Energy conservation potential in Taiwanese textile industry

Since Taiwan lacks sufficient self-produced energy, increasing energy efficiency and energy savings are essential aspects of Taiwan’s energy policy. This work summarizes the energy savings implemented by 303 firms in Taiwan’s textile industry from the on-line Energy Declaration System in 2008. It was found that the total implemented energy savings amounted to 46,074 ton of oil equivalent (TOE). The energy saving was equivalent to 94,614 MWh of electricity, 23,686 kl of fuel oil and 4887 ton of fuel coal. It represented a potential reduction of 143,669 ton in carbon dioxide emissions, equivalent to the annual carbon dioxide absorption capacity of a 3848 ha plantation forest. This study summarizes energy-saving measures for energy users and identifies the areas for making energy saving to provide an energy efficiency baseline.     

Industrial energy efficiency improvement through cogeneration: A case study of the textile industry in Thailand

Natural gas cogeneration presently appears to be a promising alternative to satisfy the energy utility requirement of the process industries thanks to the favorable energy policy of the Government of Thailand. In this paper, we detail a case study in a textile factory where use of gas-turbine cogeneration with a post-combustion heat recovery system is found to be the most suitable solution. This system has not only the highest thermal efficiency, but it can also provide flexibility in operation. Financial analysis of the most suitable cogeneration configuration provides the net present value (NPV), pay-back period (PBP) and internal rate of return (IRR) with values of 310 million Baht, 5.3 years and 26.6%, respectively. The thermal-matching option is not found to be attractive because the sale price of electricity to the state electric utility is not high enough to absorb the additional investment required for the prime mover. Incorporation of an absorption chiller in the cogeneration system does not bring in any additional advantage as there is no excess waste heat available in this factory.     

Energy savings and heat efficiency in the paper industry: A case study of a corrugated board machine

The paper presents the improvement of energy management in a steam system used for corrugated board production. The system consists of a steam boiler (fired with natural gas), steam and condensate pipelines and a corrugated board production installation (steam consumer). In the existing system, the boiler works in unison with an open condensate tank. This tank is responsible for energy losses due to secondary steaming. Therefore, a system of a closed tank has been proposed to eliminate these energy losses. The coefficients of thermal performance and the energy losses in both cases (open and closed tank) are compared. The study shows that the losses of the closed steam system are always lower than those of the open system. The coefficient of performance could be increased by about 8% by the proposed modernization. The recovery of expenses for modernization should be very quick, taking place within a year.     

Exergetic assessment of EAHEs for building heating in Turkey: A greenhouse case study

The present study undertakes an exergy analysis of earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) and applies to a local one in Turkey. Namely, the exergy performance of an EAHE has been evaluated in a demonstration in Solar Energy Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. Exergetic efficiencies of the system components are determined as an attempt to assess their individual performances. The daily maximum heating coefficient of performance (COP) value for the system is obtained to be 6.18. The total average COP in the experimental period is found to be 4.74.     

Waste-heat recovery potential in Turkish textile industry: Case study for city of Bursa

Textile sector of Turkey has a large production capacity and it is one of the important sectors. Many industrial heating processes generate waste energy in textile industry. Therefore, there is a tremendous waste-heat potential to utilize in textile applications. This study assesses the potential of waste-heat obtained from particularly dyeing process at textile industry in Bursa where textile center of Turkey. Energy consumptions could be decreased by using of waste-heat recovery systems (WHRSs). A thermodynamic analysis is performed in this study. An exergy-based approach is performed for optimizing the effective working conditions for WHRSs with water-to-water shell and tube heat exchanger. The payback period is found to be less than 6 months. The variations of the parameters which affect the system performance such as waste-water inlet temperature, mass flow rate, cooling water inlet pressure and dead state conditions are examined respectively. The results of the analysis show that the exergy destruction rate and economical profit increase with increasing of mass flow rate of the waste water. Similarly, exergy destruction rate, effectiveness and economical profit increase while the second law efficiency decreases as the waste-water inlet temperature increases.     

Potential of solar energy utilization in the textile industry — a case study

There is high energy consumption in the industrial sector at low-temperature levels, and solar energy could save a considerable part of this energy. A feasibility study to obtain the potential of solar energy utilization in the textile industry is presented. Two categories were considered in this study. The first category is a preheat solar system that can feed the boiler with hot water. This system can be efficiently utilized in this case because it can operate under different conditions of flow rate and output temperature. The second category is to feed the process of textile dyeing that needs low temperatures (up to 85°C) directly with hot water. In this case, the collector area is limited by the available area in the factory. Economic comparison between the two categories was provided to determine the optimal system that can be used efficiently. The optimum design of the two systems was studied depending on the optimum collector area and flow rate. It was found that the second system is more economic and efficient than the first. The environmental impact of using such a system was studied for different air and water pollutants. Reduction of carbon dioxide emission was found to be the main advantage of using solar energy as a clean energy source.     

