Where are we in understanding the effects of where we are?

This paper briefly reviews research studies of interest to environmental ergonomists. It includes some recent work on the health effects of office lighting, especially the effects of daylighting, fluorescent lighting and full-spectrum lighting. It also covers studies of indoor air quality in offices, especially investigations of localized air filtration and the sick building syndrome. It argues the value of a systematic, ergonomics approach to designing the built environment.     

Where are we in understanding the effects of where we are?

This paper briefly reviews research studies of interest to environmental ergonomists. It includes some recent work on the health effects of office lighting, especially the effects of daylighting, fluorescent lighting and full-spectrum lighting. It also covers studies of indoor air quality in offices, especially investigations of localized air filtration and the sick building syndrome. It argues the value of a systematic, ergonomics approach to designing the built environment.     

Where are we in global E-Commerce?

Successful global e-commerce requires an unprecedented degree of collaboration on social, economic, and political issues     

Ubiquitous RFID: Where are we?

After over a half century of development, radio-frequency identification (RFID) is beginning to move into mainstream applications for automatic identification. RFID is widely seen today as one of the key enabling technologies of the “Internet of Things”. However, many challenges still need to be addressed before we can fully benefit from this nascent and ubiquitous technology. In this paper, we present the state of the art of RFID technology and discuss the challenges and open issues in developing next generation RFID applications.     

Where are linear feature extraction methods applicable?

A fundamental problem in computer vision and pattern recognition is to determine where and, most importantly, why a given technique is applicable. This is not only necessary because it helps us decide which techniques to apply at each given time. Knowing why current algorithms cannot be applied facilitates the design of new algorithms robust to such problems. In this paper, we report on a theoretical study that demonstrates where and why generalized eigen-based linear equations do not work. In particular, we show that when the smallest angle between the ith eigenvector given by the metric to be maximized and the first i eigenvectors given by the metric to be minimized is close to zero, our results are not guaranteed to be correct. Several properties of such models are also presented. For illustration, we concentrate on the classical applications of classification and feature extraction. We also show how we can use our findings to design more robust algorithms. We conclude with a discussion on the broader impacts of our results.     

IT,Where are you go tomorrow?

科技引领未来,可是我们到底需要什么样的科技? 看到这篇文章的题目,相信很多朋友都能够想起Windows 95问世的时候,微软公司打出的“Where are you go today”广告语。的确,这篇文章正是想从微软说起。Windows95发布至今,短短的10 年过去,整个IT业界产生了很大的变化,我们心目中“IT”所控制的范围     

Where Have All the Stencils Gone?

Requirements analysts rarely use manual stencils nowadays. Technological advances mean that analysts can draw many types of diagrams. In this column, invited columnist Colin Codephirst asks whether this is progress, reflects on the advantages of old-style stencils, and muses on whether these stencils offered some advantages that have been forgotten. He outlines the requirements for a new stencil for analysts in the 21st century.     

Hardware accelerator for solving 0–1 knapsack problems using binary harmony search

The 0–1 knapsack problem (KP) is a well-known intractable optimization problem with wide range of applications. Harmony Search (HS) is one of the most popular metaheuristic algorithms to successfully solve 0–1 KPs. Nevertheless, metaheuristic algorithms are generally compute intensive and slow when implemented in software. In this paper, we present an FPGA-based pipelined hardware accelerator to reduce computation time for solving large dimension 0–1 KPs using Binary Harmony Search algorithm. The proposed architecture exploits the intrinsic parallelism of population based metaheuristic algorithm and the flexibility and parallel processing capabilities of FPGAs to perform the computation concurrently thus enhancing performance. To validate the efficiency of the proposed hardware accelerator, experiments were conducted using a large number of 0–1 KPs. Comparative analysis on experimental results reveals that the proposed approach offers promising speedups of 51× – 111× as compared with a software implementation and 2× – 5× as compared with a hardware implementation of Binary Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm.     

Where have all the key words gone?

