Development of a method of compacting saturated sand soils by blasts under winter conditions

The work was performed under the direction of Prof. P. L. Ivanov (deceased). The following workers of the Leningrad hydroelectric station participated in developing and introducing the method: I. V. Kornienko, V. B. Kuznetsov, L. E. Vasil'eva, A. E. Makarevich, I. P. Kuz'min, G. V. Plakhutin, as well as V. P. Smirnov, A. A. Kagan, G. N. Ivanov, N. V. Kosterin, S. I. Puzankov, and L. Ya. Libin of the Leningrad branch of the All-Russian Planning, Surveying, and Scientific-Research Institute.     

Problems of improving underground hydraulic structure construction

Conclusion The examined directions of scientific and technical progress in the area of underground hydraulic construction are promising and can be very effective technically and economically. Considerable experience has presently been gained in the operation of large-section underground hydraulic structures. Generalization of this experience will per-mit a significant improvement in methods of designing and constructing these structures. Based on material from reports presented at meetings of the Scientific-Technical Council of the Ministry of Power and Electrification of the USSR (Minénergo USSR) and USSR State Construction Committee (Gosstroi USSR). The data contained in studies of the All-Union Planning, Surveying, and Research Institute (Gidroproekt). All-Union Institute for the Planning of Electric Power Institutes (Orgénergostroi), All-Union Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering (VNIIG), Georgian Research Insitute, of Power Engineering and Hydraulic Construction (Gruz NIIéGS), Trust for Specialized Operations of Gidroproekt, (Gidrospetsproekt), Power Information Agency (Informénergo), and the State All-Union Trust for the Stabilization of Foundations and Structures (Gidrospetsstroi) were used in preparing the reports. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 1–5, 7, August, 1974.     

Scientific aspects of hydraulic engineering in the Extreme North

Information relative to participation of the B. E. Vedeneev All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering (VNIIG im. B. E. Vedeneeva) in the solution of problems of scientific verification of the design, construction, and operation of water-development works in regions of the Extreme North are presented. Basic characteristics of changes in the technical condition of high rock-and-earthfill dams, and the conditions under which their safety is ensured for long-term service in these regions are examined.     

Water transport and power network (WTPN) of the Russian Federation

A brief account of the concept developed in 1993 on orders of the Ministry of Fuel and Power of the Russian Federation by a group of authors: A. E. Asarin, T. P. Dotsenko, V. D. Novozhenin, G. L. Sarukhanov (State Planning, Surveying, and Research Institute), V. F. Samarin, R. P. Stepanov, V. I. Fedoryak, M. A. Shestopal (State River Transport Planning Institute), and A. A. Belyakov (Moscow State Construction University).     

Cast bituminous-concrete diaphragms in earthen dams

The B. E. Vedeneev All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering (VNIIG im. B. E. Vedeneeva) has developed and carried out scientific-technical accompaniment for the construction of cast bituminous-concrete diaphragms of earthen dams. Experience gained with analysis of their stress–strain state is cited. Prospects for use of cast bituminous-concrete diaphragms are indicated for the rock-fill dam at the Kankunsk HPP and earthen dams of Siberia, the Far East, and the Extreme North.     

An estimate of the errors when calculating the varying electric power losses in overhead lines due to neglecting weather conditions

An algorithm for calculating the resistance taking into account the air temperature, the working current and the wind speed is developed. A quantitative estimate is made of the effect of the load current, the conductor temperature and the wind speed on the resistance of overhead-line conductors. The ranges of the errors in calculating the annual variable electric power losses are obtained. 1 Electric Power Scientific-Research Institute (VNIIé)—subsidiary of JSC “NTTs élektroénergetiki,” Russia. Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 10, October 2008, pp. 42–49.     

基于小尺度量测值的岩体结构面粗糙度系数分析

介绍了R／S分析法的基本原理，对H.E.Hurst经验关系式进行了修正，建立了以小尺度的量测结果来反映大尺度范围内岩体结构面粗糙度系数的计算式。     

The gas recovery of water-drive gas reservoirs

This paper proposes a method for determining the gas recovery of water-drive gas reservoirs. First, the water influx coefficient B in the theoretical formula =(1) /(1)B r g gp ?R ?R is used to determine the influence of the aquifer behavior. According to the theoretical formula, the relationship between the normalized pressure rp and the degree of the reserve recovery gR can be obtained with different values of B, which can be used to determine the activity level of the aquifer behavior. Second, according to =(1) /(1)ra ga vap ?R ?a E(where = 1 /gr gia ?S S), the relationship between the normalized abandonment pressure rap and the ultimate gas recovery gaR can be obtained, as the Agarwal end-point line. The intersection of the above two lines represents the value of the estimated ultimate gas recovery and the normalized abandonment pressure rap. Finally, an evaluation table and a set of demarcation charts are established, with different values of /gr giS S and vaE as well as the water influx coefficient B, which can be used to determine the gas recovery of water-drive gas reservoirs with different activity levels of the aquifer behavior.     

