交通来源污染物的暴露评价研究进展

来自于汽车尾气的交通污染已经成为城市空气污染主要来源和危害。目前的研究发现汽车尾气暴露与多种疾病有关,2013年国际癌症研究所(IARC)将柴油车废气列为一类致癌物。但在流行病学研究中,多以PM_(2.5)、NO_2或多环芳烃等作为汽车尾气的暴露因子,缺乏对汽车尾气特征性标志物有效的暴露评价指标,使得健康效应关系研究结果各异,难有大的突破。本文对汽车尾气的特征性标志物、内外暴露的评价方法的近期研究成果进行综述,希望能为今后的相关研究提供若干新思路。     

空气毒物对人体健康风险暴露评价研究

随着现代工业的高速发展,越来越多的有害毒物排放到空气中。空气是人们时刻需要接触的环境介质,空气质量的好坏与人类健康密切相关,进行空气毒物健康风险暴露评价具有实际意义。通过对国内外健康风险暴露评价的研究分析,掌握空气毒物健康风险评价的现状,研究分析国内外健康风险暴露评价的各种方法及其特性,对我国暴露评价中存在的问题进行分析。选取北方地区典型的封闭式厨房进行烹饪过程中人员的颗粒物气溶胶暴露评价,运用Crystal Ball软件对颗粒物在人体肺部的沉积量进行蒙特卡罗模拟,结果表明:空气毒物中颗粒物的沉积量为:中年男性成年男性中年女性成年女性,暴露评价研究对未来健康建筑的风险评价提供了理论依据。     

自然通风下的室内空气化学与人体暴露建模

自然通风的室内环境中存在大量的有机和无机污染物,并且污染物之间可能存在化学反应,从而使得室内空气品质下降,给人体健康和工作效率带来危害.在回顾和概括了自然通风,室内空气化学与人体暴露特征建模三者相关研究成果的基础上,指出了仍存在的问题,并提出了对于未来研究方向的建议和看法.     

流动时代的城市环境暴露与移民健康——基于社会空间效应视角

基于流动时代的新背景,围绕社会空间效应视角,主要采用文献综述等研究方法,系统地探讨了环境暴露与移民健康问题的最新研究进展与发现。研究表明,社会适应理论、社会资本与健康、环境健康差异理论是目前探讨环境暴露与移民健康问题的核心理论。研究从早期主要关注自然环境,拓展到自然环境、建成环境和社会人文环境的多维度综合环境。移民与本地居民在环境暴露方面存在较大差异,表现在建成环境的不公正、社会资本的不平等,以及社会空间效应引发的移民健康脆弱性等3方面。新研究需要更加重视移民自身流迁经历及人口流动带来的社会空间效应演化问题。在此基础上,构建了“环境暴露—社会空间效应—移民健康”的新范式,强调移民健康问题是环境暴露与社会空间效应交互影响的结果。以期有助于拓展健康城市研究的分析维度,为建设健康城市提供理论支撑。     

健康风险评价中经饮水途径暴露参数的估计

目的对我国人群经饮水途径暴露参数进行估计,探讨提高我国健康风险评价中经饮水途径暴露评估准确性的方法。方法基于我国现有暴露参数调查资料,采用分年龄段合计的方法,对我国人群经饮水途径暴露参数进行估计。结果我国儿童、学生、中年人和老年人四组人群的饮水摄入量分别为0.073、0.027、0.018和0.017 L/(kg·d),中国人群经饮水途径暴露参数估计值为0.024 L/(kg·d)。结论基于我国现有分年龄段实测数据推算的人群经饮水途径暴露参数,与国外参数以及我国成人参数存在较大差距,在健康风险评价中直接引用国外参数,或者不对18岁以下人群的早期暴露进行准确的测量,必然造成健康风险值的不准确。建议我国尽快开展全国性的分年龄段暴露参数调查,在经饮水途径暴露健康风险评价中采用分段合计的方法计算暴露剂量,提高健康风险评价的准确性。     

