Efficient ARQ protocols for exploiting cooperative relaying in wireless sensor networks

Cooperative relaying is an efficient technique to provide diversity in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we exploit the limited feedback from the destination and propose a novel cooperative ARQ protocol, which combines the incremental relaying and selection relaying schemes. A relay node is requested to repeat the erroneously received packet, instead of the source node. Both simple and hybrid type I ARQ schemes are studied. An analysis model is established to analyze and compare the data link layer performances of different ARQ protocols in slow fading wireless channel. We prove two SNR thresholds of the relay–destination channel, above which the cooperative ARQ protocols have better performances than the traditional counterparts. In addition, the diversity performances of the various protocols are investigated and it is demonstrated that full order diversity (second-order in this case) can be exploited by the proposed cooperative ARQ protocol. Simulation results are given, which verify the theoretical analysis and comparison.     

An efficient cooperative ARQ protocol for wireless relay networks

An efficient cooperative Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocol for distributed space–time coded cooperative networks is proposed in this paper. Conventional cooperative ARQ protocol just utilizes the relays which can decode the packet from the source in direct transmission. However, relays which can not receive the packet successfully have the ability to listen to the retransmission and decode the packet with high probability. Therefore, we consider to let these relays join in the next possible retransmission. We prove that the proposed cooperative ARQ protocol has a lower packet loss rate and average retransmission number than conventional ARQ protocol. Finally, the simulation results verify our theoretical results and show that the proposed ARQ protocol is suitable for the relay networks where the source node is close to the relay nodes.     

无线传感器网络中ARQ协议能量有效性分析

综合无线传感器网络节点电路能耗和信道传输能耗,建立了ARQ协议传输每比特负载数据的等效能耗数学模型和以链路最低能耗为有效性优化目标,通过MATLAB仿真计算,分析研究了高斯白噪声信道条件下,ARQ协议的能耗与传输帧长和误帧率的关系以及一定范围内电路参数对能耗性能的影响,讨论了最低能耗状态下的最佳帧长和最佳误帧率。     

无线传感器网络中的扩展编码协作方法

为了在达到高码率的同时降低译码复杂度,提出了一种新的基于无线传感器网络的扩展空时编码协作方法,其构造原理是对OAC编码中的每一个参数插入Alamouti编码。通过实验仿真了该方法与原有方法之间的性能对比,以及不同协作节点数与系统性能之间的关系。仿真结果表明,在协作节点为4时,所提出的编码方法相比OAC编码和Toeplitz编码,其误符号率下降幅度为62%~90%,在协作节点数为8时,其误符号率下降幅度为42%~71%,并且随着协作节点数的增加系统性能得到提升。     

Delay and energy efficiency analysis of multicast cooperative ARQ over wireless networks

This paper investigates the performance of multicast cooperative ARQ (MCARQ) in wireless networks for reducing the system’s waiting time and the sum energy, where the delay and energy analytical model are proposed under equivalent service time and ideal Nyquist pulse. The packet transmission process is modulated by a three-state Markov chain, then the steady-state distribution of the MCARQ is obtained by solving the Markov chain. Further, the queue waiting time and energy efficiency of the multicast ARQ (MARQ) and MCARQ are obtained respectively. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the MCARQ protocol has a better performance than the MARQ in delay and energy efficiency. The presented model has potentially applications in practical systems, e.g. Multi-user MIMO communications.     

无线传感器网络中分集传输的ARQ协议能耗分析

根据ARQ协议传输每比特数据的等效能耗数学模型,针对无线传感器网络结构特点,分析研究了在高斯白噪声和瑞利衰落噪声信道中MIMO和协作SIMO分集的传输能耗与误帧率的关系特性;通过数学论证和计算机仿真,指出MIMO分集传输较之单路非分集传输消耗更多的能量,而协作SIMO分集传输则使得能耗更低,且最低能耗均与误帧率有关。     

A bandwidth efficient two-user cooperative diversity system with limited feedback

A two-user cooperative diversity system based on Alamouti signaling was proposed, which utilizes the orthogonal structure of Alamouti signaling to make cooperative users relay on the shared channel resources so that the spectral efficiency of the traditional cooperative system can be improved. When M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK) modulation and an improved selection decode-and-forward (SDF) relaying protocol with limited feedback are used at the users and m(m ⩾1) receive antennas are configured at the base station, the average bit-error-rate (BER) system performance for statistically similar uplink channels was derived and it was verified by simulations. Under various channel scenarios of interest, numerical and simulation results show that the diversity gain achieved and the BER performance of the proposed system increase with the interuser channel quality, and the full transmit diversity order of two can be obtained for sufficiently high interuser signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Supported by the National High-Tech Research & Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA01Z270), the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Guangdong (Grant No. U0635003), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2007F07), the “111” Project (Grant No. B08038), and the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Bejing Jiaotong University (Grant No. RCS2008K003)     