A Hydrologist's Plan to Combat the Greenhouse Effect

ABSTRACT

Some of the gases that industrial society routinely spews into the air by burning fossil fuel sami cooling our buildings are trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere and warming the planet. This is called the greenhouse effect. This decade has seen the four hottest years of the last century and the first five months of 1988 were the warmest on record. Since 1880, mean global temperatures have increased more than 0.78 Celsius degrees. James Hansen of NASA'S Goddard Institute for space studies declared that he is certain that the greenhouse effect is here and will continue to increase: however, this view is not shared by many atmospheric scientists who have not detected the greenhouse ‘signal’ in the global temperature data. Since 1958 concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have increased 25 percent, mostly the result of burning oil and coal. North America. Western Europe, the U.S.S.R and Soviet-block countries are responrible for about 67 percent of the emissions. The level of carbon dioxide is increasing at the rate of about 29 billion tons per year.

After examining the concentration of carbon dioxide since 3.5 billion years ago and the global climatic changes of the past 18,000 years as compiled by COHMAP. it appears that carbon dioxide has always played a dominant role in controlling the climate of the globe. About 10,000 years B.P., the global climate was moist and cooler and the carbon dioxide level was between 260 and 290 ppm.

I suggest planting trees to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In order to do this we must capture 2.9 billion tons per year of carbon dioxide. A minimum area of 465 million hectares would be needed. We should grow trees in the desert areas of Western USA., where there is a huge quantity of water being discharged by evapotranspiration. Many large sedimentary basins have huge freshwater resources (i.e., Australia, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, China, Saudi Arabia, U.S.S.R. and North Africa), but little vegetation. It is proposed that we develop the water resources of these basins for agroforestry as has already been accomplished on a smaller scale for basins in Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and North Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R. A number of fast growing trees are suggested for forestation that may be suitable for saline, and waterlogged areas stretching from Senegal to Bangladesh. These forests may reduce the global temperature, increase food production, and reclaim saline and waterlogged lands. It may eventually be possible to sequester the requisite 2.9 billion tons of carbon dioxide yearly as well as induce more rainfall and recharge the aquifers. According to Martin a further reduction of 1.8 billion tons of carbon dioxide may be possible by enhancing the growth of phytoplankton in southern oceans.     

梅花形阵列粗糙床面明渠紊流特性

梅花形阵列粗糙是常见的床面粗糙形态,但其水流紊动特性参数在颗粒间的沿程变化和不同象限间的分布差异等研究仍较薄弱。采用不同颗粒大小和排列间距的圆形玻璃珠制作了3种梅花形阵列粗糙床面,基于明渠紊流的PIV水槽试验资料,探讨了无量纲纵向紊动强度T_u、雷诺应力R和紊动能E的分布规律。结果表明:① 颗粒顶部以上区域的T_u、R、E沿程基本呈条带状变化,受颗粒影响较小,而颗粒顶部以下区域则受颗粒影响明显,沿程变化相对复杂,表现出一定的周期性和分区性,并可分为颗粒区和粒间区。② 颗粒顶部以上区域T_u、R、E的垂线分布基本重合,颗粒顶部以下区域则波动明显,分布曲线呈“S”和倒“L”等形状。③ 粒间区各象限的R、E沿程变化较为平缓,接近水平线,第2、4象限的R、E总体大于第1、3象限;颗粒区各象限的R、E沿程分布呈“∪”状并在沿程位置参数x+ = 0附近有最小值。研究成果对鱼道及航道工程设计等具有一定的指导意义。     

Concerning the maximum allowable values of indices of the state of structures at the Zagorsk pumped-storage station

Conclusions On the basis of the results of observations on structures of the Zagorsk PSS during temporary operation (since 1988), NIIéS and Gidroproekt developed a system of criterion indices of the state of the structures. The maximum allowable values of these indices determined on the basis of analyzing the results of calculations and experimental and on-site observations permits routine monitoring of the state of structures and ensures their safe operation. In addition to the authors, A. I. Yudkevich, A. A. Lobach, Yu. E. Mirzak, L. E. Kanygin, and L. P. Gal'perina participated in the studies to determine the maximum allowable values of the condition of the structures at the pumped-storage station. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 11–18, April, 1996.     

Comparative stability and growth requirements of S. aureus and faecal indicator bacteria in seawater.