A key word with regard to a sub-corpus is a word of which the frequency in that sub-corpus is significantly higher than expected under the hypothesis that its use and the variable part of the corpus are mutually independent. A study in literary statistics almost invariably includes a chapter devoted to key words. However, a strong attack has been recently launched upon the way stylometry has been modelling texts since the classical works of Herdan, Guiraud or Muller. In fact statistical modelling seems as valid in stylistics as in any other field of the humanities and social sciences. What is questionable is the fact that many studies in literary statistics are more satisfied with the easy identification of monsters, i.e. literary phenomena unexplained by wrong models, than with the laborious research of models fitting the textual data well. A short examination of the mentioned controversy and the quantitative analysis of an example provided by Laclos' novelLes Liaisons dangereuses endeavour to support this argument.Christian Delcourt is a senior lecturer in the Department of Romance Philology at the University of Liége.     

Solving efficiently the 0–1 multi-objective knapsack problem

In this paper, we present an approach, based on dynamic programming, for solving the 0–1 multi-objective knapsack problem. The main idea of the approach relies on the use of several complementary dominance relations to discard partial solutions that cannot lead to new non-dominated criterion vectors. This way, we obtain an efficient method that outperforms the existing methods both in terms of CPU time and size of solved instances.     

Where are you going? Using human locomotion models for target estimation

To explore virtual environments that are larger than the available physical tracking space by real walking, it is necessary to use so-called redirected walking. Redirection techniques allow the user to explore an unlimited virtual environment in a limited tracking space by introducing a small mismatch between a user’s real and virtual movement, thus preventing the user from colliding with the physical walls of the tracking space. Steering algorithms are used to select the most suitable redirection technique at any given time, depending on the geometry of the real and virtual environment. Together with prediction of a user’s future walking path, these algorithms select the best redirection strategy by an optimal control scheme. In this paper, a new approach for the prediction of a person’s locomotion target is presented. We use various models of human locomotion together with a set of possible targets to create a set of expected paths. These paths are then compared to the real path the user already traveled to calculate the probability of a certain target being the one the user is heading for. A new approach for comparing paths with each other is introduced and is compared to three others. For describing the human’s path to a given target, four different models are used and compared. To gather data for the comparison of the models against the real path, a user study was conducted. Based on the results of the user study, the paper concludes with a discussion on the prediction performance of the different approaches.     

Trends in built environment semantic Web applications: Where are we today?

The built environment sector impacts significantly on communities. At the same time, it is the sector with the highest cost and environmental saving potentials provided effective strategies are implemented. The emerging Semantic Web promises new opportunities for efficient management of information and knowledge about various domains. While other domains, particularly bioinformatics have fully embraced the Semantic Web, knowledge about how the same has been applied to the built environment is sketchy. This study investigates the development and trend of Semantic Web applications in the built environment. Understanding the different applications of the Semantic Web is essential for evaluation, improvement and opening of new research. A review of over 120 refereed articles on built environment Semantic Web applications has been conducted. A classification of the different Semantic Web applications in relation to their year of application is presented to highlight the trend. Two major findings have emerged. Firstly, despite limited research about easy-to-use applications, progress is being made from often too-common ontological concepts to more innovative concepts such as Linked Data. Secondly, a shift from traditional construction applications to Semantic Web sustainable construction applications is gradually emerging. To conclude, research challenges, potential future development and research directions have been discussed.     

Discrete Tagaki–Sugeno models for control: Where are we?

This work deals with relaxed conditions for stability and stabilization of discrete-time Takagi–Sugeno (TS) models. It recalls classical results found in the literature which use quadratic Lyapunov functions leading to very conservative conditions, and various extensions based on piecewise and non-quadratic Lyapunov functions. Afterwards, a new and powerful way to enhance the previous results is depicted. The basic idea is that waiting long enough a stable model will converge towards its equilibrium and, therefore, the Lyapunov functions under consideration are not necessarily decreasing at every sample, but are allowed to decrease every k samples. Whatever it is k >1, the results are proved to include the standard one-sample case. The potential of this approach is shown through several examples in the paper.     

Pattern recognition in stained HEp-2 cells: Where are we now?

Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) images are increasingly being used for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. However, the analysis of this kind of images has until now reached a comparatively low level of automation, if compared with other medical imaging techniques. The Special Issue on the Analysis and Recognition of Indirect Immunofluorescence Images of the Pattern Recognition journal aims at providing a comprehensive evaluation of the state of the art for the staining pattern classification problem, through the adoption of a common experimental protocol and the testing of all the methods on a publicly available dataset.     

