搭接长度和铺层方式对CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构连接性能和损伤行为的影响

针对不同搭接长度和铺层方式的碳纤维增强树脂（CFRP）复合材料层合板单搭胶接结构进行了拉伸试验,观察了试件的受力过程和失效形态,获得了载荷-位移曲线;同时基于连续损伤力学模型和三维Hashin失效准则模拟了CFRP复合材料层合板的层内损伤形成和演化,并利用内聚力模型来模拟层间及胶层的失效损伤,对CFRP复合材料层合板单搭胶接结构在拉伸作用下的失效强度和损伤机制进行了预测,通过对比验证了该数值方法的有效性;通过数值试验比较不同搭接长度和铺层方式的单搭胶接结构及双搭胶接结构的连接强度和损伤行为,并提出了一种优化的CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构。结果表明:CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构的极限失效载荷随着搭接长度的增大逐渐增加并趋于稳定值,且结构的失效形式逐渐从胶层自身剪切失效过渡到邻近胶层的层合板层间分层失效;CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构的连接强度和损伤行为随着铺层方式的不同而改变,通过对3种铺层方式的对比和分析,得到性能最好的铺层方式是[0₃/90₃]_2S;在搭接长度为5~20 mm时,通过对搭接长度进行优化,得到单搭胶接结构的最优搭接长度是17 mm,双搭胶接结构的最优搭接长度是19.3 mm,与搭接长度为20 mm相比,单搭胶接结构和双搭胶接结构的连接强度分别提高了13.26%和0.43%。      

高温环境下碳纤维增强树脂复合材料的层间力学性能老化行为与失效预测

为了研究碳纤维增强树脂(CFRP)复合材料层间力学性能在高温环境中的老化失效行为,设计了CFRP复合材料层间拉伸和层间剪切实验,在高温(80℃)环境中进行0(未老化)、 120 h、 240 h、 360 h、 480 h、 600 h和720 h的老化测试,分析CFRP层间失效强度和失效形式随老化时间的变化规律,得到随高温老化的二次应力准则响应面。建立CFRP复合材料层间力学性能预测模型,得到不同老化衰减系数下的退化模型,并通过CFRP复合材料层间仿真模型进行了验证。结果表明:随着高温老化时间的增加,层间拉伸和层间剪切强度总体上都发生了一定程度的退化,层间拉伸时更容易发生碳纤维丝剥离,层间剪切发生局部的树脂剥离,纤维之间的分层更加明显,高温老化使树脂与纤维丝的界面结合力显著下降。通过CFRP复合材料层间力学性能随高温老化的二次应力准则,计算不同老化时间后的内聚力模型参数,预测CFRP复合材料在高温老化条件下的层间强度,发现仿真与实验误差小于10%,说明了CFRP复合材料层间失效预测模型的准确性。     

含孔玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料-铝合金层板的拉伸损伤行为与热暴露响应

采用试验和数值方法研究了含孔玻璃纤维/环氧树脂(GF/EP)复合材料-铝合金层板在不同热暴露温度下的拉伸剩余强度和损伤失效模式,揭示了层间损伤、纤维损伤及基体损伤的演化过程。结果表明:随着热暴露温度升高,含孔GF/EP复合材料-铝合金层板剩余强度不断下降,拉伸破坏呈现出明显的纤维断裂与层间分层混合失效模式。热暴露温度越高或开孔直径越大,GF/EP复合材料-铝合金层板的层间分层损伤区域越小。随着载荷的增大,沿加载方向的0°纤维和基体的损伤分别呈现出类似“漏斗”形和“花瓣”状的损伤演化形式,而层间损伤区域呈现出一对相对开孔对称的三角形损伤演化形式。基于GF/EP复合材料-铝合金层板的剩余强度和损伤失效模式的数值仿真与试验结果吻合较好。      