我国饮用水中污染物短期暴露健康风险参考值推导方法研究

目的近年来我国接连发生的自来水停水事件严重影响城市供水安全,给公众生活和社会秩序带来了很大困扰。鉴于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)中污染物限值确定的依据是基于终生暴露水平的健康风险评价,与污染事件应急处置中常见的污染物短期暴露风险的评价角度不同,从而开展我国饮用水中污染物短期暴露健康风险的研究,确定健康风险参考值的推导方法。方法饮用水短期暴露健康风险参考值制定的主要步骤包括毒理数据的收集和筛选、分离点的确定、不确定系数的选择和推导健康风险参考值。结果饮用水污染物短期暴露健康风险参考值的推导公式为HA=(POD×BW)/(UF×DWI)。结论本研究提出了饮用水中污染物短期暴露健康风险参考值的制定方法,为完善我国饮用水中污染物健康风险评价体系和污染物的短期健康风险评估与饮用水污染事件应急处置工作提供了技术支持。     

人体内全氟化合物的暴露水平研究进展

全氟化合物(PFASs)是环境中一种新兴的持久性有机污染物,具有多种毒性效应,对生态系统和人类均造成潜在危胁。近年来这类化合物在全世界范围内的多种环境介质和生物体内被检出。人体内PFASs暴露水平的检测对于评估PFASs对人类健康的影响具有重要意义。本文对目前人体内PFASs暴露水平进行综述,描述PFASs在不同生物样本中的检出情况,分析人体内PFASs的暴露特征,现阶段研究存在的不足及未来展望,以期为今后的研究提供参考。     

基于PM2.5呼吸暴露的骑行网络优化设计研究

骑行网络是城市重要的绿色基础设施之一,其周边环境的空气质量对于骑行者的呼吸健康十分重要。近年来自行车出行得到倡导,骑行者的呼吸暴露问题逐渐受到广泛关注。以上海市四平街区为例,探讨骑行活动的PM2.5暴露分布模式以及呼吸暴露对个体骑行路径选择的影响：1）利用移动监测设备对各路段骑行环境的PM2.5污染物浓度进行测量,结合共享单车骑行轨迹大数据,得到街区PM2.5累积暴露量分布状况;2）建立Logit模型,分析“感知暴露”和“告知暴露”2种情景下的路径选择机制,结果表明PM2.5暴露量和骑行时耗2个因素存在权衡关系,在感知暴露情景下骑行者对低暴露、低时耗均有显著偏好,在告知暴露情景下骑行者则愿意绕行其他路径来换取较低的PM2.5暴露风险;3）从暴露干预的角度,提出面向呼吸健康的骑行网络优化建议及具体措施。研究发现了街区骑行网络微环境PM2.5暴露水平的空间差异性,揭示了呼吸暴露对骑行路径选择的影响机制,为构建一个健康、便利的骑行友好网络提供技术指导。     

室内环境评价方法现状研究

室内环境评价方法主要有主观评价和客观评价两大类,客观评价是研究的重点,主要有基于灰色理论、模糊理论、可拓理论、熵权理论以及层次分析法所建立的综合评价方法,对这些研究方法进行研究,为室内环境评价技术标准的制定奠定基础.     

医院住院部室内环境评价方法初探

医院住院环境的质量将极大地影响病人的治疗过程和康复效果,因此如何营造一个健康的、有助于治疗的住院环境,特别是室内环境成为设计人员必须考虑的问题.作者基于环境评价理论,在借鉴了国内外众多评价方法及评价工具的基础上,针对医院建筑的特殊性,探讨住院部室内环境评价体系的建立方法,以促进医院设计及建设的科学性.     

室内空气质量评价与预评价方法的探讨

本文从室内空气质量的定义出发,探讨了当前普遍关心的室内空气质量的评价与预评价问题,阐述了进行评价工作所依据的法规和标准,分析了各种评价方法,并对开展评价与预评价所涉及的一些问题进行了讨论。     

Respiratory responses to diverse indoor combustion air pollution sources

Diverse indoor combustion sources contribute to the indoor air environment. To evaluate the effect of these sources on human respiratory health, we examined associations between respiratory conditions and household factors in the 2360 children's fathers (mean = 38.4 years old) and associations between lung function and household factors in 463 primary school children (mean = 8.3 years old) from Wuhan, China. Factor analysis developed new uncorrelated 'factor' variables. Unconditional logistic regression models or linear regression models, controlling for important covariates, estimated the respiratory health effects. Coal smoke derived from home heating ('heating coal smoke') was associated with high adult reporting of persistent cough, persistent phlegm, and wheeze. Cooking coal smoke was associated with physician-diagnosed adult asthma and decreased forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV(1)) in children. The presence of any home cigarette smoker was associated with more reports of persistent cough, persistent phlegm, cough with phlegm, and bronchitis. Our study suggests that in Wuhan, there may be independent respiratory health effects of different indoor combustion sources and their exposure factors for these study populations. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: We conclude that multiple indoor air pollution sources could have adverse respiratory health effects on both children and middle-aged men in the city of Wuhan, China. These results may have implications for the Wuhan local government, the Chinese government, or other related organizations in efforts on protecting public health through regulation of indoor air pollution from indoor combustion sources.     