The fate (stability, multiplication) of S. aureus, E. coli and E. faecalis was determined in three classes of recreational waters (seawater, estuarine, stream) supplemented with nutrients in the form of sewage and peptone. In the absence of sunlight (24 +/- 2 degrees C), all bacteria in all water samples did not multiply and were slowly (days) inactivated. When 50% sewage was added to all water samples, E. coli and E. faecalis multiplied but S. aureus did not. When peptone (0.05%, 0.5%) was the added nutrient, the three bacteria multiplied. In the presence of sunlight (15-27 degrees C), S. aureus was inactivated rapidly (hours) in all water samples. These results show that when their nutritional requirements are met, S. aureus, E. coli and E. faecalis can multiply in the high salinity conditions of seawater. However, under environmental conditions, sunlight is an effective natural bactericidal agent.     

The Social Sustainable Aquifer Yield: An Indicator for the Analysis and Assessment of the Integrated Aquifers Management

Integrated Aquifers Management (IAM) demands innovative tools and methods that are able to consider as much perspectives as possible. This research is aimed to design, apply and provide an indicator named Social Sustainable Aquifer Yield (SSAY), expressed in units of time that includes pure hydrological variables as well as social ones. The indicator is defined as the relation between the Residence Time, which is the relation between aquifer Storage (S) and Recharge (R) (S/R), and the relation between the aquifer Pumping (P) and the new variable named Aquifer Social Yield (ASY). The whole indicator is defined by this formula: (S/R)/(P/ASY). The assessment of the residence time is essential in aquifers with at least one of the following features: i) high hydraulic diffusivity, and ii) small volume of reserves. Finally, the variable ASY is defined as the average perception from the stakeholders about the maximum acceptable aquifer exploitation. This indicator has been successfully applied in the aquifers located in southern Jaen province (South Spain) belonging to the Water System SE4-Jaén Water Supply. The results probe the high utility of the indicator, especially in regards to the public participation processes.     

变化环境下流域气象水文要素的相关性演化

为了探究流域气象水文要素间相关性结构及其演化, 采用交叉小波分析、去趋势波动分析( DFA) 、去趋势互相关分析( DCCA) 和去趋势偏互相关分析( DPXA) 对渭河流域 1960- 2015 年的气象水文数据( 年降水量、年蒸发皿蒸发量、年径流深等) 进行了时频域相关性分析和长程相关性分析, 探讨气象水文要素间的相关性结构变化和长程相关性特征。交叉小波分析表明, 研究期内蒸发、降水、径流任意两因子间相关性在不同时频域存在差异, 相关结构上 存在 1~ 2 和 8 a 的相似主导周期, 宏观上降水2径流间多尺度相关结构发生退化, 共振周期减少。长程相关分析表明, 径流、蒸发和降水序列的 Hurst 指数均大于 0.5, 表现出良好的长持续性特征, 当前降水( 径流、蒸发) 会对未来 某一时刻的降水( 径流、蒸发) 产生影响; DCCA 结果表明, 降水-径流间表现出长程相关性, 而降水-蒸发和径流-蒸发 呈长程反相关性, 呈现出不同的长程互相关结构; DPXA 结果表明, 扣除第三因子影响后, 降水-蒸发和径流-蒸发长程相关性发生突变, 从而降水-径流、降水-蒸发和径流2蒸发两两间均呈长程互相关性, 暗示降水、径流和蒸发三者间 长程相关性的互馈特征, 相比于 DCCA 结果, DPXA 的结果显然更具有说服力。透过滑窗分析可发现降水-径流、降水-蒸发之间的长程互相关性在时域上没有发生突变, 未来降水量的可能增加将引起径流量增大, 并间接引起渭河流域受水量制约的蒸发量增大; 径流-蒸发间长程互相关性于 1962 年由长程反相关突变为长程相关, 随后长程相关性持续增强, 标志着渭河流域未来蒸发的变化可能会引发更大的径流波动。     

Streamflow alteration and habitat ramifications for a threatened fish species in the Central United States

In the Central United States, the Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini) is listed as a threatened fish species by the State of Kansas. Survival of the darter is threatened by loss of habitat caused by changing streamflow conditions, in particular flow depletion. Future management of darter populations and habitats requires an understanding of streamflow conditions and how those conditions may have changed over time in response to natural and anthropogenic factors. In Kansas, streamflow alteration was assessed at 9 U.S. Geological Survey streamgages in 6 priority basins with no pronounced long‐term trends in precipitation. The assessment was based on a comparison of observed (O) and predicted expected (E) reference conditions for 29 flow metrics. The O/E results indicated a likely or possible diminished flow condition in 2 basins; the primary cause of which is groundwater‐level declines resulting from groundwater pumping for irrigated agriculture. In these 2 basins, habitat characteristics adversely affected by flow depletion may include stream connectivity, pools, and water temperature. The other 4 basins were minimally affected, or unaffected, by flow depletion and therefore may provide the best opportunity for preservation of darter habitat. Through the O/E analysis, anthropogenic streamflow alteration was quantified and the results will enable better‐informed decisions pertaining to the future management of darters in Kansas.     

