THE TENSILE STRENGTH AND FRACTURE MODE OF δ-ALUMINA SHORT FIBRE REINFORCED ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

用挤压铸造法制备了Ｓａｆｆｉｌ短纤维增强的系列Ａｌ基复合材料,纤维体积分数为８％～２０％,金相分析表明纤维呈近似二维随机分布,测试了室温及３００℃时基体及ＭＭＣｓ的拉伸强度,并在ＳＥＭ下进行动态拉伸观察和断口分析,在此基础上总结了断口形貌,断裂模式及相应的强度预测公式。     

δ-Al2O3短纤维/铝合金复合材料的拉伸强度及断裂机理

用挤压铸造方法制备了"Saffil"短纤维增强的Al-5.5Mg、Al-5.5Zn基复合材料,纤维体积分数分别为10%、15%、20%。金相分析表明:纤维近似呈二维随机分布。在室温及300℃下测试了基体及MMCs的拉伸强度,并对断口进行了SEM分析。分析和讨论不同情况下的断裂机理及强度预测公式。     

硼-铝复合材料断裂过程的SEM研究

本研究用真空热压法制备了两种不同纤维体积分数的单向硼纤维增强铝(B/Al)复合材料,进行了动态拉伸试验。通过在备有拉伸台的扫描电镜(SEM)下缓慢加载,连续观察了各种偏轴角纤维外露试样的断裂过程。并测定了纤维外露试样及完整试样的强度及其载荷-位移曲线。结果表明:复合材料纵向,即纤维方向与拉伸轴的夹角(偏轴角)对断裂机制有极大影响,试样的破坏符合一定规律;复合材料强度与偏轴角的关系同最大应变能理论所揭示的规律相一致。由此提出了B/Al复合材料在小角拉伸时的正断模型和在大角拉伸时的剪断模型,阐明了B/Al复合材料裂纹萌生,扩展及连接的微观断裂过程。研究还表明,两种模型过渡的特征转折角与最优偏轴角之间可能存在某种相对应的关系。      

造纸白泥添加量对竹质纤维/高密度聚乙烯复合材料力学性能的影响

以造纸剩余物白泥为填料,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(MAPE)为相容剂,采用挤出成型工艺将竹质纤维和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)进行熔融复合制备竹质纤维/HDPE复合材料。利用万能力学试验机、冲击试验机、扫描电镜及动态力学分析仪,研究了白泥质量分数对复合材料力学性能的影响,并应用分形理论对拉伸强度与断口分形维数之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,复合材料的冲击强度随着白泥的质量分数增加明显降低,当白泥质量分数为18%时,其弯曲和拉伸性能较好,复合材料拉伸强度与分形维数呈近似指数函数关系;白泥质量分数对复合材料的损耗因子无明显影响,玻璃化转变温度以前,白泥质量分数对复合材料储存模量、损耗模量影响显著,玻璃化转变温度之后对复合材料无明显影响。     

颗粒分散技术在真空液相浸渗制备Cf/Al复合材料中的应用

采用真空反压液相浸渗工艺,以碳纤维增强铝为研究对象,探讨了M40J纤维增强AlMg10复合材料制备工艺中,SiC及淀粉分散颗粒对复合材料微观组织及性能的影响。结果表明,碳化硅可以减少铝液在束内的浸渗阻力,并使纤维分布均匀,从而提高复合材料构件的成型性和力学性能。经过5%SiC+3%淀粉溶液的分散后,复合材料的体积分数由72%降低到51%,而复合材料的拉伸强度提高了131MPa,达到498MPa。     

纤维预热温度对连续Al2O3f/Al复合材料力学性能的影响

选用Nextel610型Al₂O₃纤维为增强体、ZL210A连续氧化铝合金为基体,采用真空压力浸渗法制备纤维增强铝基复合材料(Al₂O_3f/Al),纤维的体积分数为40%,预热温度分别为500、530、560和600℃,研究了纤维预热温度对Al₂O_3f/Al复合材料的微观组织、纤维损伤和力学性能的影响。结果表明：随着纤维预热温度的提高复合材料的致密度随之提高,最大达到99.2%,材料的组织缺陷最少,纤维的分布均匀;随着纤维预热温度的提高从复合材料中萃取出来的Al₂O₃纤维的拉伸强度不断降低,纤维预热温度为600℃的复合材料中Al₂O₃纤维的拉伸强度仅为1150 MPa,纤维表面粗糙,有大尺寸附着物。纤维的预热温度对Al₂O_3f/Al复合材料的拉伸强度有显著的影响。预热温度为500、530、560和600℃的复合材料其拉伸强度分别对应于298、465、498和452 MPa。组织缺陷、纤维损伤和界面结合强度,是影响连续Al₂O_3f/Al复合材料强度的主要因素。     

