高效燃气发电机的开发

三菱重工株式会社（MHI）将开始开发三重联合循环发电系统的基本技术,该发电系统将固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）和燃气轮机联合循环（GTCC）发电系统集成为一体。在日本新能源产业技术综合开发机构（NEDO）的保护伞下,MHI将推出一个为期2年的研究,作为项目的一部分,今年的研究课题名称为“固体氧化物燃料电池的基本技术及三重联合循环系统的开发”。     

我国固体氧化物燃料电池技术研发取得新突破

<正>华中科技大学燃料电池研究中心自主研制出5 k W级固体氧化物燃料电池(简称SOFC)独立发电系统,并实现了4.82 k W的功率输出,科技部组织的现场技术验收组专家认为,这标志着我国SOFC系统独立发电技术取得了新突破,基本具备进入工程化和产品化阶段的条件。记者3月11日采访了解到,在国家"863计划"支持下,华中科技大学燃料电池研究中心李箭教授团队     

固体氧化物燃料电池在LNG/天然气产业中的应用研究

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是最具发展前景的燃料电池技术之一,尤其适合于以清洁的天然气作为原料,能与LNG/天然气产业形成很好的协同效应,实现融合创新的发展模式。介绍了高温燃料发电的原理,对以天然气为原料的固体氧化物燃料电池在大中型固定式发电、中小型分布式热电联供、与微型燃气轮机耦合发电、家用热电联供等方面的应用进行了分析,对SOFC产业与LNG/天然气产业融合发展的方向提出了建议。     

译海撷英

高效燃气发电机的开发三菱重工株式会社(MHI)将开始开发三重联合循环发电系统的基本技术,该发电系统将固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)和燃气轮机联合循环(GTCC)发电系统集成为一体。在日本新能源产业技术综合开发机构(NEDO)的保护伞下,     

固体氧化物燃料电池YSZ电解质薄膜的制备方法概述

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是一类既能发电,又无噪声污染、高效清洁的能量转换装置. 氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)是应用最为广泛的SOFC电解质材料. SOFC制备的关键技术之一是获得足够薄且不透气的YSZ电解质薄膜. 本文综述了几种不同的制备YSZ电解质薄膜的方法,并对它们进行了分析和比较,讨论了它们各自的优缺点和应用场合. 最后,对用于固体氧化物燃料电池的YSZ薄膜制备方法进行了评述和展望.     

金属陶瓷阳极材料的高效固体氧化物燃料电池研究

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)利用金属陶瓷作阳极材料,具有能量转换效率高、燃料适用性强和无腐蚀等优点,是当今一种先进的能量转换装置。本文分析了固体氧化物燃料电池在电解质和电极材料方面的性能和特点,研究了金属陶瓷阳极材料及SOFC单电池的伏安特性和性能,探讨了固体氧化物燃料电池的应用和发展前景。     

内部重整固体氧化物燃料电池发电系统的非线性预测控制

固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）发电系统运行除了电堆本体外还需要包含诸多其他辅助组件以期获得系统输出的最大效率,为了使SOFC电堆能够对纯氢以外的燃料具有更好的适用性,加入了燃料内部重整装置和燃烧室两个重要辅助组件。文中在对系统展开建模的基础上提出了采用非线性模型预测控制策略,能够更有效地使输出燃料气体的组分、温度、压力、浓度和流率满足燃料电池堆正常运行的需要,通过仿真分别论证了线性模型预测控制和非线性模型预测控制两种不同控制方案的有效性和适用性。     

固体氧化物燃料电池/燃气轮机混合动力系统建模仿真研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, SOFC)工作温度高，阳极可发生燃料内重整反应，具有较高的燃料灵活性，同时可与燃气轮机(Gas Turbine, GT)构成固体氧化物燃料电池/燃气轮机(SOFC/GT)混合动力系统进一步提高系统效率。SOFC/GT混合动力系统一般分为底层和顶层循环2种，考虑到SOFC/GT示范性工程有限且建造成本高，一般采用数学建模仿真方法开展SOFC/GT研究。与单独SOFC或GT模型不同，常采用热力学建模仿真对SOFC/GT系统性能进行分析优化。介绍了SOFC/GT混合动力系统常用热力学模型，并对目前SOFC/GT混合动力系统常见稳态和动态热力学建模工作展开综述，考虑到现阶段SOFC/GT混合动力系统多采用商业化软件(Aspen Plus、COMSOL、gPROMs等)建模，建模功能有限、不易拓展，后续工作可基于Matlab、Python等软件进行开源代码的编程；现阶段主要围绕系统级集总模型开展分析，无法准确描述燃料电池的局部特性，后续工作可在SOFC/GT建模中引入一维甚至更高维度的SOFC模型进一步提高建模精度。     

固体氧化物燃料电池发电系统中重整器的设计与测试

重整器是固体氧化物燃料电池发电系统中不可缺少的重要部件,将天然气转化为重整尾气,供应电池发电。本文设计制造了多重列管重整器并进行测试。结果表明,该重整器能正常稳定工作,甲烷处理量达到35SLM,制氢量达到108SLM,能满足10kW SOFC系统的需要。     

