办公楼地板送风系统应用与研究现状

就地板送风的系统特点、室内气流分布、热舒适与室内空气品质、送风静压层的性能、室内冷负荷和风机能耗等方面介绍了国内外的研究现状。指出有待于进一步研究的一些方面。     

办公建筑变风量系统设计中的热舒适问题

结合工程实例，针对办公建筑变风量空调系统存在的冷热不均、气流组织不合理问题，提出了解决办法。     

Evaluation and comparison of thermal comfort of convective and radiant heating terminals in office buildings

Radiant heating systems are increasingly widely utilized in buildings for its energy conservation potential and enhanced thermal comfort. This paper presented an experiment to compare the thermal comfort performance of radiant heating system with convective heating system through objective measurement and subjective survey. Six physical parameters which might influence occupants' thermal satisfaction, including the Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT), humidity, air movement, A-weighted sound level,temperature fluctuation and vertical temperature difference, were measured. In addition, 97 subjects participated in the subjective survey part of this experiment, experiencing all the three environments heated by air source heat pump, radiator and floor heating.And they were asked to vote in six thermal comfort related aspects, i.e. thermal sensation, humidity, draught, local discomfort,overall thermal satisfaction and overall preferences, plus the acoustic environment, since the operation noise of heating system might lead to complains of the occupants. It was found that in continuous heating, no significant difference between radiant and convective heating system was observed in the Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT), indoor humidity and noise issue. Though radiant heating systems resulted in lower draught risk and less local discomfort complains in the feet region due to the less significant temperature fluctuations and vertical temperature gradients, radiant heating did not have significantly higher overall thermal satisfaction votes and was not significantly more preferred by occupants.     

Occupants' operation of lighting and shading systems in office buildings

In most buildings, people operate control devices such as windows, shades, luminaires, radiators and fans to bring about desirable indoor environmental conditions. These control actions have a significant impact on buildings' performance and sustainability (energy use, indoor climate). A better understanding of the logic and patterns of such control-oriented user behaviour can not only facilitate better predictions of buildings' performance, but also support the effective operation of buildings' service systems. This paper describes an extensive empirical study of control-oriented user behaviour (as related to systems for lighting and shading) in a number of office buildings in Austria. The results specifically shed light on the relationships between control actions and environmental conditions inside and outside buildings.     

玻璃建筑柔性支承体系的动力特性分析

柔性支承体系是玻璃建筑的常用支承结构形式,工程应用日益广泛．目前,国内对玻璃建筑柔性支承体系的动力性能研究尚属空白,本研究了其动力特性,分析了矢高、杆件截面、质量等不同参数对其动力特性的影响,希望能为进一步的研究提供参考。     

Floor live loads for office buildings

Imposed loads have been measured for 1353 rooms covering 27,818 m² floor space in office buildings in Accra, the capital of Ghana. The data were collected in such a manner as to facilitate computer analysis. Eight room types were identified and the effect that imposed gravity loads had on each room type has been investigated. Analyses have been made to determine the variation of building height, occupancy duration and floor area with live loads. The live loads derived from the survey have been compared with similar surveys in the U.K. and U.S.A. Finally, a design load comprising a sustained load process and an extraordinary load event has been evaluated at an acceptable risk level and compared with existing design practice.     

住宅地面辐射供暖系统中因地板覆盖产生的散热量安全系数

对城镇单元住宅的室内地面覆盖情况进行了问卷调查,根据调查结果统计出各种房间内地面覆盖率的分布规律。通过对覆盖家具前后辐射地面散热量的模拟计算,得出了家具对地面散热量的影响程度。认为有家具等地面覆盖物时,辐射地面总散热量的安全系数为0.60～0.85。     

干盘管系统在办公建筑中应用的技术经济分析

针对一办公建筑,构建了四个干盘管系统和一个常规风机盘管系统,以TRNSYS软件为平台建立了各系统的仿真器.通过仿真计算,分析比较了各系统的区域温湿度控制能力和供冷期系统运行能耗.通过对各系统设备材料的询价,计算比较了常规风机盘管系统和干盘管系统的初投资.     