多壁碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料的高温力学性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用搅拌摩擦加工技术制备不同含量多壁碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料,并对复合材料高温力学性能进行研究。结果表明:多壁碳纳米管的添加使得铝基体材料微观组织更加细小,并形成了少量纳米晶;铝基体中有较高密度位错,并在局部呈位错缠结状分布。与未添加多壁碳纳米管的铝基体相比,复合材料的高温拉伸强度明显增强,且随着碳纳米管含量的增加,复合材料强度逐渐提高,而高温塑性不断降低,350℃时,6.6%(体积分数)MWCNTs/Al复合材料的抗拉强度达到78MPa,为未添加多壁碳纳米管铝基材强度的3.9倍;断口分析表明,随着测试温度的提高,韧窝逐渐变小,呈脆性断裂特征。     

碳/锌复合材料的断口与断裂分析

本文利用扫描电子显微镜观察了用液态渗透法制得的碳/锌复合材料的拉伸和冲击断口,并通过纵向、偏轴和横向动态拉伸试验,对该复合材料的断裂过程进行了观察与分析。结果表明:该复合材料的正常断口是纤维呈拔出断裂而基体呈解理断裂的拔出型断口;其断裂方式为:裂纹在基体中或在弱的界面上萌生,其裂尖处的高应力促使碳纤维与基体界面脱粘,基体中的裂纹沿解理面扩展、相遇、而纤维则发生断裂、拔出,最后复合材料失效。本文还分析了界面结合强度、纤维取向及其分布等因素对碳/锌复合材料断裂特性的影响。      

亚麻落麻纤维/聚乳酸基完全可降解复合材料的成型工艺

以亚麻落麻纤维、 聚乳酸纤维为原料 , 采用非织造加工方法制作预成型件后 , 采用模压工艺将预成型件制成亚麻落麻纤维/聚乳酸基完全可降解复合材料。分别研究了预成型件制作工艺中梳理次数、 增强纤维体积分数及模压成型工艺中模压温度对复合材料拉伸性能的影响 , 并采用扫描电镜 ( SEM) 研究了复合材料的拉伸断裂形貌和界面结合状况。结果表明 : 纤维体积分数为 391 6 %、 模压温度为 190 ℃时材料具有最好的拉伸性能 ;随着梳理次数的增多 , 其拉伸强度先升高后下降 , 梳理 2次时其力学性能最优。材料的拉伸断口形貌表明 , 聚乳酸基材料为脆性断裂 , 增强纤维与树脂基体之间的界面结合有待进一步改善。      

亚麻落麻纤维增强可降解复合材料的拉伸强度预测

采用非织造结合热压成型工艺制备了亚麻落麻纤维增强聚乳酸(PLA)基可降解复合材料(亚麻落麻/PLA),研究了纤维体积分数对材料拉伸强度的影响,并利用 Kelly-Tyson拉伸强度预测模型及相关修正理论,提出了非连续植物纤维增强可降解复合材料(D-NFRBC)强度预测模型,该模型考虑了纤维长度、取向角、直径、强度概率分布及材料界面剪切强度与材料中纤维临界长度、纤维极限拉伸强度三者间制约关系对复合材料强度的影响。结果表明;亚麻落麻/PLA拉伸强度在纤维体积分数为39.6%时达到最大,应用本文建立的强度预测模型所得亚麻落麻/PLA拉伸强度预测值与实验值吻合良好。     

Weibull statistical analysis of tensile strength data of short mullite fibre reinforced aluminium alloy composite

Abstract

A statistical evaluation by means of Weibull statistics was carried out on the tensile strength data of a short mullite fibre reinforced aluminium alloy composite, which was prepared by squeeze casting. The results show that the material has a high and reliable tensile strength. The area fractions of the fibres on the cut surface and on the fracture surface of specimens have been statistically analysed. The fibre distribution shows heterogeneity in the microsturcture. On the cut surface the average area fraction of fibres which make large angles with the normal of the cut surface (denoted as A _fl ) is slightly less than that of those fibres which make a small angle with the normal of the cut surface (denoted as A _fs ). However, on the fracture surface of the composite, A _fl is much bigger than A _fs , and the lower the tensile strength of the specimen, the bigger is A _fl on the fracture surface. Debonding of the interface between the large angle fibres and the matrix is an important cause of failure of the composite, and the non-uniform distribution of the large angle fibres is one of the main causes of the large scatter in the data.     