Improvement of interlaminar mechanical properties of CFRP laminates using VGCF

In order to improve the interlaminar mechanical properties of CFRP laminates, hybrid CFRP/VGCF laminates have been fabricated by using a newly-developed method, i.e., powder method, where the powder of vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) is added at the mid-plane of [0°/0°]₁₄ CFRP laminates. Experimental results of double cantilever beam (DCB) tests indicate the improvement on the interlaminar mechanical properties of Mode-I fracture behavior with much higher critical load P_C and fracture toughness G_IC with VGCF interlayer. Crack propagation and fracture surface have also been observed to interpret this improvement mechanism. Moreover, based on experimental G_IC, numerical simulations using finite element method (FEM) with cohesive elements have been carried out to analyze the delamination propagation. The interlaminar tensile strength of hybrid CFRP/VGCF laminates, which is obtained by matching the numerical load–COD (crack opening displacement) curves to experimental ones, is higher than that of base CFRP laminates.     

An experimental study on fatigue characteristics of CFRP-steel hybrid laminates

This paper aims to investigate the fatigue characteristics of hybrid laminates consisting of wave carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and a thin stainless steel plate under the tension–tension loading. Different loading options (e.g. same stress and same force), layers of CFRP sheets, and lay-ups of laminates (single and double sides) were considered. A series of experimental tests were performed to determine the effectiveness of the CFRP bonding on prolonging fatigue crack initiation life, preventing fatigue crack propagation and extending fatigue life of the hybrid laminates. Three distinct failure modes, classified as delamination, delamination bending and fiber breakage, were observed in the tests. It is shown that the loading conditions and CFRP thickness are the critical parameters affecting the failure modes and fatigue resistance. The crack initiation life and fatigue life of fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) increase by factors ranging from 1.06 to 1.96 and 1.17 to 2.07, respectively, relative to monolithic steel plates under the same force condition; whereas decrease by factors ranging from 0.63 to 0.89 and 0.28 to 0.61 under the same stress condition. Moreover, the double-side bonded FMLs show better fatigue properties and more stable crack propagation than single-side counterpart with the same thickness of CFRP.     

碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料螺栓连接结构在拉伸载荷下损伤过程的声发射分析

采用声发射技术对不同几何尺寸的碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料（CFRP）螺栓连接结构在静力载荷下破坏行为进行了试验研究,比较了不同几何构型下的连接结构的破坏行为与声发射信号之间的映射关系。采用声发射技术对结构损伤过程中的声发射信号进行全程采集与转换,结合CFRP螺栓结构的载荷-位移曲线和宏/细观破坏形貌,分析了幅值、熵曲线和Andrews曲线与破坏行为之间的关系。结果表明:挤压与剪切破坏试件的载荷-位移曲线均呈现出较明显的塑性特征。结构发生挤压和剪切破坏时,声发射信号以中幅值信号为主,并伴随少量高幅值信号;结构发生拉伸破坏时对应的幅值为中幅值信号。根据熵曲线特征将CFRP连接结构破坏过程分为四个阶段,在损伤演化阶段发生纤维断裂、分层等失效模式,在结构失效阶段以分层失效为主。基于Andrews曲线分析得到挤压和拉伸失效模式在损伤演化阶段会出现多种损伤类型,剪切失效模式在结构失效阶段会出现多种损伤类型。      

碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料层合板结构及间隙尺寸对铆接性能的影响

通过对不同纺织结构的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）层合板与铝合金（AlMg3）异质材料连接结构进行单剪切拉伸研究,分析间隙尺寸对不同纺织结构CFRP层合板与AlMg3连接结构性能的影响。试验结果表明,当CFRP层合板铺层数目相同时,对于纺织结构不同、间隙配合尺寸相同的CFRP-AlMg3单铆钉单剪切连接结构,编织结构碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（WO-CFRP）层合板所受挤压应力比非编织结构碳纤维增强复合材料（UD-CFRP）层合板所受挤压应力大25%左右;对于纺织结构相同、间隙配合尺寸不同的CFRP-AlMg3单铆钉单剪切连接结构,其各自铆钉所受剪切应力和连接CFRP层合板所受挤压应力相差不大。同时对相同间隙尺寸、不同纺织结构的CFRP-AlMg3单铆钉单剪切连接结构各个阶段挤压应力分析得知：其他条件一定,各个阶段中WO-CFRP的挤压应力比UD-CFRP的挤压应力高20%左右。最后研究间隙尺寸对CFRP-AlMg3单铆钉单剪切连接结构性能的影响,发现铆钉与孔壁间隙尺寸对位移为铆钉直径大小的4%时的CFRP层合板受到的挤压应力影响较大,铆钉与孔壁间隙大小增加0.1 mm,位移为铆钉直径大小的4%时的CFRP层合板受到的挤压应力降低约17%,而对CFRP层合板的初始损伤应力和破坏应力几乎没有影响,对铆钉所受剪切作用力和AlMg3板材所受挤压应力也几乎没有影响。     

Effect of clamping force on the delamination onset and growth in bolted composite laminates

Clamping force is a key element that alters the mechanism and sequence of failure in bolted joints of composite laminates. The mode of failure in bolted joints can be controlled by geometrical parameters and the preferred fail safe mode of failure is ‘bearing’ which generally consists of matrix cracks, delamination and fibre microbuckling. Three-dimensional (3-D) pinned (without clamping force) and bolted (1 kN clamping force) joint models were developed in [0/90]_s carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates to show the clamping force effect on the onset and growth of delamination. It is shown that delamination was resulted from the shear stress components (Mode II & III) at the interface and the contribution of the out-of-plane component (Mode I - opening), so the clamping force, was negligible without modelling the in-plane failure modes and their coupling with delamination, which will be considered in future work.     

NSM shear strengthening technique with CFRP laminates applied in high-strength concrete beams with or without pre-cracking

The effectiveness of the near surface mounted (NSM) shear strengthening technique with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates applied in high-strength concrete beams with a certain percentage of existing steel stirrups is assessed by experimental research. In this context, the influence of the following main parameters are investigated: (i) the percentage and the inclination of the CFRP laminates; (ii) the percentage of existing steel stirrups; (iii) the existence of cracks when the reinforced concrete (RC) beams are shear strengthened with NSM CFRP laminates. The results showed that the NSM shear strengthening technique with CFRP laminates is more effective when applied to RC beams of high-strength concrete, not only in terms of increasing the load carrying capacity of the beams, but also in assuring higher mobilization of the tensile properties of the CFRP. Inclined laminates were more effective than vertical laminates and the shear resistance of the beams has increased with the percentage of laminates. Pre-cracked RC beams strengthened with NSM CFRP laminates have presented a load carrying capacity similar to that of the homologous uncracked strengthened beams.     

Efficacy of CFRP-based techniques for the flexural and shear strengthening of concrete beams

Near surface mounted (NSM) and externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) strengthening techniques are based on the use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials and have been used for the structural rehabilitation of concrete structures. In the present work, the efficacies of the NSM and EBR techniques for the flexural and shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams are compared carrying out two experimental groups of tests. For the flexural strengthening, the efficacy of applying CFRP laminates according to NSM is compared to those resulting from applying CFRP laminates and wet lay-up CFRP sheets according to EBR technique. The influences of the equivalent reinforcement ratio (steel and laminates) and spacing of the laminates on the efficiency of the NSM technique for the flexural strengthening is also investigated. A numerical strategy is implemented to analyze the applicability of the FRP effective strain concept, proposed by ACI and fib in the design of FRP systems for the flexural strengthening. To assess the efficacy of the NSM technique for the shear strengthening of concrete beams, four beam series of distinct depth and longitudinal tensile steel reinforcement ratio are tested. Each series is composed of one beam without any shear reinforcement and one beam using the following shear reinforcing systems: conventional steel stirrups; strips of wet lay-up CFRP sheet of U configuration applied according to EBR technique; and laminates of CFRP embedded into vertical or inclined (45°) pre-cut slits on the concrete cover of the beam lateral faces, according to the NSM technique. Using the obtained experimental results, the performance of the analytical formulations proposed by ACI, fib and Italian guidelines is appraised.     