Peak load characteristics of Sydney office buildings and policy recommendations for peak load reduction

Growth in peak period electricity demand has driven the requirement for a significant expansion of Sydney's electricity network. Energy efficiency and demand management activities in office buildings may be an alternative to electricity network augmentation, with significant economic and environmental benefits. This paper identifies and characterises trends in electricity peak demand in Sydney's office buildings, comparing a range of high and low energy consuming buildings. The paper assesses the potential for energy efficiency and demand management strategies in office buildings to reduce peak loads and hence defer electricity network augmentation. Base building electricity load data was analysed for a sample of 25 Sydney office buildings, along with Sydney electricity substation and temperature data. Peak loads for buildings with best practice energy performance were found to be 26% lower than for buildings with average energy performance, while annual electricity consumption was 57% lower. With these findings, this paper has assessed the effectiveness of current energy efficiency policy for peak demand management and has recommended strengthening energy efficiency policies in order to capture coincidental peak load reductions, as well as new policies specifically targeting peak demand management. It was found that these measures could offer significant potential to defer network investment.     

Design and performance of solar powered absorption cooling systems in office buildings

The paper contributes to the system design of solar thermal absorption chillers. A full simulation model was developed for absorption cooling systems, combined with a stratified storage tank, steady-state or dynamic collector model and hourly resolved building loads. The model was validated with experimental data from various solar cooling plants.As the absorption chillers can be operated at reduced generator temperatures under partial load conditions, the control strategy has a strong influence on the solar thermal system design and performance. It could be shown that buildings with the same maximum cooling load, but very different load time series, require collector areas varying by more than a factor 2 to achieve the same solar fraction. Depending on control strategy, recooling temperature levels, location and cooling load time series, between 1.7 and 3.6 m² vacuum tube collectors per kW cooling load are required to cover 80% of the cooling load.The cost analysis shows that Southern European locations with higher cooling energy demand lead to significantly lower costs. For long operation hours, cooling costs are around 200 € MWh⁻¹ and about 280 € MWh⁻¹ for buildings with lower internal gains and shorter cooling periods. For a Southern German climate, the costs are more than double.     

乡镇办公楼建筑设计初探--以金华市曹宅镇政府办公大楼为例

改革开放以来,农村的经济迅速发展。小城镇建设得到了进一步推动,在这个过程中,乡、镇一级的办公条件也有了较大的改善。一批乡镇新建或改建了办公楼,其中大部分平面设计较合理,构思巧妙,建筑造型美观,且具有地方特色。但也有一些建筑存在整体性不强,功能不紧凑,布局不合理,色彩不协调或脱离当地实际,追求新、奇等弊端。     

Numerical and experimental study on the characteristics of radiant ceiling systems

ABSTRACT

Insufficient knowledge about characteristics of radiant systems has caused problems in the wider application of the radiant system, such as water condensation, bad thermal comfort, etc. In this study, key characteristics of a radiant system in terms of an inherent relationship between total heat flux and surface temperature were analysed. General models for describing such the relationship were developed and validated by elaborate experimental data. Operation limit region of the radiant system was identified and proposed by plotting key parameters in one surface, including supply water temperature, operative temperature panel surface temperature as well as total heat flux density. It was found that not all of the points within the operation limit region were suitable for practical application in order to avoid water condensation risk in cooling mode and large temperature differences in a vertical direction in heating mode. Evolved forms of operation limit regions for cooling and heating applications were put forward and their characteristics were addressed. The results reported in this paper could help manufacturers as well as engineers to better design, configure and regulate radiant systems for better product development and improved indoor thermal comfort.     

Smoke management in office buildings

Design considerations for smoke control systems have been addressed by numerous researchers and practicing engineers. However, papers discussing the actual observed performance of smoke control systems are less frequently encountered. The following three papers address the testing of smoke control systems from two perspectives. First, suggested procedures for testing smoke control systems are described relative to test methodology, system parameters requiring evaluation, and measurement systems. Second, the performance of actual systems is described as observed in tests.     

Lighting control in office buildings

A demonstration project at an office building of Nederlandse Gasunie in Groningen, Holland, is here described by engineers with TNO-TH in Delft. Five different lighting systems were installed on different floors, most of them controlled automatically on daylight in an inner and outer zone. These systems, when compared with a reference system without automatic control, showed savings between 30 and 40 per cent of lighting energy consumption in relation to the maximum number of lighting hours.     

