Optimization of QoS parameters using scheduling techniques in heterogeneous network

Multimedia applications in wireless communication have been increased in recent years. A variety of wireless access technologies is introduced for various needs. The abundant increase in mobile computing devices and different networking systems leads to the support of user’s mobility on heterogeneous network. In general, the roaming users migrate between two different wireless technologies and their service must be supported by vertical handover (HO). Since the roaming users expect a rapid handover experience while switching from one wireless network to another, the handover operation must be enhanced by the networks. Various wireless technologies such as wireless LAN, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) are interlaced to support many wireless services in rural, urban, and global scenarios. Moreover, quality of service (QoS) has become more significant in many applications where wireless network resources are utilized. In this paper, a handover management scheme is proposed for QoS enhancement in roaming users between WiMAX and WLAN by subscribers of networks belonging to the 3GPP standards. The proposed algorithms genetic queuing, proportionally fair queuing, and WiMAX aware load balancing are analyzed in the scheduling process during handover. The simulation is implemented using NS–2 and the experimental results are obtained for the proposed algorithms and compared with the standard scheme.     

Simulator for WiMAX networks

The Network Simulator (ns-2) is a popular tool for the simulation of computer networks; it provides substantial support for simulation of Internet protocols over wired and wireless networks. Although some modules for WiMAX networks simulation have been proposed for the ns-2, none of them implements all MAC features specified by the IEEE 802.16 standard for bandwidth management and QoS support. This paper, however, does present the design and validation of a WiMAX module based on the IEEE 802.16 standard. The module implemented includes mechanisms for bandwidth request and allocation, as well as for QoS provision. Moreover, the implementation is standard-compliant.     

一种无线异构网络的自适应垂直切换算法

针对移动节点在异构网络间切换性能不理想的问题,提出了一种自适应主动预测的垂直切换算法。采用一种面向当前应用程序的代价函数对可接入网络进行评估与选择;根据稳定周期、移动节点的运动速度及所处位置来自动调整切换执行时间,使移动节点能自适应地进行切换判决。仿真结果表明,该算法可以有效地减少切换延迟、分组丢失及切换次数,提高系统的切换性能,改善业务的QoS。     

自适应门限的异构无线网络预切换机制

以无线局域网（WLAN）和WiMAX网络融合构成的异构网络为研究对象,研究了多模移动终端基于FMIPv6机制完成异构无线网络之间垂直切换的操作流程。针对垂直切换过程中使用固定门限值预切换机制存在的不足,提出了一种自适应门限预切换机制,并详细分析了垂直切换过程中目标网络接入时延,从而为所提出的自适应门限值预切换机制提供了理论依据。在仿真部分,扩充了NS2仿真平台上已有的功能模块,从而验证了所提出的自适应门限预切换机制的性能。     

基于运动趋势的自适应垂直切换算法及其性能评价

采用不同的无线接入技术的多种网络的融合可以提高无线传输性能,为移动用户提供随时随地的网络连接.垂直切换是异构无线网络相互融合的基础.在垂直切换过程中,切换判定是一个非常重要的环节,直接决定切换性能.文中给出了常用的迟滞电平算法和驻留定时器算法中切换判定条件的形式化表达,并对其进行了性能分析.在此基础上,提出了一种自适应的垂直切换算法,通过分析节点的运动趋势,自适应地调节切换触发条件,有效提高垂直切换性能.所涉及的运算均为初等计算,算法简单,适用于低能量、低运算能力的移动设备.仿真实验表明,该算法的综合性能优于迟滞电平算法和驻留定时器算法.     

Bandwidth Aggregation-Aware Dynamic QoS Negotiation for Real-Time Video Streaming in Next-Generation Wireless Networks

In next generation wireless networks, Internet service providers (ISPs) are expected to offer services through several wireless technologies (e.g., WLAN, 3G, WiFi, and WiMAX). Thus, mobile computers equipped with multiple interfaces will be able to maintain simultaneous connections with different networks and increase their data communication rates by aggregating the bandwidth available at these networks. To guarantee quality-of-service (QoS) for these applications, this paper proposes a dynamic QoS negotiation scheme that allows users to dynamically negotiate the service levels required for their traffic and to reach them through one or more wireless interfaces. Such bandwidth aggregation (BAG) scheme implies transmission of data belonging to a single application via multiple paths with different characteristics, which may result in an out-of-order delivery of data packets to the receiver and introduce additional delays for packets reordering. The proposed QoS negotiation system aims to ensure the continuity of QoS perceived by mobile users while they are on the move between different access points, and also, a fair use of the network resources. The performance of the proposed dynamic QoS negotiation system is investigated and compared against other schemes. The obtained results demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed scheme as it enhances the scalability of the system and minimizes the reordering delay and the associated packet loss rate.     