Performance improvement in wireless networks using cross-layer ARQ

This paper presents a novel cross-layer approach (LLE-TCP) designed for performance enhancement of TCP over a large variety of wireless networks. LLE-TCP avoids TCP ACK packet transmission over the wireless channel. As a result, the saved time can be utilized by the nodes for data packet delivery. The proposed scheme enhances the protocol stacks of the wireless sender (or a base station) and the receiver with cross-layer ARQ agents which support ACK suppression. ARQ agent suppresses the outgoing ACKs at the receiver side and generates them locally at the sender or base station.The performance evaluation of the proposed approach is performed via simulations as well as IEEE 802.11 testbed experiments for single-hop and infrastructure network scenarios. LLE-TCP demonstrates the performance improvement in the range of 20–100% depending on the transmitted TCP/IP datagram size.Among the factors contributing to performance enhancement are: medium busy time reduction, reduced sensibility to link errors, reduced round trip time (RTT), and improved congestion control.A good level of throughput fairness as well as a fair coexistence with state-of-the-art TCP modifications ensures proper functionality of the proposed approach, while performance advantages extended even on non-LLE-TCP users favor an incremental deployment of the technique in existing networks.     

无线多跳网络GeoGRID协议研究

Geocast是一种基于方向性投递的无线多播路由协议,能够减少冗余数据包,缩短多播时延。现有Geocast协议并不适用于稀疏网络环境,存在时延较大、数据冗余较高等缺陷。为了提高GeoGRID协议在稀疏网络中的性能,提出了GeoGRID-LBM和A-GeoGRID两种新型协议,利用网关节点掌握两跳网关节点邻居的信息,减少信道竞争和数据包碰撞概率,仿真实验表明,这两种改进型GeoGRID能够将数据端到端时延减少14%,降低冗余数据包数量达26%。     

基于协同分集的无线传感网络路由与信道分析

协同分集是一种新近提出的空域分集技术,它使得终端之间可以共享彼此的天线,为实现多输入多输出(MIMO)提供了有效的方式,适合用于无线Ad hoc网络和无线传感网络中,成为研究热点.在分析协同分集技术的基础上,针对无线传感网络的特点,分析了传感网络中多跳路由算法与协同分集路由算法,给出网络的等效信道模型,并由此讨论使用协同分集对网络能源消耗的影响,讨论了基于协同分集的无线传感网络的实现.分析结果表明,协同分集在无线传感网络中具有较好的应用价值.     

Contention-free MAC protocols for asynchronous wireless sensor networks

A MAC protocol specifies how nodes in a sensor network access a shared communication channel. Desired properties of a MAC protocol are: it should be contention-free (avoid collisions); it should be distributed and self-stabilize to topological changes in the network; topological changes should be contained, namely, affect only the nodes in the vicinity of the change; it should not assume that nodes have a global time reference, that is, nodes may not be time-synchronized. We give a set of TDMA-based MAC protocols for asynchronous wireless sensor networks satisfying all of these requirements. The communication complexity, number and size of messages, for the protocols to stabilize is small, poly-logarithmic in the network size. A preliminary version of the paper appears in the Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Distributed Computing (DISC 2004), LNCS 3704, pp 245–259, Trippenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 2004.     

无线传感器网络中的广播认证协议

在总结广播认证协议理想属性的基础上,对现有基于数字签名技术和对称加密技术的广播认证协议优缺点进行了分析讨论,并指出其对无线传感器网络广播认证协议设计的借鉴价值。将广播认证协议中的参数初始化和密钥更新等与密钥管理相关的问题归结为认证系统的完备性问题,并指出现有技术方案在解决该问题时存在的缺陷。初步探讨了无线传感器网络广播认证协议分级安全功能支持的意义,并给出了相应的方案设计思路。     

无线传感器网络路由协议研究进展及发展趋势*

描述了无线传感器路由协议所面临的问题与挑战,分析和比较了典型的平面路由协议及层次路由协议。最后总结了理想路由协议应该具有的特点以及路由协议未来的研究策略及发展趋势。     

无线传感器网络多径路由协议综述

由于无线传感器网络不同于传统的自组织网络,已有自组织网络路由协议不能有效应用于传感器网络中.文献中已提出不少无线传感器网络路由协议,但这些协议大多针对单路径情况.当链路失效时,单径路由协议需要重新发现新的路由,从而会对传输延时、能耗和可靠性带来较大影响.采用多径路由协议可弥补单径路由协议的不足,有利于提高数据传输的可靠性和实现负载平衡.通过对目前文献中几种典型的多径路由协议的分析和比较,指出进一步研究中值得关注的问题.     

Enhanced cooperative communication MAC for mobile wireless networks

In this paper, we propose a new MAC (medium access control) protocol called enhanced cooperative communication MAC (ECCMAC) based on IEEE 802.11. The major objective of ECCMAC is to maximize the benefits of cooperative communication. We first propose a scheme for selecting and maintaining the best relay node. Second, since both cooperative communication and network coding rely on the selection of a relay node, we consider exploiting a network coding technique for additional throughput improvement. Third, to accommodate asymmetric link rates between a sender and a relay node, we employ ECCMAC to measure forward and reverse link rates, whereas prior works have simply assumed symmetric rates. ECCMAC is evaluated in this paper through theoretical analysis, extensive simulation, and simulation with measured data, and the results show that ECCMAC effectively improves wireless network performance.     