Indoor exposure levels of ammonia in residences,schools, and offices in China from 1980 to 2019: A systematic review

Indoor ammonia (NH₃) pollution has been paid more and more attention in view of its health risk. However, few studies have investigated the exposure level in the non-occupational environment in China. This study systematically reviewed the indoor ammonia exposure level in different regions, the equivalent exposure concentration of different populations, and the factors that influence indoor air ammonia in residences, offices, and schools in China. The literature published in 1980–2019 from main databases was searched and detailed screened, and finally, 56 related studies were selected. The results illustrated that the median concentration of indoor air ammonia in residences, offices, and school buildings was 0.21 mg/m³, 0.26 mg/m³, and 0.15 mg/m³. There were 46.4%, 71.4%, and 40% of these samples exceeding the NH₃ standard, respectively. The national concentrations and the equivalent exposure levels of adults and children were calculated and found to be higher than 0.20 mg/m³. The concentration of ammonia varied greatly in different climate zones and economic development regions. Higher concentrations were found in the severe cold zone and the regions with higher economic level. This review reveals a high exposure risk of indoor air ammonia and the crucial impact of human emission, indoor air temperature, new concrete, and economic level, suggesting further investigation on indoor air ammonia evaluation and health effects.     

室内环境污染与健康

人们对室外污染的认识和相关的健康问题以及如何提高室外空气质量都有了很好的了解，对室外污染的关注程度远大于对室内污染的关注程度。但调查资料表明室内空气污染比室外在气污染更为严重。阐述了室内的主要污染源和污染物种类，具体分析了室内各种主要污染物对人体健康产一的影响及可能引起的疾病，以加强人们对室内环境的关注，提高室内环境质量。最后给出了改善室内环境的建议。     

Health risk assessment of personal inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in Tianjin, China

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) exposure can induce a range of adverse human health effects. To date, however, personal VOCs exposure and residential indoor and outdoor VOCs levels have not been well characterized in the mainland of China, less is known about health risk of personal exposure to VOCs. In this study, personal exposures for 12 participants as well as residential indoor/outdoor, workplace and in vehicle VOCs concentrations were measured simultaneously in Tianjin, China. All VOCs samples were collected using passive samplers for 5 days and were analyzed using Thermal Desorption GC-MS method. U.S. Environmental Protect Agency's Inhalation Unit Risks were used to calculate the inhalation cancer health risk. To assess uncertainty of health risk estimate, Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were implemented. Personal exposures were greater than residential indoor exposures as expected with the exception of carbon tetrachloride. Exposure assessment showed modeled and measured concentrations are statistically linearly correlated for all VOCs (P < 0.01) except chloroform, confirming that estimated personal exposure using time-weighted model can provide reasonable estimate of personal inhalation exposure to VOCs. Indoor smoking and recent renovation were identified as two major factors influencing personal exposure based on the time-activity pattern and factor analysis. According to the cancer risk analysis of personal exposure, benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and 1,3-butadiene had median upper-bound lifetime cancer risks that exceeded the U.S. EPA benchmark of 1 per one million, and benzene presented the highest median risks at about 22 per one million population. The median cumulative cancer risk of personal exposure to 5 VOCs was approximately 44 per million, followed by indoor exposure (37 per million) and in vehicle exposure (36 per million). Sensitivity analysis suggested that improving the accuracy of exposure measurement in further research would advance the health risk assessment.     