Nuclear power in open energy markets: A case study of Turkey

For many decades, like many developed countries, Turkey has controlled her electricity sector as a state-owned monopoly. However, faced with rapid electricity demand growth, Turkey started to consider nuclear option. The present paper aims at evaluating both the present status of nuclear power in general and its implications for Turkish energy market in particular. After examining existing nuclear power technology and providing a brief overview of nuclear power economics; it focuses on the repercussions of nuclear power for Turkish energy market. The paper concludes that, in the short run, it may be considered to keep nuclear power within Turkish energy mix because it is an important carbon-free source of power that can potentially make a significant contribution to both Turkey's future electricity supply and efforts to strengthen Turkey's security of supply. However, in the long term, nuclear power should be retained in Turkey only if it has a lower cost than competing technologies.     

Energy for the future: An integrated decision aid for the case of Turkey

Environmental concerns and the increase in oil prices in the fall of 2000 made energy one of the priority issues in the industrial world. Research shows that the problem of selecting an energy resource requires a detailed multi-dimensional analysis. Most forms of renewable energy are dependent on geographic and environmental factors that vary immensely from place to place. As a result, each country has to work out its own policies in accordance with its geographical and political conditions. This paper is concerned with the multi-attribute decision making evaluation of energy resources that will enable the selection of a suitable electricity generation alternative for Turkey. It also provides an integrated decision aid (IDEA) framework for the selection of the most suitable multi-attribute method and presents ranking of alternatives and robustness analysis as recommendation to the authorities.     

Geothermal energy potential for power generation in Turkey: A case study in Simav,Kutahya

Geothermal energy and the other renewable energy sources are becoming attractive solutions for clean and sustainable energy needs of Turkey. Geothermal energy is being used for electricity production and it has direct usage in Turkey, which is among the first five countries in the world for the geothermal direct usage applications. Although, Turkey is the second country to have the highest geothermal energy potential in Europe, the electricity production from geothermal energy is quite low. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the status of the geothermal energy for the electricity generation in Turkey. Currently, there is one geothermal power plant with an installed capacity of 20.4 MWe already operating in the Denizli–Kizildere geothermal field and another is under the construction in the Aydin–Germencik field.This study examines the potential and utilization of the existing geothermal energy resources in Kutahya–Simav region. The temperature of the geothermal fluid in the Simav–Eynal field is too high for the district heating system. Therefore, the possibility of electrical energy generation by a binary-cycle has been researched and the preliminary feasibility studies have been conducted in the field. For the environmental reasons, the working fluid used in this binary power plant has been chosen as HCFC-124. It has been concluded that the Kutahya–Simav geothermal power plant has the potential to produce an installed capacity of 2.9 MWe energy, and a minimum of 17,020 MWh/year electrical energy can be produced from this plant. As a conclusion, the pre-feasibility study indicates that the project is economically feasible and applicable.     

Energy in subsistence agriculture: A case study of nepal

The paper examines the total energy input requirements and outputs of subsistence agriculture in the rural areas of Nepal with specific emphasis on animate energy inputs for different crops. It analyses the availability of animate energy and the usage pattern and also looks into various issues of energy demands in subsistence agriculture at micro levels and its impact at macro level. The paper attempts to highlight major policy options that are imperative for raising the living standard of the rurals through increased productivity.     

Energy and economic growth: A case study of Pakistan

The paper investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth with special reference to Pakistan. It then establishes future energy needs of the country and presents a long-run energy plan to meet these requirements. The energy-economy relationship is explained. The analysis shows that energy shortages can be extremely harmful for a developing country like Pakistan. However, the energy problem is one of shortages of capital and foreign exchange which can be dealt with by prudent planning of remittances from the Middle East.     

A new energy paradigm for Turkey: A political risk-inclusive cost analysis for sustainable energy

Implementing sustainable development policies in order to achieve economic and social development while maintaining adequate environmental protection to minimize the damage inflicted by the constantly increasing world population must be a major priority in the 21st century. While the emerging global debate on potential cost-effective responses has produced potential solutions such as cap and trade systems and/or carbon taxes as part of evolving sustainable energy/environmental policies, this kind of intellectual inquiry does not seem to be an issue among Turkish policy-making elites. This is mainly due to their miscalculation that pursuing sustainable energy policies is much more expensive in comparison to the utilization of fossil fuels such as natural gas. Nevertheless, the pegged prices of an energy sector dominated by natural gas are illusive, as both the political risks and environmental damage have not been incorporated into the current cost calculations. This paper evaluates energy policies through a lens of risk management and takes an alternative approach to calculating energy costs by factoring in political risks. This formulation reveals that the cost of traditional fossil-based energy is in fact more expensive than renewable energy. In addition to being environmentally friendly, the paradigm shift towards renewable energy policies would provide Turkey with a significant opportunity to stimulate its economy by being one of the first countries to develop green technologies and as a result this burgeoning sector would prompt job creation as well; mainly due to the externalities.     