Energy efficient smart-relay-based cooperative MAC for wireless networks

An enormous number of papers investigated wireless cooperative networks over the last few years. Almost all have shown that cooperative transmission improves network performance significantly. However, none of these studies have considered the hidden and exposed terminal problems which appear due to the cooperative mechanisms of relay selection and transmission processes. The hidden terminal problems increase collisions and the exposed terminal problems increase bandwidth wastage, degrading the expected performance of cooperative networks. This paper addresses these problems of traditional wireless cooperative networks. We also propose a protocol called smart-relay-based-cooperative (SRcoop) MAC to optimally reduce the impacts of hidden and exposed terminal problems. We also illustrate an efficient relay selection mechanism that uses a back-up relay to increase transmission reliability. Our innovative model significantly improves the network throughput, end-to-end delay and energy efficiency over traditional cooperative MAC, 2rcMAC, LC-MAC, C-ARQ and Adere et al. protocols.     

无线传感器网络局部协同定位算法

针对无线传感器网络中距离定位算法精度和覆盖率低的问题,提出了局部协同定位算法(LCLA)。该算法通过对节点路径损耗指数的局部计算,将通信中受到环境或者障碍物影响的锚节点判定为无效锚节点;同时引入协同定位思想,将满足误差要求的已定位节点升级为锚节点,并参与其他未知节点的定位,以提高定位的覆盖率。节点定位时,若收到多个锚节点信号,优先选取初始的有效锚节点对其进行定位;当有效锚节点个数不足以定位时,再选取升级后的锚节点,以减少累积误差,提高定位精度。仿真结果表明,局部协同定位算法在定位覆盖率和精度方面优于改进的接收信号强度指示(RSSI)定位算法、多维尺度分析(MDS-MAP)算法和协作定位算法。     

Energy-efficient cooperative data aggregation for wireless sensor networks

Recently, cooperative communication mechanism is shown to be a promising technology to improve the transmit diversity only by a single transceiver antenna. Using this communication paradigm, multiple source nodes are able to coordinate their transmissions so as to obtain energy savings. As data aggregation is one of the most important operations in wireless sensor networks, this paper studies the energy-efficient data aggregation problem through cooperative communication. We first define the cooperative data aggregation (CDA) problem, and formally prove that this problem is NP-Hard. Due to the difficult nature of this problem, we propose a heuristic algorithm MCT for cooperative data aggregation. The theoretical analysis shows that this algorithm can reach the approximate performance ratio of 2. Moreover, the distributed implementation DMCT of the algorithm is also described. We prove that both centralized and distributed algorithms can construct the same topology for cooperative data aggregation. The experimental simulations show that the proposed algorithms will decrease the power consumption by about 12.5% and 66.3% compared with PEDAP and PEGASIS algorithms respectively.     

Design and performance evaluation of throughput-aware rate adaptation protocols for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

Experimental studies have shown that traditional rate adaptation schemes for 802.11 wireless networks suffer from significant throughput degradation in highly congested networks. To address this problem, this paper makes the following two main contributions. First, we design a method to accurately estimate the per-packet transmission times, and we use these measurements to provide a broad classification of the network state and to identify network congestion. Second, we design a new Throughput-Aware Rate Adaptation (TARA) scheme, which uses the congestion estimates to mitigate the negative impact of link-layer collisions on the operations of rate adaptation, without requiring changes in the 802.11 MAC specification. Another key feature of our solution is to minimize probing overheads and limit unnecessary rate decreases by predicting the throughput gain that could be brought about by a change in the transmission rate. Through experiments conducted across a variety of network scenarios and traffic patterns, we show that TARA achieves significantly higher throughput than the other rate adaptation algorithms implemented in the legacy Madwifi driver.     

Access control protocols with two-layer architecture for wireless networks

In this paper we study two access control protocols which have similar two-layer access control architectures for wireless networks in public places. The first protocol, called the Lancaster protocol, employs user password for authentication and enforces access control at the IP layer; while the second protocol, referred to as the Stanford protocol, uses public key cryptosystems (PKC) for authentication and performs access control at the link layer. Although both protocols are intended to restrict access to wireless networks only to authorized users, our analysis shows that both protocols have serious security flaws which make them vulnerable to attacks. Then we propose a password-based protocol and a PKC-based protocol for the Lancaster architecture and the Stanford architecture, respectively. Both of our protocols provide mutual authentication, perfect forward secrecy and access control for wireless networks. Moreover, they also provide DoS resistance and identity confidentiality for the client. We present detailed security and performance analysis for our protocols, and show that both of our protocols are secure and efficient for access control in wireless networks.