湿热环境对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料力学性能的影响及其损伤机理

采用加速吸湿法研究经3种湿热环境(湿度为85%RH,温度分别为25,70,85℃)处理后CFRP层合板的吸湿特性,对吸湿前后的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)层合板分别进行拉伸、压缩、剪切实验,研究其力学性能变化规律,利用扫描电镜和红外光谱分析湿热环境中CFRP层板的损伤机理,最后采用最小二乘法拟合提出湿热环境下CFRP层合板力学性能的预测公式。结果表明:CFRP层合板的吸湿初期特性符合Fick定律;相同湿度下环境温度越高,CFRP的吸湿速率和平衡吸湿率越大,达到吸湿平衡所需时的间越长;3种湿热环境处理后的CFRP层板的90°拉伸和剪切力学性能下降最明显;经湿热环境处理后水分子通过氢键与环氧树脂发生缔合,但CFRP层合板中的各组分未发生化学结构变化;拟合建立的不同湿热条件下力学性能衰退公式与实验结果基本一致。     

Effect of long-term high-temperature atmospheric exposure on damage progress and mechanical properties for carbon fiber/polycyanate 90° unidirectional composites

This study focuses on the effect of long-term exposure to high-temperature atmosphere on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate with polycyanate resin system. Transversely oriented unidirectional laminate of carbon fiber/polycyanate (T700SC/FSD-M-08178) CFRP was employed on isothermal aging at 180 °C in air up to 4000 h. Matrix crack extension during isothermal aging was observed by soft X-ray radiography. Tensile and compressive tests were conducted on both non-aged and aged (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 h) specimens with an acoustic emission (AE) measurement in order to evaluate mechanical properties and damage behavior due to thermo-oxidative degradation. After tensile tests, the fracture surface observation with a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) apparatus was also carried out to characterize damage extension due to thermo-oxidative degradation. The results show that thermo-oxidation induced matrix cracks preferentially in perpendicular area along the fiber direction and the matrix crack propagated along the fiber direction. Due to the crack onset, tensile strength was sharply dropped, even though compression strength was slightly changed. From the AE measurement result, the failure mode change was detected for the tension test. Comparing the soft X-ray radiography result with the SEM observation result, the fracture for tension test did not occur at the maximum crack length location for the longer thermo-oxidative aged specimen.     

Design and Manufacturing of a Novel Shear Thickening Fluid Composite (STFC) with Enhanced out-of-Plane Properties and Damage Suppression

The ability to absorb a large amount of energy during an impact event without generating critical damages represents a key feature of new generation composite systems. Indeed, the intrinsic layered nature of composite materials allows the embodiment of specific hybrid plies within the stacking sequence that can be exploited to increase impact resistance and damping of the entire structure without dramatic weight increase. This work is based on the development of an impact-resistant hybrid composite obtained by including a thin layer of Non-Newtonian silica based fluid in a carbon fibres reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate. This hybrid phase is able to respond to an external solicitation by activating an order-disorder transition that thickens the fluid increasing its viscosity, hence dissipating the energy impact without any critical failure. Several Shear Thickening Fluids (STFs) were manufactured by changing the dimensions of the particles that constitute the disperse phase and their concentrations into the continuous phase. The dynamic viscosity of the different STFs was evaluated via rheometric tests, observing both shear thinning and shear thickening effects depending on the concentration of silica particles. The solutions were then embedded as an active layer within the stacking sequence to manufacture the hybrid CFRP laminates with different embedded STFs. Free vibration tests were carried out in order to assess the damping properties of the different laminates, while low velocity impact tests were used to evaluate their impact properties. Results indicate that the presence of the non-Newtonian fluid is able to absorb up to 45 % of the energy during an impact event for impacts at 2.5 m/s depending on the different concentrations and particles dimensions. These results were confirmed via C-Scan analyses to assess the extent of the internal delamination.     

