains. During this transition, ethanol is of particular interest as a renewable fuel option in ICE, despite drawbacks compared to gasoline. Adding hydrogen to ethanol could remedy the disadvantages associated with ethanol, while maintaining the benefits of using renewable fuels. There is a gap in the literature of both experimental and numerical studies considering hydrogen addition in turbocharged ethanol engines. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental and numerical study of a turbocharged ethanol engine operating with hydrogen enrichment at stoichiometric conditions under boosted conditions. It was concluded that hydrogen addition allowed spark ignition engines to achieve lower brake specific energy consumption, better performance, and lower emissions. Thus, after proper calibration, a simulation model was created and shown to be a suitable tool to predict engine performance of a spark ignition engine operating with hydrogen enrichment and reduce the overall number of experimental tests needed to tune engines operating with this fuel blend. Finally, some operating strategies are recommended based on these findings.     

火花点火对CAI燃烧过程的影响

CAI燃烧具有高效节能和低NOx的优点,但CAI燃烧也存在燃烧始点和放热率难以控制的难点。通过添加火花点火的方法,在缸内制造热点,产生有助于CAI燃烧的着火条件,从而达到了控制CAI燃烧始点的目的。试验表明,在添加火花点火后,着火滞燃期明显缩短,CAI着火及燃烧更稳定,并对经济性有一定改善。火化辅助点火也有利于CAI运行范围向更低负荷方向拓展。因此,火花点火可以作为控制CAI燃烧的一种辅助手段。     

Experimental investigation on effects of knocking on backfire and its control in a hydrogen fueled spark ignition engine

The experimental study was carried out on a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine fueled with hydrogen for analyzing the effect of knocking on backfire and its control by varying operating parameters. The experimental tests were conducted with constant speed at varied equivalence ratio. The equivalence ratio of 0.82 was identified as backfire occurring equivalence ratio (BOER). The backfire was identified by high pitched sound and rise in in-cylinder pressure during suction stroke. In order to analyze backfire at equivalence ratio of 0.82, the combustion analysis was carried out on cyclic basis. Based on the severity of in-cylinder pressure during suction stroke, the backfire can be divided into two categories namely low intensity backfire (LIB) and high intensity backfire (HIB). From this study, it is observed that there is frequent LIB in hydrogen fueled spark ignition engine during suction stroke, which promotes instable combustion and thus knocking at the end of compression stroke. This knocking creates high temperature sources in the combustion chamber and thus causes HIB to occur in the subsequent cycle. A notable salient point emerged from this study is that combustion with knocking can be linked with backfire as probability of backfire occurrence decreases with reduction in chances of knocking. Retarding spark timing and delaying injection timing of hydrogen were found to reduce the chances of backfire occurrence. The backfire limiting spark timing (BLST) and backfire limiting injection timing (BLIT) were found as 12 ⁰bTDC and 40 ⁰aTDC respectively.     

火花点火发动机准维湍流卷吸燃烧模型的适用性研究（二）

本文利用作者提出的火花点火发动机准维湍流卷吸燃烧模型，对压缩比为１０和１２的火球形燃烧室以及压缩比为１０的碗形燃烧室变工况进行了计算，将计算得到的示功图、质量燃烧率等与实验值进行了对比对分析。结果表明，合理选取与燃烧室结构相对应的四个经验常数，准维湍流卷吸燃烧模型完全适用于火花点火发动机变工况及不同燃烧室结构工作过程的计算，能够正确反映火花点火发动机结构参数和运转参数对燃烧过程的影响。     

用紊流卷吸燃烧模型计算研究点火时刻紊流参数对燃烧循环的影响

利用准维紊流卷吸燃烧模型计算研究了点火时刻气缸内紊流参数的变化对汽油机燃烧循环变动的影响。结果表明，点火时刻紊流强度u′及紊流长度积分标尺L的变动对汽油机燃烧循环变动均有很大影响，增大u′或L均有利于加快燃烧速度及火焰传播速度，缩短火焰发展期；u′或L的变动加大，燃烧循环变动也随之加大，其中，u′对燃烧循环变动的影响尤其大。     