Computation of stresses and strains in dams made of local materials,earth slopes,and their foundations,by the finite element method

Conclusion The experinece of the application of the finite element method shows that this is the most efficient and convenient of the methods used at the present time for the computation of stresses in slopes and earth dams. The computer program based on this method can take into account any arbitrary geometry of the cross section, a large diversity in the loading conditions and in the porperties of the construction material and of the foundation. The results obtained so far in the practical applications indicate that the finite element method can be used with confidence for the computation of earth and rockfill dams and their foundations, both under static and dynamic loads, including seismic forces. This paper was written during Professor W. D. Liam Finn's stay in the USSR, in accordance with the scientific exchange program concluded between the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Canadian Research Council. Part of the investigations described in this paper were supported by this Council at the University of British Columbia through Grant No. 1498. Canada: All-Union Scientific Institute of Irrigation and Hydraulics of the USSR. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stoitel'stvo, No. 6, pp. 22–27, June, 1968.     

离心机振动台输入输出波相似程度评价方法研究

离心机振动台台面真实振动(输出波)与试验设计采用的地震波(输入波)之间的相似程度是反映振动台性能的一个重要指标。中国水利水电科学研究院在2010年12月成功安装了具有水平和垂直双向控制振动的离心机振动台R500B,进行了8次台面性能检测试验,以此试验结果为基础,结合2种对于输入输出地震波相似程度的评价方法,检验了R500B模拟各类地震波的性能。评价结果表明：由于R500B安装了地震波输入调整模块,能够较好地模拟多种地震波,因此能够模拟各类建筑物在不同地震条件下的各种反应,说明使用R500B开展的离心动力模型试验具有较高的可靠性和良好的工程应用前景。     

Ice loads on arctic platforms

The present article is written on the basis of data presented by D. Blanche and S. Bhat (AMOCO, USA); M. G. Gladkov (All-Russian Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, Russia); K. Croasdale (Canada); D. G. Matskevich (SPbGTU, Russia); D. Nevel (CONOCO, USA); B. Wright (Canada); S. I. Rogachko (Moscow State Construction University, Russia); C. Henderson (Canada); K. Evers (Germany), who actually are coauthors.     

Fate of oestrogens during anaerobic blackwater treatment with micro-aerobic post-treatment.

The fate of oestrone (E1), 17beta-oestradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethynyloestradiol (EE2) was investigated in a concentrated blackwater treatment system consisting of an UASB septic tank, with micro-aerobic post-treatment. In UASB septic tank effluent a (natural) total concentration of 4.02 microg/L E1 and 18.69 microg/L E2, comprising the sum of conjugated (>70% for E1 and >80% for E2) and unconjugated forms, was measured. During post-treatment the unconjugated oestrogens were removed to below 1 microg/L. A percentage of 77% of the measured unconjugated E1 and 82% of E2 was associated with particles >1.2 microm in the final effluent implying high sorption affinity of both compounds. When spiking the UASB septic tank effluent with E1, E2, EE2 and the sulphate conjugate of E2, removal in the micro-aerobic post-treatment was >99% for both E2 and EE2 and 83% for E1. The lower removal value for E1 was a result of (slow) deconjugation during the treatment, and in the final effluent still 40% of E1 and 99% of E2 was present in conjugated form. The latter was the result of incomplete deconjugation of the spiked E2(3S) in the post-treatment system.     

Combining direct viable count (DVC) and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) to enumerate viable E. coil in rivers and wastewaters.

In this study, a combination of the direct viable count procedure (DVC) and the FISH method was used to monitor by epifluorescence microscopy the abundance of viable E. coli in river water and wastewater samples. The DVC procedure consisted of exposing bacterial cells to a resuscitation medium containing antibiotics preventing cellular division and, thus, inducing an elongation of the viable cells. The FISH was performed using the "Colinsitu" probe specific for E. coil 16S r-RNA. Accuracy and detection limit of the epifluorescence microscopic DVC-FISH procedure were investigated. The method was then applied to river-water and wastewater samples. A good correlation was found in a log-log plot between the abundance of E. coil enumerated by a classical culture-based method (MPN method) and the DVC-FISH procedure. However, the DVC-FISH procedure gave consistently higher numbers. The ratio between both enumerations (DVC-FISH/MPN), which also indicated the ratio between viable and culturable E. coli, ranged between 2 and >30. It increased with decreasing abundance of culturable E. coli.