Fatigue crack growth and delamination mechanisms of Ti/CFRP fibre metal laminates at high temperatures

Ti/CFRP (titanium/carbon fibre reinforced polymer) fibre metal laminates (FMLs) are composed of titanium sheets and carbon fibres reinforced PMR (polymerization of monomeric reactants) type polyimide resin. Due to the outstanding heat resistance of the material, it can be used in hypersonic aircraft applications. Fatigue cracks in the metal layer and delamination at metal/fibre interface may occur in long‐term high‐temperature use processes. However, the behaviour of the fatigue failure at high temperatures has not been investigated. A temperature‐dependent equation has not been presented to predict the crack growth behaviour at high temperatures. In this study, to investigate the crack propagation and delamination behaviours, fatigue crack growth rate tests using tension‐tension loads at 25°C, 80°C, 120°C, and 150°C were conducted in accordance with ASTM E647‐15e1. The results indicated that the variation in fatigue crack growth rate could be described by a modified temperature‐dependent Paris equation. Interfacial strength and tensile strength may influence fatigue failure at high temperatures. Hence, these strength values were also obtained to analyse the mechanism of fatigue behaviour. The delamination area increased exponentially with temperature due to the weakening of the Ti/CFRP interface, and delamination was invariably generated on the microcracks of the titanium layers.     

Fracture behavior in CFRP cross-ply laminates with initially cut fibers

This study qualitatively investigates the effects of initially cut fibers (slits) on fracture behavior in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) cross-ply laminates, which had alternate or identical slit angle ±θ in the 0° plies. Damage progress during tensile tests was observed for several geometries of cutting. We also numerically evaluated fracture behavior in laminates with slits by a layer-wise finite-element model with cohesive elements. The simulated damage patterns included matrix cracks along the slits, splits in the 0° layer from the slit tips, and transverse cracks in the 90° layer. Delamination was also generated at the crossing point of ply cracks due to the large shear stress, and then extended to form the triangular region bounded by the slits and splits. The predicted damage extension to the final failure agreed with the observations. A numerical study demonstrated that the damage near the slits produced a stress field similar to that of a penetrating notch.     

单向碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料的超低温力学性能

采用真空袋-热压罐工艺制备单向碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFs/EP)层合板,并将高低温试验箱与万能试验机相结合,通过合理使用低温胶和低温引伸计,并在降温过程中实施应力-应变实时调零等关键技术,在室温和液氧超低温度(-183℃)下对单向CFs/EP层合板进行拉伸和弯曲试验,研究了其超低温力学性能,并根据室温和超低温试验后试样的微观和宏观特征,揭示了超低温环境下复合材料力学性能变化机制。结果表明,与室温力学性能相比,单向CFs/EP层合板超低温拉伸强度下降约为9.5%,而拉伸模量上升约为6.2%,主要是由于超低温环境下,树脂的收缩使绝大部分碳纤维与树脂间形成了强界面,拉伸后试样呈"劈裂式"破坏形式,无法使每根纤维都充分发挥其强度,拉伸强度下降,同时超低温也限制了树脂大分子链的运动,所以导致单向CFs/EP层合板拉伸模量上升;单向CFs/EP层合板超低温弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别提高约54.75%和11.64%,这是由于单向CFs/EP层合板的常温和超低温的弯曲破坏形式均为分层剪切破坏,超低温下复合材料的界面增强,提高了单向CFs/EP层合板抵抗剪切分层的能力,进而使CFs/EP的弯曲性能得到提高。     