多孔介质发动机工作过程单区模型模拟

采用单区燃烧模型模拟多孔介质（PM）发动机的压缩、燃烧和膨胀过程。以热力学第一定律为基础,引入多孔介质换热模型,建立了多孔介质发动机的能量方程。计算了多种工况参数下PM发动机缸内温度、压强变化规律,分别讨论了压缩比、过量空气系数、多孔介质温度、多孔介质体换热系数等参数对多孔介质发动机燃烧过程的影响。将PM发动机与传统发动机加以比较,结果表明PM使缸内温度和压强的变化趋于平缓,这有利于混合气着火并可降低NO,排放。     

Effect of pre-chamber geometrical parameters and operating conditions on the combustion characteristics of the hydrogen-air mixtures in a pre-chamber spark ignition system

The pre-chamber spark ignition system is a promising advanced ignition system adopted for lean burn spark ignition engines as it enables stable combustion and enhances engine efficiency. The performance of the PCSI system is governed by the turbulent flame jet ejected from the pre-chamber, which is influenced by the pre-chamber geometrical parameters and the operating conditions. Hence, the current study aims to understand the effects of pre-chamber volume, nozzle hole diameter, equivalence ratio, and initial chamber pressure on the combustion and flame jet characteristics of hydrogen-air mixture in a passive PCSI system. Pre-chamber with different nozzle hole diameters (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm) and volumes (2%, 4%, and 6% of the engine clearance volume) were selected and manufactured in-house. The experimental investigation of these pre-chamber configurations was carried out in a constant-volume combustion chamber with optical access. The flame development process was captured using a high-speed camera at a rate of 20000 fps, and the images were processed in MATLAB to obtain quantitative data. The combustion characteristics of hydrogen-air mixtures with the PCSI system improved when compared to the conventional SI system; however, the improvement was more significant for ultra-lean mixtures. Early start of combustion and shorter combustion duration were observed for PCSI – D2 and PCSI – D3 configurations, respectively and improved combustion and flame jet characteristics were also noted for these configurations. With the increase in pre-chamber volume, ignition energy associated with the flame jet increases, which reduces the combustion duration and the ignition lag.     

Study of ignition delay period of n-Butanol blends with JOME and diesel under static loading conditions

Longer ignition delay results in higher in-cylinder temperature which causes higher NO_X emission. However, limited information available about ignition delay and its importance. In the present work, ignition delay of various fuels and their blends is measured on different offload engine conditions. The experimental setup works between full load engine condition (i.e., 40bar and 400°C) and no load engine condition (i.e., 10bar and 300°C). The effect of injection pressure, in-cylinder temperature and in-cylinder pressure on delay period is analyzed for off engine conditions. The results show that parameter which effects ignition delay most is temperature followed by injection pressure and in-cylinder pressure.     

不同过量空气系数下射流点火发动机燃烧、排放和爆震特性的试验研究

基于单缸试验机研究了过量空气系数对射流点火发动机性能的影响.通过分析发动机性能曲线、缸内燃烧情况及爆震特性探究射流点火最佳运行区间,并与火花点火燃烧方式进行对比.结果表明,射流点火可以有效提升瞬时放热率并拓展发动机稀燃极限,缩短缸内混合气滞燃期与燃烧持续期,同时燃油经济性有一定提升.在稀燃条件下氮氧化物排放极低.爆震方...     

Numerical Evaluation by Models of Load and Spark Timing Effects on the In-Cylinder Heat Transfer of a SI Engine

The aim of this study is to examine numerically the effects of spark timing and load parameters on the in-cylinder heat transfer of a SI engine by using experimental engine test data. For the investigation, a four-stroke, air-cooled, single-cylinder SI engine was tested at different spark timings and loads at a single engine speed of 2000 rpm. Woschni, Hohenberg, and Han models were employed to estimate the in-cylinder heat transfer coefficient in the case of different test conditions because of being favorable models on the SI engine operations. The evaluations show that the in-cylinder heat transfer characteristics of the air-cooled SI engine strongly depend on the load while they slightly depend on the spark timing.     