金属支撑固体氧化物燃料电池研究进展

与传统全陶瓷结构的燃料电池不同,金属支撑固体氧化物燃料电池利用多孔金属来支撑功能阳极层–电解质层–阴极层,具有结构稳定性高、抗热快速热循环能力强,电堆组装简单,材料成本低等优势。本文分析了金属支撑固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)材料的选择和电池制备过程中的关键问题,并概述了金属支撑SOFC技术的研究进展。     

Selection of appropriate fuel processor for biogas-fuelled SOFC system

The performance of biogas-fed solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems utilizing different reforming agents (steam, air and combined air/steam) has been investigated via thermodynamic analysis to determine the most suitable feed. The boundary of carbon formation was first calculated to specify the minimum amount of each reforming agent necessary to avoid carbon formation. The SOFC performance (electrical efficiency and power density) was determined at different biogas compositions and reforming agent:biogas ratios. The SOFC performance is better when the methane content in the biogas is higher. Steam is considered to be the most suitable reforming agent in this study as the steam-fed SOFC offers much higher power density than the air-fed SOFC although its electrical efficiency is slightly lower. When steam is added in the air-fed SOFC as in the case of the co-fed SOFC, the power density can be improved but the electrical efficiency becomes lower compared with the case of the air-fed SOFC. Finally, in order to improve the electrical efficiency of the steam-fed SOFC, the biogas split option was proposed. It was found that a higher electrical efficiency can be achieved. In addition, although the power density is lowered by this operation, the value is still higher than the case of the air-fed SOFC.     

Integrated methane decomposition and solid oxide fuel cell for efficient electrical power generation and carbon capture

This work proposes the application of methane decomposition (MD) as a fuel processor to replace methane steam reforming (MSR) for hydrogen production for a methane-fuelled solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system. In this work, comparison between the MD–SOFC and the MSR–SOFC was performed in terms of SOFC performances and economic analysis to demonstrate a benefit of using MD as a fuel processor. Energy analysis of SOFC system was evaluated based on thermally self-sufficient condition where no external energy is required for the system. Although the MD–SOFC system offers lower electrical efficiency than that of the MSR–SOFC as solid carbon is generated without being further combusted to generate energy; however, the MD–SOFC stack can be operated at higher power density due to high purity of hydrogen supplied to the fuel cell, resulting in smaller size of the system when compared to the MSR–SOFC. Moreover, the MD–SOFC system is less complicated than that of the MSR–SOFC as the CCS facility is not necessary to be included to reduce CO₂ emission. Economic analysis demonstrated that the SOFC system with MD is more competitive than the conventional system with MSR when considering the valuable by-products of solid carbon even with the low-valued carbon black. It is suggested that the success of this proposed SOFC system with MD relies on the technology development on cogeneration of hydrogen and valuable carbon products.     

Control Loop Design and Control Performance Study on Direct Internal Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is a complicated nonlinear power system. Its system model includes a set of partial differential equations that describe species, mass, momentum and energy conservation, as well as the electrochemical reaction models. The validation and verification of the control system by experiment is very expensive and difficult. Based on the distributed and lumped model of a one‐dimensional SOFC, the dynamic performance with different control loops for SOFC is investigated. The simulation result proves that the control system is appropriate and feasible, and can effectively satisfy the requirement of variable load power demand. This simulation model not only can prevent some latent dangers of the fuel cell system but also predict the distributed parameters' characteristics inside the SOFC system.     

Coupling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit with a Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System for Refrigerated Truck Application

Modeling studies have been carried out to investigate coupling of an solid oxide fuel cell auxiliary power unit (SOFC APU) with a small scale NH₃–H₂O based vapour absorption refrigeration system (VARS) for a refrigerated truck/trailer application, by using hot cathode exhaust from the SOFC stack to drive the VARS. A bottom up design and modeling approach has been adopted where the end requirements, cooling load in this case, are identified first followed by upstream modeling of the SOFC and VARS unit. This approach enables design of system/components to meet the desired end requirements rather than compromise or fall short of the desired goal. Initial modeling results show that it is indeed possible to couple an SOFC with a VARS on a small scale (< 10 kW cooling load) for the refrigerated truck application. As this novel strategy utilizes both heat and power from the SOFC it promises a higher total efficiency up to 80% and also removes a significant part of the load from the main diesel engine, thereby leaving the engine to carry out the task of only propelling the vehicle. The excess electrical power from the SOFC could also be used to charge the vehicle batteries.     