弹道防护用超高分子量聚乙烯纤维增强热塑性树脂基复合材料的拉伸力学行为

以弹道防护用超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)纤维增强热塑性树脂基复合材料作为研究对象,通过热压工艺制备单向正交结构的复合材料层压板。基于自主设计的拉伸试验装置,开展UHMWPE纤维增强热塑性树脂基复合材料在宏观尺度和准细观尺度上的面内拉伸试验,研究其面内拉伸力学性能及失效模式。研究结果显示：弹道防护用UHMWPE纤维增强热塑性树脂基复合材料在准细观尺度上的面内拉伸力学性能是其本征性能;随着偏轴角度的增加,拉伸断裂强度呈现指数型下降,这是由于失效模式由纤维的拉伸断裂破坏转变为纤维-树脂基体的界面破坏;此外,其在宏观尺度上的拉伸破坏强度比在准细观尺度上的拉伸断裂强度降低了50.52%,这是由于宏观尺度上的面内拉伸力学响应是其面内拉伸变形和层间分层破坏的耦合结果,即层压板的叠层效应。     

基于CFRP层合板钻削轴向力时变曲线的钻头几何形状分析

为探索能够实现碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）层合板低损制孔的钻头几何形状,采用4种不同几何形状的钻头,对T800级CFRP层合板进行钻孔实验研究,分析了钻头几何形状对钻削轴向力的影响,探讨了钻削轴向力与分层损伤之间的关系。结果表明:轴向力归零速度与出口分层因子有较好的正相关性,可采用钻削轴向力归零速度来表征钻头几何形状对CFRP层合板钻孔的适用性能。同时,实验发现切削区域具有多阶段几何特征的钻头,在钻出工件底部时轴向力是分阶段缓慢归零,出口分层因子较小。      

基于剪切非线性三维损伤本构模型的复合材料层合板失效强度预测

基于连续损伤力学,建立了同时考虑复合材料剪切非线性效应和损伤累积导致材料属性退化的三维损伤本构模型。模型能够区分纤维损伤、基体损伤和分层损伤不同的失效模式,并定义了相应损伤模式的损伤变量。复合材料层合板层内纤维初始损伤采用最大应力准则判定,基体初始损伤采用三维Puck准则中的基体失效准则判定,分层初始损伤采用三维Hou准则中的分层破坏准则判定,为了计算Puck失效理论中的基体失效断裂面角度,本文提出了分区抛物线法,通过Matlab软件编写计算程序并进行分析。结果表明,与Puck遍历法和分区黄金分割法对比,本文提出的分区抛物线法有效地降低了求解断裂面角度的计算次数,提高了计算效率和计算精度。推导了本构模型的应变驱动显式积分算法以更新应力和解答相关的状态变量,开发了包含数值积分算法的用户自定义子程序VUMAT,并嵌于有限元程序Abaqus v6.14中。通过对力学行为展现显著非线性效应的AS4碳纤维/3501-6环氧树脂复合材料层合板进行渐进失效分析,验证了本文提出的材料本构模型的有效性。结果显示,已提出的模型能够较准确地预测此类复合材料层合板的力学行为及其失效强度,为复合材料构件及其结构设计提供一种有效的分析方法。      

Numerical Investigation of Delamination in Drilling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Drilling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a challenging task in modern manufacturing sector and machining induced delamination is one of the major problems affecting assembly precision. In this work, a new three-dimensional (3D) finite element model is developed to study the chip formation and entrance delamination in drilling of CFRP composites on the microscopic level. Fiber phase, matrix phase and equivalent homogeneous phase in the multi-phase model have different constitutive behaviors, respectively. A comparative drilling test, in which the cement carbide drill and unidirectional CFRP laminate are employed, is conducted to validate the proposedmodel in terms of the delamination and the similar changing trend is obtained. Microscopic mechanism of entrance delamination together with the chip formation process at four special fiber cutting angles (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°) is investigated. Moreover, the peeling force is also predicted. The results show that the delamination occurrence and the chip formation are both strongly dependent on the fiber cutting angle. The length of entrance delamination rises with increasing fiber cutting angles. Negligible delamination at 0° is attributed to the compression by the minor flank face. For 45° and 90°, the delamination resulted from the mode III fracture. At 135°, serious delamination which is driven by the mode I and III fractures is more inclined to occur and the peeling force reaches its maximum. Such numerical models can help understand the mechanism of hole entrance delamination further and provide guidance for the damage-free drilling of CFRP.