碳纤维／铜—5%锡基复合材料的弯曲性能

测定了具有不同碳纤维的短碳纤维增强铜-5％锡基复合材料的弯曲强度值,实验表明:随碳纤维体积含量的增大,弯曲强度上升,并近似符合σ=94.5-421V_f+1557V_f~2(MPa)拟合式。与粉末治金铁基摩擦材料的弯曲性能对比表明:复合材料的弯曲性能较好。对碳/铜复合材料的弯曲断口作了扫描电镜观察,断口呈“部分拔出型”。最后,结合弯曲强度实验结果及断口观察,初步分析了该复合材料的断裂过程。     

Deterministic method for predicting the strength distribution of a fibre bundle

Owing to the non-strain hardening plastic behaviour of the aluminium matrix and the weak fibre/matrix interface, it has been shown that the strength of a carbon fibre-reinforced aluminium matrix composite made by diffusion bonding of prepreg layers can be derived from the corresponding fibre bundle strength. Application of Coleman's model to predict bundle strength leads to the conclusion that the composite must break when 15% of the fibres are broken. This greatly overestimates the experimental composite strength. Overestimations made by using the Coleman model are due to some implicit assumptions which are not valid in the case under consideration and which may consequently not describe our material. A new approach is proposed for the calculation of the strength distribution of a fibre bundle, based on the same fracture mechanism (fibres fracture progressively until the catastrophic fracture) but without restrictive assumptions. The real interpolated experimental fibre strength distribution (and not the Weibull distribution) is taken into account to predict bundle strength. The proposed method clearly shows the limit of strength prediction, in term of bundle size (number of fibres and gauge length). The risk of making predictions following the Weibull distribution out of the range of the observations (through single-fibre tensile tests) is demonstrated.     

Silicon carbide (NicalonTM) fibre-reinforced borosilicate glass composites: mechanical properties

The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of an extrinsic carbon coating to tailor the interface in a unidirectional NicalonTM–borosilicate glass composite for maximum strength. Three unidirectional NicalonTM fibre-reinforced borosilicate glass composites were fabricated with different interfaces by using (1) uncoated (2) 25 nm thick carbon-coated and (3) 140 nm thick carbon coated Nicalon fibres. The tensile behaviours of the three systems differed significantly. Damage developments during tensile loading were recorded by a replica technique. Fibre–matrix interfacial frictional stresses were measured. A shear lag model was used to quantitatively relate the interfacial properties, damage and elastic modulus. Tensile specimen design was varied to obtain desirable failure mode. Tensile strengths of NicalonTM fibres in all three types of composites were measured by the fracture mirror method. Weibull analysis of the fibre strength data was performed. Fibre strength data obtained from the fracture mirror method were compared with strength data obtained by single fibre tensile testing of as-received fibres and fibres extracted from the composites. The fibre strength data were used in various composite strength models to predict strengths. Nicalon–borosilicate glass composites with ultimate tensile strength values as high as 585 MPa were produced using extrinsic carbon coatings on the fibres. Fibre strength measurements indicated fibre strength degradation during processing. Fracture mirror analysis gave higher fibre strengths than extracted single fibre tensile testing for all three types of composites. The fibre bundle model gave reasonable composite ultimate tensile strength predictions using fracture mirror based fibre strength data. Characterization and analysis suggest that the full reinforcing potential of the fibres was not realized and the composite strength can be further increased by optimizing the fibre coating thickness and processing parameters. The use of microcrack density measurements, indentation–frictional stress measurements and shear lag modelling have been demonstrated for assessing whether the full reinforcing and toughening potential of the fibres has been realized. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of fluctuation of fibre orientation on tensile properties of flax sliver-reinforced green composites

Plant-based natural fibres are often used as a reinforcing material for environmentally friendly green composites. Especially, the form of slivers of natural fibres is anticipated for increasing their stiffness and strength. However, the sliver structure has fluctuations in fibre orientation, which decreases their mechanical properties. This paper describes the effects of such fibre orientation fluctuation on tensile properties of fibre-reinforced fully green composites. The composites were reinforced with slivers of high-strength flax fibres, for which a fabrication method called ‘direct method’ was applied. To quantify the morphology of the fibre orientation, fibre orientation angles were measured on fine segments, which were divided into 1 mm × 1 mm squares on a photograph of the whole composite surface. Although it is well-known that tensile strength of unidirectional composites decreases with increasing fibre orientation angle, the tensile strength obtained here did not show any appreciable relation to the statistical properties of measured fibre orientation angles such as average and standard deviation. The concept of two-dimensional (2D) autocorrelation was used in the present study to express the degree of similarity between fibre orientation angles in two different local areas. Results show that, if high 2D autocorrelation coefficients occupy more area on a composite surface, then this composite possesses more regular fibre orientation and tends to exhibit higher tensile strength. This tendency is stronger in the composites close to on-axis alignment, whereas it became weak in the off-axis composites angled more than 15° because of shear fracture.     