异构无线系统中一种改进的垂直切换方案

针对异构无线系统垂直切换需要综合考虑多种因素的特点,提出了一种改进的垂直切换方案。方案首先考虑网络费用,对原方案的代价函数进行改进。然后根据电池电量,分别采用不同的切换方法。最后将切换语音呼叫留在原网络,以达到减小频繁切换的目的。仿真结果表明,本方案较原方案很好的减小了系统阻塞率、平均切换次数和平均通话费用,有效提高了系统性能,具有现实意义。     

An Efficient Handoff Decision Algorithm for Vertical Handoff Between WWAN and WLAN

Vertical handoff is one significant challenge for mobility management in heterogeneous wireless networks. Compared with horizontal handoff, vertical handoff involves different wireless network technologies varying widely in terms of bandwidth, delay, coverage area, power consumption, etc. In this paper, we analyze the signal strength model of mobile node and present a new vertical handoff decision algorithm. This algorithm can adapt to the change of mobile node＇s velocity and improve the handoff efficiency significantly. We analyze the algorithm＇s performance and the effect of different parameters on handoff triggering. In addition, we propose three performance evaluation models and verify the algorithm＇s feasibility and effectiveness in simulations.     

适合于移动多媒体网络的呼叫接纳控制算法

移动多媒体网络应该能够同时支持传统的数据业务和实时交互式多媒体业务,并能够为用户提供QoS保证.在无线移动网中提供QoS保证,呼叫接纳控制扮演着重要的角色.通过对呼叫接纳算法中资源预留方案进行了分析总结,提出了一种适合于移动多媒体网络的自适应呼叫接纳控制算法.     

Interference aware vertical handoff decision algorithm for quality of service support in wireless heterogeneous networks

Next generation wireless networks concept aims at collaboration of various radio access technologies in order to provide quality of service (QoS) supported and cost efficient connections at anywhere and anytime. Since the next generation wireless systems are expected to be of heterogeneous topology, traditional handoff (horizontal handoff/handover) mechanisms are not sufficient to meet the requirements of these types of networks. More intelligent vertical handoff algorithms which consider user profiles, application requirements, and network conditions must be employed in order to provide enhanced performance results for both user and network. Moreover, frequency reuse of one (FRO) seems to be the strongest candidate of deployment options for next generation wireless networks; therefore, interference conditions gains a significant attention in vertical handoff decision making process. In this study, a fuzzy logic-based handoff decision algorithm is introduced for wireless heterogeneous networks. The parameters; data rate, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), and mobile speed are considered as inputs of the proposed fuzzy-based system in order to decide handoff initialization process and select the best candidate access point around a smart mobile terminal. Also, in contrast to the traditional fuzzy-based algorithms, the method proposed takes ambient interference power, which is referred to as interference rate, as another input to the decision process. The results show that the performance is significantly enhanced for both user and network by the method proposed.     

Case study on handoff strategies for wireless overlay networks

One of the most challenging topics for next‐generation wireless networks is the process of vertical handoff since many of wireless technologies overlap each other and build a heterogeneous topology. Several parameters, pertaining to user/application requirements and network conditions, such as data rate, service cost, network latency, speed of mobile, and etc. must be considered in the handoff process of heterogeneous networks along with RSSI information. In this paper, adaptive fuzzy logic‐based vertical handoff decision‐making algorithms are presented for wireless overlay networks which consist of GSM/GPRS/Wi-Fi/UMTS/WiMAX technologies. The parameters data rate, monetary cost, speed of mobile and RSSI information are processed as inputs of the proposed fuzzy‐based systems. According to these parameters, an output value, which varies between 1 and 10, is produced. This output value is utilized to determine whether a handoff process is necessary or not and to select the best candidate access point in the vicinity. The results show that, compared to the traditional RSSI‐based algorithm significantly enhanced outcomes can be achieved for both user and network as a consequence of the proposed fuzzy‐based handoff systems. The simulation results are also compared with those of classical MADM (Multiple Attribute Decision Making) method, i.e. SAW (Simple Additive Weighting). According to the results obtained, the proposed vertical handoff decision algorithms are able to determine whether a handoff is necessary or not, properly, and select the best candidate access network considering the aforementioned parameters. Moreover, fuzzy‐based algorithm noticeably reduces the number of handoffs compared to SAW‐based algorithm.     

UMTS与WiMAX之间的网络切换技术研究

通用移动通信系统（UMTS）为移动用户提供了较广阔的覆盖范围,而无线广域网WiMAX能在局部热点地区提供较高的接入带宽。两种网络的显著优势能够相互结合,为处于异构网络覆盖的地区提供无缝连接。在分析WiMAX与UMTS 的融合结构和切换的基础上,提出了一种以接收信号强度（RSS）、迟滞电平和迟滞时间的结合作为切换判决基准的切换策略,并且在判决过程中,对实时与非实时业务进行了区分。仿真结果表明,该切换决策能有效减少“乒乓效应”和时延。     