Electricity distribution industry restructuring in South Africa: A case study

For 20 years there has been vigorous debate about restructuring the large, developed electricity industry in South Africa, but the plans have not been implemented. The justification of the proposed restructuring illustrates the different expectations of the participants in the electricity industry. The case study reviews what has occurred against a background of some theories about organisations, and identifies six key issues. Some lessons include the need to adopt an industry structure compatible with the objectives of electricity distribution in developing countries, the unsuitability of orthodox approaches to organisations, that no industry structure appears to be significantly better than others, industry restructuring of public sector utilities has a significant political dimension, restructuring can fail even if there is support from a high level of government, and indecision and uncertainty have serious negative consequences. The experience should be helpful for other developing countries considering structural change of their electricity industry.     

经股动脉插管行选择性锁骨下动脉X线造影技术

本文分析讨论了热工设备节能投资(即以最低寿命周期费用为目的投资和以获得最大经济效益为目的的投资),提出了合理利用节能投资的方法。     

Solar cooling in the food industry in Mexico: A case study

In Mexico efforts are being made to promote the use of solar energy for cooling in the Agro-Food Industries (AFI), 120 industries were contacted in order to assess the solar cooling potential application in the sector. One case study was selected among the visited potential end users according to the size of the facility, the information available and their willingness to collaborate in the present project. Data from the industry was used to select the appropriate solar cooling concept and therefore the collector’s typology, and the absorption cooling system. Moreover, the operation of the system was simulated in order to define the optimal size of the collector field required. The proposed cooling system was composed by a Fresnel concentrating collector field to activate a series of air cooled single-effect ammonia–water absorption chillers. The cooling system simulation was carried out with the Transient Systems Simulation Programme (TRNSYS) which allowed to model the collector system that fulfill the required load. The calculated saved electricity was around 19% of the total consumption, this small fraction is due to the fact that the selected facility is operating continuously with very large refrigeration capacities. The specifications of the simulated solar cooling system are presented.     

Electricity demand analysis using cointegration and ARIMA modelling: A case study of Turkey

In the early 2000s, the Republic of Turkey has initiated an ambitious reform program in her electricity market, which requires privatization, liberalization as well as a radical restructuring. The most controversial reason behind, or justification for, recent reforms has been the rapid electricity demand growth; that is to say, the whole reform process has been a part of the endeavors to avoid the so-called “energy crisis”. Using cointegration analysis and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modelling, the present article focuses on this issue by both providing an electricity demand estimation and forecast, and comparing the results with official projections. The study concludes, first, that consumers’ respond to price and income changes is quite limited and therefore there is a need for economic regulation in Turkish electricity market; and second, that the current official electricity demand projections highly overestimate the electricity demand, which may endanger the development of both a coherent energy policy in general and a healthy electricity market in particular.     

A power quality monitoring system: a case study in DSP-basedsolutions for electric power industry

The purpose of this study is to develop and implement a power quality monitoring system that will enable power quality engineers to conduct diagnostic testing in the field. The study is limited to the implementation of hardware and software required to process the analog signals received. A real-time monitoring system that can be used to perform automated power quality testing is described. The system is centered on a digital signal processor (DSP) interfaced to a personal computer (PC). The test signal is input to the system through the A/D board. The signal is analyzed in real-time in the DSP, and the results are transferred to the PC through the communication interface. The PC presents the results and interacts with the user. This system can be used to perform onsite power quality studies     

Wind power potential in Turkey and Akhisar case study

Wind energy potential in various parts of Turkey is becoming economical due to reductions in the wind turbine costs, and in fossil fuel atmospheric pollution. The global change program imposes restrictions for use of alternative renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources. Wind energy is among such energy potentials and its practical and economical use gain significance day by day. The first wind energy turbine site investigation and wind power application possibility have been presented for the Akhisar area within the eastern provinces of Turkey. Different wind turbine technologies are assessed according to the local wind speed variations. Locally and technologically suitable wind turbines are selected. Finally their locations are decided by expert views and field measurements with the usage of well known WASP software. It is calculated that a minimum of 31436 MWh/year wind can be generated in this site. In the calculations 10% error possibility is allowed.     

Effects of privatization: A case study from Cayirhan coal district,Turkey

Privatization of lignite coal-fired power plants in Turkey began in the middle of 1990 and is still an ongoing process. Among the 10 power plants offered to bidders in 1996, only Cayirhan power plant bundled with the coal mine was privatized. Considerable improvements have been obtained following the privatization of both the power plant and the coal mine. In view of its success, it is considered that Cayirhan experience could serve as a model for further privatization in energy sector, planned to be completed by the end of 2006 according to the agenda issued by government. This paper deals with the overall improvements following the privatization of both the power plant and the coal mine. In particular, mechanized roadway drivage performances before and after privatization are compared in order to highlight the specific effects of privatization in this area. It is found that competition, organizational and operational changes are the main causes of improvements attained in the post-privatization period.