香港地区办公楼变风量空调系统节能分析

利用能耗模拟软件HTB2／BECON对香港地区两栋办公大楼能耗进行了定量分析,比较了CAV与VAV系统的风机能耗与总能耗,预测了两个系统全年的能耗与VAV系统的节能情况。     

Energy simulations for glazed office buildings in Sweden

Highly glazed buildings are designed by architects to be airy, light and transparent with more access to daylight. Their energy efficiency, however, has become questioned. Therefore, energy simulations of single skin office buildings in Sweden were carried out, using a dynamic energy simulation tool. In order to study the impact of glass on the energy use during the occupation stage, office building alternatives with 30, 60 and 100% window to external wall area were studied. Other varied parameters were the building's orientation, the plan type (open and cell plan offices), the control set points and the façade elements (type and size of windows, type and position of shading devices, etc.). The main conclusion is that careful design is needed to ensure low energy use and good thermal comfort, especially for highly glazed office buildings. Careful design of glazed office buildings has to be based on detailed thermal simulations. Especially in fully glazed buildings (in which the façade is more “sensitive” to climatic conditions), proper combination of control set points, glazing and solar shading are crucial for the energy performance.     

Evaluation of distributed environmental control systems for improving IAQ and reducing energy consumption in office buildings

Conventional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are incapable of providing control over individual environments or adjusting fresh air supply based on the dynamic occupancy of individual rooms in an office building. This paper introduces the concept of distributed environmental control systems (DECS) and shows that improvement in indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy efficiency can be achieved by providing required amounts of fresh air directly to the individual office spaces through distributed demand controlled ventilation (DDCV). In DDCV, fresh air is provided to each micro-environment (room or cubicle) based on input from distributed sensors (CO₂, VOC, occupancy, etc.) or intelligent scheduling techniques to provide acceptable IAQ for each occupant, rather than for groups or populations of occupants. In order to study DECS, a numerical model was developed that incorporates some of the best available models for studying building energy consumption, indoor air flow, contaminant transport and HVAC system performance. The developed model was applied to a DECS in a model office building equipped with a DDCV system. By implementing DECS/DDCV and intelligent scheduling techniques it is possible to achieve an improvement in IAQ along with a reduction in annual energy consumption compared to conventional ventilation systems.     

A study of the thermal characteristics and potential for energy conservation at four London office buildings

Four office buildings have been selected to represent typical constructions over the last half century. They range from an old heavyweight building to a reasonably modern, lightweight design. Each has been simulated by the THERM computer program and accuracy of the models checked against actual fuel bills. It is hoped that the findings relating to these buildings may provide the reader with an insight into the likely thermal behaviour of other buildings.By altering the computer models of the four buildings it has been possible to investigate various means of reducing energy consumptions. Good housekeeping offers high savings at little or no expense. Retrofit insulation measures are effective to conserve energy but, unfortunately, some of the associated payback periods may be unacceptably long.     

台湾地区办公建筑耗能特性调查研究

针对台湾地区29栋办公大楼进行了为期一年以上的耗能监测解析,探讨了办公建筑耗能结构及其影响因子.对长期监测所得到的耗电数据进行了耗能分析、耗能分项比分析以及耗能量回归分析,建立了办公建筑耗能量模型,包括单位面积耗电密度回归方程、单位面积用电需量强度回归方程,得以预测办公建筑用电需求及耗能量.研究发现使用者的能源消费行为态度对办公建筑耗能量具有显著性影响,反映在室内环境温度与照度值设定上.以往对于动力设备用电分项比例有高估之现象,且由于全球变暖的影响,使得春、秋、冬季之空调分项比居高不下.随着办公建筑智能化与办公设备日益增多,照明与插座之耗电量及分项比有增加之趋势,此部分的节能潜力不客忽视.     

关于国外高层办公楼空调水系统大温差设计的探讨

高层办公楼空调水系统大温差设计是一个很有特色的节能系统。结合境外设计的有关工程实例着重分析了该系统的设计特点，认为在国内有一定的推广和应用价值。