基体合金种类对SiCw／Al复合材料拉伸性能的影响

对SiCw/LD2、SiCw/LC9复合材料进行了热挤压加工并沿其纵向进行了拉伸对比试验。结果表明:SiCw/LD2的抗拉强度为590MPa,而SiCw/LC9复合材料的抗拉强度高达750MPa。SEM分析发现,上述两种复合材料均为切应力作用下的韧窝形断口,但SiCw/LD2的断口有明显的晶须拔出。低于临界长径比的晶须被拔出是SiCw/LD2断裂的主要形式;高于临界长径比的晶须被拉断是SiCw/LC9断裂的主要形式;基体合金的不同导致了复合材料具有不同的晶须临界长径比,这也是SiCw/LC9复合材料较SiCw/LD2复合材料有更高抗拉强度的根本原因。     

高模量涤纶纤维的结构弱节特征及力学行为

采用断面形态特征与纤维对应拉伸曲线组合的对比分析方法,讨论了歼雉的结构弱节及拉伸行为。结果表明,涤纶纤维的弱节主要是表层缺陷及其扩展所引起的,其力学性能为低应力、低应变、低断裂功特征。     

Strengthening in and fracture behaviour of CNT and carbon-fibre-reinforced epoxy–matrix hybrid composite

Advanced materials such as continuous fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composites offer significant enhancements in strength and fracture resistance properties as compared with their bulk, monolithic counterparts. In the present work, mode-I (tensile) fracture behaviour of the neat epoxy (without nano- or hybrid reinforcements), nanocomposite (with amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforcement to neat epoxy) and hybrid composite (with amino MWCNT and carbon fibre reinforcements to neat epoxy) along with their flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength has been reported and discussed. Limited topological studies have also been conducted to understand the nature of material fracture and its dependence on the notch orientation. The results thus obtained are analysed and discussed in detail to elucidate: (i) alignment of fibre and its influence on the anisotropy in strength and fracture resistance, (ii) dependence of notch root radii on the apparent fracture toughness and concurrence to strain-controlled fracture and (iii) finally, the nature of J–R curves. The results thus obtained have revealed that the resistance to fracture is significantly increased with the addition of amino-functionalized MWCNTs and carbon fibres. In the hybrid composite, fracture resistance is greater in the longitudinal orientation of fibres than in the transverse orientation and it exhibits a significantly higher strength–fracture toughness combination.     

同时确定钢纤维高强混凝土的断裂韧度及拉伸强度

考虑钢纤维高强混凝土试件细观非均质性对宏观断裂的影响机制,将钢纤维掺量、长度、直径及钢纤维抗拉强度等细观层面的钢纤维特征参数,引入钢纤维高强混凝土宏观断裂模型的虚拟裂缝扩展量的具体计算公式,从而发展了考虑钢纤维特性的可同时确定钢纤维高强混凝土的断裂韧度与拉伸强度的模型及方法。采用变化参数为钢纤维掺量和混凝土水灰比的三点弯曲试件,基于所提模型,同时确定了钢纤维高强混凝土的断裂韧度与拉伸强度,确定值与试验拉伸强度值以及尺寸效应模型计算的断裂韧度吻合良好。基于测试数据离散性为钢纤维高强混凝土固有属性的事实,采用确定的断裂韧度及拉伸强度,建立起钢纤维高强混凝土塑性——准脆性——线弹性不同结构断裂模式的±20%全曲线,其可涵盖实验室条件下的所有试验数据。该文所提模型及方法适用于钢纤维高强混凝土及高强混凝土,可为钢纤维高强混凝土等复合材料真实断裂韧度与拉伸强度的确定,及个性化结构断裂破坏的预测等关键科技问题提供依据。     

A compliant,high failure strain,fibre-reinforced glass-matrix composite

It is demonstrated that a unique form of composite material can be achieved by reinforcing glass matrices with discontinuous graphite fibres. The graphite fibres were utilized in the form of a paper, purchased in large sheets, and composites were formed by hot-pressing glass-powder-impregnated paper plys. The resultant composites exhibit high strength, high fracture toughness (compared to ceramics), low density and low thermal expansion coefficient. Of particular note is the unique tensile stress-strain curve achieved which exhibits both high strength and high failure strain. Its very non-linear shape differs markedly from that of either the unreinforced glass or a similarly reinforced epoxymatrix composite. In addition, the elastic modulus of the resultant composite, despite being reinforced with a high stiffness fibre, is lower than that of the parent matrix resulting in an unusually compliant ceramic material.