Effect of pilot fuel quantity and type on performance and emissions of natural gas and hydrogen based combustion in a compression ignition engine

Natural gas and hydrogen have been extensively tested in dual fuel mode in a compression ignition engine. Many studies conclude that the emissions, especially those oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) are expected to form in the region around the pilot spray where high temperatures exist and the equivalence ratio is close to stoichiometric. The effect of changing the pilot fuel quantity has not been widely reported. This study investigates the effect of changing pilot fuel quantity, and type and the effect of this change on various combustion (ignition delay, in-cylinder pressure and rate of energy release) and emission (specific NO_x and hydrocarbons) parameters. Dual fueling of natural gas and hydrogen exhibit an increased ignition delay compared to the ignition delay exhibited by the pilot fuel at similar operating conditions. For dual fueling cases, the ignition delay is reduced as the quantity of pilot fuel is increased.     

Comparison of cycle-by-cycle variation of measured exhaust-gas temperature and in-cylinder pressure measurements

Closed-loop control of the combustion process in the internal-combustion engine on a cycle-to-cycle basis is desirable to achieve better fuel economy and reduce pollutant emissions. This work explores the possibility of monitoring the in-cylinder combustion process of a spark-ignition engine by measuring exhaust-gas temperature. A small-diameter thermocouple (25.4 μm or 0.001 in.) is inserted into the exhaust manifold to measure exhaust-gas temperature, while in-cylinder pressure is monitored with a pressure transducer. Cycle-by-cycle variations of the measured exhaust-gas temperature are compared to IMEP variation for groups of cycles. The experimental results show that coefficient of variation of maximum temperature follows the same trend as the coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure. Cycle-by-cycle variation of IMEP is reflected in cyclic variation of measured exhaust-gas temperatures for operating conditions under which the engine is working at a fixed speed or load and when cyclic variability is caused by changing engine parameters such as spark timing, injection timing, and air/fuel ratio. Finally, by using a moving window covering a small number of cycles, it is possible to show that the COV trend of maximum exhaust temperature mirrors that of IMEP.     

Study on homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion in argon circulated closed cycle hydrogen engine

It is important to improve thermal efficiency and to reduce harmful exhaust gas emissions in internal combustion engines. A closed cycle engine system that uses a monatomic molecular gas as the working fluid can be expected to have high thermal efficiency due to the high specific heat ratio of the gas. Several studies have been reported on closed cycle engines with conventional spark ignition or compression ignition. This research newly proposes an argon circulated closed cycle homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine system fueled with hydrogen. In this engine system, effects of in-cylinder gas initial temperature and residual water in recirculated gas on combustion characteristics were investigated. The results show that the system with argon circulation has the wider range of operable conditions and the higher thermal efficiency compared to the case with air as the working fluid.     

Study of the cycle-to-cycle variations of an internal combustion engine fuelled with natural gas/hydrogen blends from the diagnosis of combustion pressure

A methodology is presented for studying the influence of using alternative fuels on the cycle-to-cycle variations of a spark ignition engine which has been fuelled with mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen in different proportions (0–100%). The experimental facility consists of a single-cylindrical spark ignition engine coupled to an asynchronous machine with a constant engine rotation speed of 1500 rpm. A thermodynamic combustion diagnostic model based on genetic algorithms is used to evaluate the combustion chamber pressure data experimentally obtained in the mentioned engine. The model is used to make the pressure diagnosis of series of 830 consecutive engine cycles automatically, with a high grade of objectivity of the combustion analysis, since the relevant adjustment parameters (i.e. pressure offset, effective compression ratio, top dead center angular position, heat transfer coefficients) are calculated by the genetic algorithm. Results indicate that the combustion process is dominated by the turbulence inside the combustion chamber (generated during intake and compression), showing little dependency of combustion variation on the mixture composition. This becomes more evident when relevant combustion variables are plotted versus the Mass Fraction Burned of each mixture. The only exception is the case of 100% hydrogen, due to the inherent higher laminar speed of hydrogen that causes combustion acceleration and thus turbulence generation.