Towards an integrative approach of improving indoor air quality

There seems to be a discrepancy between current Indoor Air Quality standards and end-users wishes and demands. Indoor air quality can be approached from three points of view: the human, the indoor air of the space and the sources contributing to indoor air pollution. Standards currently in use mainly address the indoor air of the space. “Other or additional” recommendations and guidelines are required to improve indoor air quality. Even though we do not fully understand the mechanisms behind the physical, chemical, physiological and psychological processes, it is still possible to identify the different ways to be taken regulatory, politically–socially (awareness), technically (process and product) and scientifically. Besides the fact that there is an urgent need to involve medicine and neuro-psychology in research to investigate the mechanisms behind dose-response, health effects and interactions between and with the other factors and parameters of the indoor environment and the human body and mind, a holistic approach is required including the sources, the air and last but not least the human beings (occupants) themselves. This paper mainly focuses on the European situation.     

Effects of Indoor Air Pollution on Human Health

This article contains a summary discussion of human health effects linked to indoor air pollution (UP) in homes and other non-industrial environments. Rather than discussing the health effects of the many different pollutants which can be found in indoor air, the approach has been to group broad categories of adverse health effects in separate chapters, and describe the relevant indoor exposures which may give rise to these health effects. The following groups of effects have been comdered: effects on the respiratory system; allergy and other effects on the immune system; cancer and effects on reproduction: effects on the skin and mucous membranes in the eyes, nose and throat; sensory effects and other effects on the nervous system; effects on the cardiovascular system; systemic effects on the liver, kidney and gastro-intestinal system. For each of these groups, effects associated with IAP the principal agents and sources, evidence linking IAP to the effects, susceptible groups, the public health relevance, methods for assessment, and major research needs are briefly discussed. For some groups of effects, clear relationships with exposure to IAP have been reported in the world literature. Among these are respiratory disease (particularly among children), allergy (particularly to house dust mites) and mucous membrane irritation (particularly due to formaldehyde). Large numbers of people have been, and are still being affected. Many chemicals encountered in indoor air are known or suspected to cause sensory irritation or stimulation. These, in turn, may give rise to a sense of discomfort and other symptums cummonly reported in so-called “sick” buildings. Camplex mixtures of organic chemicals in indoor air also have the potential to invoke subtle effects on the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to changes in behaviour and performance. An increased risk of developing lung cancer has been linked to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and to radon decay products. Lung cancer is a very serious disease with a high fatality rate; however, the number of people affected is much lower than the number of people contracting resparatory disease or alhgies, or experiencing irritative effects due to exposure to indoor pollution. The effects of IAP on reproduction, cardiovascular disease and on other systems and organs have not been well documented to date. To a certain extent, this may mean that no serious effects occur, but there has been little by way of research to clearly document the absence of these tvpes of effects.     

Plastics additives in the indoor environment--flame retardants and plasticizers

Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving. In this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles. Daily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.     

A numerical investigation of the potential effects of e-cigarette smoking on local tissue dosimetry and the deterioration of indoor air quality

Electronic (e)-cigarette smoking is considered to be less harmful than traditional tobacco smoking because of the lack of a combustion process. However, e-cigarettes have the potential to release harmful chemicals depending on the constituents of the vapor. To date, there has been significant evidence on the adverse health effects of e-cigarette usage. However, what is less known are the impacts of the chemicals contained in exhaled air from an e-cigarette smoker on indoor air quality, the second-hand passive smoking of residents, and the toxicity of the exhaled air. In this study, we develop a comprehensive numerical model and computer-simulated person to investigate the potential effects of e-cigarette smoking on local tissue dosimetry and the deterioration of indoor air quality. We also conducted demonstrative numerical analyses for first-hand and second-hand e-cigarette smoking in an indoor environment. To investigate local tissue dosimetry, we used newly developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic models that reproduce inhalation exposure by way of the respiratory tract and dermal exposure through the human skin surface. These models were integrated into the computer-simulated person. Our numerical simulation results quantitatively demonstrated the potential impacts of e-cigarette smoking in enclosed spaces on indoor air quality.     

空调与人居环境

指出良好的室内空气环境包括人体必需的新鲜空气，合宜的空气温度与湿度，有害物浓度低于卫生标准，良好的光照和适宜的声环境；分析我国当前空调的设置，指出不正视通风换气系统的作用是关键问题；使用房间空调器须保证适当的通风；过滤吸附等净化手段不能替代室外新鲜空气；全空气系统能实现对建筑的热湿控制及空气品质控制，如保证完善的设计、施工和运行，可认为是最佳的空调系统。