Alternative concept for SOFC with direct internal reforming operation: Benefits from inserting catalyst rod

Mathematical models of direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell (DIR‐SOFC) fueled by methane are developed using COMSOL® software. The benefits of inserting Ni‐catalyst rod in the middle of tubular‐SOFC are simulated and compared to conventional DIR‐SOFC. It reveals that DIR‐SOFC with inserted catalyst provides smoother temperature gradient along the system and gains higher power density and electrochemical efficiency with less carbon deposition. Sensitivity analyses are performed. By increasing inlet fuel flow rate, the temperature gradient and power density improve, but less electrical efficiency with higher carbon deposition is predicted. The feed with low inlet steam/carbon ratio enhances good system performances but also results in high potential for carbon formation; this gains great benefit of DIR‐SOFC with inserted catalyst because the rate of carbon deposition is remarkably low. Compared between counter‐ and co‐flow patterns, the latter provides smoother temperature distribution with higher efficiency; thus, it is the better option for practical applications. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

The feasibility of a coal gasifier combined with a high-temperature fuel cell

The purpose of the study presented in this paper was to find out the feasibility of integrating a 50 MW fuel cell system, fed by gas from a coal gasifier, with an existing network for distribution of heat and power. The work presented is the results of the technical evaluation of a 50 MW coal fired high-temperature fuel cell power plant. The overall system can be divided into four subsystems including: coal gasification, gas cleaning, power generation and heat recovery.

The final system, a entrained flow gasifier combined with standard low-temperature gas cleanup and SOFC, resulted in an overall electrical efficiency of about 47%, and an overall efficiency close to 85%.     

亚微米晶粒氧化钇稳定氧化锆电解质的稳定性

氧化钇稳定氧化锆(yttria-stabilized zirconia,YSZ)是目前使用最多的电解质材料,YSZ结构和性能的长期稳定对固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide full cell,SOFC)系统的可靠性至关重要。重点研究了具有亚微米结构的YSZ在850℃环境中的长期老化性能,结果发现:在850℃空气气氛中老化处理300h后,YSZ中小于1μm的部分晶粒出现了继续生长的现象,使得小于1μm晶粒比例下降10%～20%;当这部分晶粒长大到1～2μm,呈现稳定状态,即没有出现晶粒的过分长大;老化600h和1000h后,小晶粒(小于1μm)所占比例几乎不变。伴随着晶粒尺寸分布变化,YSZ电解质的电导率也比老化处理初期(300h)有所降低;当老化处理600h后,电导率下降趋势变缓;老化处理1000h后,电导率基本稳定,且1000℃电导率仍然保持在0.15S/cm以上。电导率下降主要是由YSZ晶粒部分长大引起的。具有上述性能的YSZ用作SOFC电解质可以满足长期使用的要求。     

A Control‐oriented Dynamic Model Adapted to Variant Steam‐to‐carbon Ratios for an SOFC with Exhaust Fuel Recirculation

The steam‐to‐carbon ratio (S/C) is a typical disturbance parameter in the operation of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power generation system. A planar SOFC with a pre‐reformer and exhaust fuel recirculation system is investigated in this work. A lumped, nonlinear dynamic model is developed for the SOFC with consideration both of the spatial effect and the variant S/Cs. The dynamic model is deduced based on a fitting function so‐called Exponential Association Function, which is employed to describe the spatial distribution of state variables in SOFC. Three parameters of the fitting function are identified to integrate the spatial effect and S/C effect in the model. The parameters of Exponential Association Function are determined by function fitting on three‐dimensional numerical data at the sample operation points. Carbon formation activity is analysed using the simulation results and thermodynamic data. Dynamic simulation is implemented with the help of software MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results show that the developed model has good performance in predicting the responses of the state variables and catching the changes of S/C.     

Worldwide SOFC Technology Overview and Benchmark

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are generally considered to be a promising future electricity-generation technology due to their high electrical efficiency. They also display a multi-fuel capability (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, etc.), may play a role in carbon sequestration strategies, and may render the highest electricity generation efficiency in power station design if coupled with a gas turbine. Nevertheless, their development still faces various problems with high-temperature materials, design of cost-effective materials and manufacturing processes, and efficient plant design. This article summarizes world wide efforts in the field of SOFC, presenting an overview of the main SOFC designs and the main developers active in this field. Based on data published in proceedings of international conferences during the last few years, a comparison is made of the results achieved in cell, stack, and system development.     

Start‐Up Characteristics of Segmented‐In‐Series Tubular SOFC Power Modules Improved by Catalytic Combustion at Cathodes

For large‐scale SOFC power generation systems, a shorter start‐up time of SOFC cell stacks with relatively large heat capacity is one of the most important technological issues to determine the flexibility in SOFC system operation. In this study, start‐up procedures have been examined to shorten the start‐up time period. The conventional heating procedure using pre‐heated hot air and self‐heating by SOFC operation at low temperatures had a difficulty to shorten the start‐up time period because of the limitation in power generation at lower temperatures. In this study, as an alternative start‐up procedure, catalytic combustion at the SOFC cathodes is, for the first time, demonstrated to be useful on the system level. The applicability of the catalytic combustion to shorten the start‐up time period has been verified numerically as well as experimentally by using a large‐scale cell stack cartridge. This unique start‐up procedure enables to operate SOFC‐based large‐scale power generation systems.