网络与终端协同选择及切换机制的研究

提出了一种智能切换机制,用于实现在异构网络中网络与终端的协同选择及切换功能。随着各种业务和应用的发展,异构网络融合是信息和通信技术的必然趋势。根据多接入、多终端等应用环境的要求,采用AHP与URA等多属性决策理论,为用户选择最佳的目标网络和目标终端,并提出相应的智能切换信令流程,包括网络切换、终端切换、网络与终端联合切换方式,最终构建以用户为中心的多终端智能空间,实现个人移动性管理。仿真表明,该智能切换机制可以有效地实现网络和终端的协同选择,并可以保证在异构网络切换QoS性能,为现代服务业的业务及应用的发展提供可靠的理论依据。     

Dynamic admission control in hybrid QoS networks with WiFi access

Recent developments in the IEEE 802.11 standardizations[1] have been successful to offer high-speed data services. Hence, traffic classes (e.g. VoIP or video-conference) with different QoS requirements will be provided in future wireless LANs (WLAN). Sinc…     

基于移动用户位置预测的垂直切换算法

针对异构无线网络环境中现有垂直切换算法存在难以实现移动用户接入网络的无缝切换,无法向用户提供稳定通信服务的问题,提出一种基于移动用户位置预测的垂直切换算法。首先利用用户移动轨迹的相似性,使用用户轨迹数据离线训练LSTM模型以学习各用户普遍具有的移动规律;然后在线加载LSTM模型进行用户位置预测,从而使用模糊逻辑分析计算下一时刻用户对应候选网络的回报值,并选取回报值最高的网络进行切换。实验结果表明,该算法与已有垂直切换算法相比,在不同的用户移动速度和用户规模条件下的切换次数、切换失败次数和切换时延均有明显下降,内存消耗较低,能够实现无缝切换。     

异构网络中贪婪资源分配策略的研究

针对当前异构网络中多种业务并存的现状,提出了一种可应用于由移动微波存取全球互通和通用移动通信系统组成的异构网络中考虑切换业务优先的贪婪资源分配策略,并通过网络中的呼损率验证了该策略的可行性;接着,在NS2环境下将该策略与公平资源分配策略在资源利用率、分组丢失率方面进行了比较.仿真结果显示,新策略可以提供良好的服务质量,前者的资源利用率和分组丢失率比后者分别改善了13％和14％左右.     

基于预认证的WiFi/WiMAX混合网络安全模型

由于WiFi高的数据传输能力和WiMAX更大的覆盖范围,集成的WiFi/WiMAX网络在将来有很大的发展潜力。针对无线网络中实时业务低时延的需求,提出了一种WiFi/WiMAX混合网络中的快速安全认证模型。该模型基于EAP-TLS协议,将认证过程分为两个阶段：预认证和重认证。通过采用预认证,当MS在WiFi和WiMAX之间切换时,大大减少了认证延时,能在一定程度上支持混合网络中的实时服务。     

面向智能家居应用的ZigBee-WiFi网关

ZigBee和WiFi是智能家居设备常用的两种无线通信技术,针对智能家居设备使用ZigBee自组网无法和用户WiFi网络中的智能终端直接通信的问题,设计面向家庭应用环境的ZigBee-WiFi无线网关.网关采用S3C6410作为控制核心,运行Linux操作系统,以USB连接无线网卡,以DMA通道连接CC2530模块.通过信道扫描切换的方案解决ZigBee和WiFi两种信号之间相互干扰的问题,通过数据线连接的方式给要加入ZigBee网络的新设备分发密钥.实验表明,所实现的无线网关信号稳定,丢包率低,实用性强,在智能家居系统中运行稳定、可靠.     

A Survey of Various Schedulers Used for Fair Bandwidth Allocation in WiMAX: IEEE 802.16

ABSTRACT

Wireless Interoperability for Multiple Access (WiMAX) is one of the emerging fields of high-speed wireless communication that has enormous capabilities due to its range and the connection speed. Like wireless local area networks (LANs), WiMAX networks implement multiple quality of service (QoS) frameworks at the Media Access Control (MAC) level for assured data, voice, and video services. The question of ensuring QoS is basically how to distribute available resources to users in order to satisfy QoS parameters such as latency, jitter and throughput requirements. IEEE 802.16 standard does not have any particular guidelines on scheduling of incoming and outgoing data. This has caught the attention of researchers working on WiMAX. This article discusses the various issues in WiMAX along with a classification of various scheduling approaches based upon the type of scheduler for the sake of better understanding the scheduling problem and analyzing various available theories.     

多路通道无线传感网络测控系统的研究

针对现有无线测控系统功耗大、传输通道单一、实时性不强等问题,研究设计了基于多路通道的无线传感网络测控系统。利用无线传感网络的感知技术和嵌入式网关的传输技术,通过WiFi、GPRS、3G、IP中的任意一种连接方式,实现了嵌入式网关与Internet服务器的通信;应用HTML5和RTMP技术,研发了基于Web的HMI软件,实现了手机个人数字助理(PDA)等移动终端的访问。运行结果表明,该系统保证了数据传输的可靠性和实时性,具有一定的实际参考价值。