Where is the teacher? Digital analytics for classroom proxemics

The term Classroom Proxemics refers to how teachers and students use classroom space, and the impact of this and the spatial design on learning and teaching. This study addresses the divide between, on the one hand, substantial work on proxemics based on classroom observations and, on the other hand, emerging work to design automated feedback that helps teachers identify salient patterns in their use of the classroom space. This study documents how digital analytics were designed in service of a senior teacher's practice-based inquiry into classroom proxemics. Indoor positioning data from four teachers were analysed, visualized and used as evidence to compare three distinct learning designs enacted in a physics classroom. This study demonstrates how teachers can make effective use of such visualizations, to gain insight into their classroom practice. This is evidenced by (a) documenting teachers' reflections on visualizations of positioning data, both their own and that of peers and (b) identifying the types of indicator (operationalized as analytical metrics) that foreground the most useful information for teachers to gain insight into their practice.     

Where does the end begin? Problems in musico-cognitive modeling

Research with computer systems and musical grammars into improvisation as found in the tabla drumming system of North India has indicated that certain musical sentences comprise (a) variable prefixes, and (b) fixed suffixes (or cadences) identical with those of their original rhythmic themes. It was assumed that the cadence functioned as a kind of target in linear musical space, and yet experiments showed that defining what exactly constituted the cadence was problematic. This paper addresses the problem of the status of cadential patterns, and demonstrates the need for a better understanding and formalization of ambiguity in musico-cognitive processing. It would appear from the discussion that the cadence is not a discrete unit in itself, but just part of an ever-present underlying framework comprising the entire original rhythmic theme. Improvisations (variations), it is suggested, merely break away from and rejoin this framework at important structural points. This endorses the theory of simultaneity. However, the general cognitive implications are still unclear, and further research is required to explore musical ambiguity and the interaction of musical, linguistic, and spatio-motor grammars.     

Computational performance of basic state reduction based dynamic programming algorithms for bi-objective 0–1 knapsack problems

This paper studies a group of basic state reduction based dynamic programming (DP) algorithms for the multi-objective 0–1 knapsack problem (MKP), which are related to the backward reduced-state DP space (BRDS) and forward reduced-state DP space (FRDS). The BRDS is widely ignored in the literature because it imposes disadvantage for the single objective knapsack problem (KP) in terms of memory requirements. The FRDS based DP algorithm in a general sense is related to state dominance checking, which can be time consuming for the MKP while it can be done efficiently for the KP. Consequently, no algorithm purely based on the FRDS with state dominance checking has ever been developed for the MKP. In this paper, we attempt to get some insights into the state reduction techniques efficient to the MKP. We first propose an FRDS based algorithm with a local state dominance checking for the MKP. Then we evaluate the relative advantage of the BRDS and FRDS based algorithms by analyzing their computational time and memory requirements for the MKP. Finally different combinations of the BRDS and FRDS based algorithms are developed on this basis. Numerical experiments based on the bi-objective KP instances are conducted to compare systematically between these algorithms and the recently developed BRDS based DP algorithm as well as the existing FRDS based DP algorithm without state dominance checking.     

Who are the users? Who are the developers? Webs of users and developers in the development process of a technical standard

The paper presents an empirical study of user involvement in developing a technical standard for a scientific community's information system project. The case illustrates how multiple perspectives are involved when considering the user role in practice. The case presents a situation where both developers and users were pre‐defined in the design and development phases of the standard as homogeneous groups of actors. Groups of actors changed to become more heterogeneous and ‘fluid’ in the deployment and implementation phases, thus forming ‘webs of developers’ and ‘webs of users’. Detailed analysis of the process in its entirety shows the blurredness of boundaries between ‘developer’ and ‘user’ categories and roles, and reveals challenges at social and organizational levels. Three models pertaining to the system development process are presented in order to illuminate differing perspectives on the user and on the development process itself. The paper draws theoretically from information systems, social informatics, and science and technology studies. The research contributes to a deeper, interdisciplinary understanding of ‘the’ user, of multiple roles in systems development, and of dynamic sets of user–developer relations.