How Québec can support the energy transition of northeastern North America

Northeastern North America is transitioning rapidly from fossil fuel generation to variable renewable energy (VRE) sources such as wind and solar. Their integration into electricity grids poses challenges in terms of matching supply with demand. Once VRE represent a large share of installed capacity, intermittency and variability of their production will become a major issue. Hydro-Québec, the public electric utility in the Canadian province of Québec, has a large hydropower generation fleet. Its storage capacity enables adjusting hydro production, when the system needs it, to support VRE integration. In this paper, potential impacts of VRE growth within neighbouring grids are simulated through operational production management models. The results show that Hydro-Québec has the potential to facilitate this energy transition but that the current electricity market structure does not provide incentives for an optimal contribution.     

Mathematical Models for Inter-Basin Compensation Scheduling of Hydropower Reservoirs

This paper establishes several mathematical models for inter-basin compensation scheduling of hydropower reservoirs, taking into account making full use of hydropower and satisfying the load demand in the power grid. A method is also provided for solving the mathematical models. These models were applied to the Guangxi power grid; and it is proved that the models play a guiding role in production.     

生产模拟仿真在电力市场环境下的应用案例及建议

生产模拟仿真,作为电力系统规划及运行的核心工具,在欧美国家过去30多年的电力市场化发展过程中发挥了重要作用。文中重点介绍了生产模拟仿真的概念、结构、数学模型和应用情况,对其在电力市场环境下的应用案例进行了详细分析;探讨了生产模拟仿真在中国应用所面临的机遇和挑战。文中建议在中国电力市场化改革背景下的系统规划和运行机制研究中应用生产模拟仿真并对其作必要的改进,以促进中国系统规划和运行机制的科学发展。     

Influence of Resource Allocation in PV Technology Development of Japan on the World and Domestic PV Market

This paper analyzes influence of resource allocation in R&D of solar cells in Japan. First, it estimates solar cell price in Japan in the case resource allocation for R&D of crystalline silicon solar cells was not significantly reduced, but maintained almost constant level. For the projection, it does not use experience curve, but models technological progress, price reduction, of solar cell in Japan with a variable technology knowledge stock by excluding mass production effects. Second, solar cell prices in other countries are estimated based on their market share in the global solar cell production. The estimated solar cell price in Japan under the assumed resource allocation decreases by about 30% compared to the actual one and it, therefore, could be competitive to the estimated solar cell prices in China and Taiwan. In this case, Japan could maintain its top market share in the global solar cell production several years longer. Instead of the Japan's Feed‐in Tariff with subsidy, net‐metering without subsidy is enough for keeping almost the same internal rate of return of residential PV systems for new and existing houses. This paper will be helpful to cost‐effective R&D planning by a modeling and simulation approach.     

一个实际运行的火力发电厂的多网络系统

网络技术的发展使生产过程自动控制、生产过程自动管理和办公自动化融为一体成为可 能。该文介绍一个实际运行的火力发电厂的生产网(DECnet网和双环网)与办公室网等的多 网总体结构及其软件环境。     

海上风电制氢技术经济性对比分析

海上风资源丰富、区域广,成为风电开发利用的重要领域。但海上风电的强随机性和间歇性给海上风电的安全可靠消纳带来诸多难题。风电制氢是提高风电利用率和缓解弃风的有效手段,已成为海上风电发展和研究的热点方向。综合考虑制氢技术方案、设备投资成本、运行维护成本,给出国内海上风电制氢技术的经济性评价方法;分别建立海上风电岸上制氢、海上平台制氢及管道输氢和海上平台制氢及船舶运氢3种海上风力发电制氢技术方案及经济性模型。基于相关调研和文献数据,以某300 MW海上风电场为例,对不同离岸距离的3种海上风力发电制氢技术方案进行经济性比较。结果表明,3种海上风电制氢方案中,海上平台制氢及船舶运氢方案最具经济性,且随着离岸距离加大,该方案等年值费用基本不变;海上风电岸上制氢方案和海上平台制氢及管道输氢方案随离岸距离加大,等年值费用均不同幅度增加。     

Monte Carlo stochastic simulation of electric power generation system production costs under time-dependent constraints

Probabilistic production costing models are widely used in the electric power industry to forecast the cost of producing electricity. A widely used model due to Balériaux and Booth provides an analytical formula for the expected production costs using the load duration curve (LDC) in place of chronological sequence of loads and the forced outage rates of the generating units. Since the chronological information is lost in the LDC, it cannot accurately simulate those aspects of production cost that are time dependent in nature. The paper points out that, in addition to the need for a chronological simulation of load to capture the time-dependent constraints, it is also necessary to model the frequency and duration of the generation outages. Monte Carlo results are given for a Markovian model for the frequency and duration of the outages where several unit commitment constraints are considered. It is shown that the mean and variance of the production costs may differ significantly if the failure and the repair rates of the generating units are changed although the respective forced outage rates remain unaltered. The paper also highlights the simplicity of using continuous-time simulation in the Markov model.     

电力市场信息系统结构与应用整合平台

在构想未来电力市场中不同电力企业之间频繁的信息流和资金流的基础上,提出电力市场环境下多个企业间的信息系统是一个7元组,构成分层次结构模型。在此基础上,提出了电力市场信息系统的软件与功能业务结构模型、面向多企业的电力市场信息系统网络及服务器结构模型;基于分层次结构模型,提出了电力市场企业间信息集成与应用整合的分层逻辑结构模型,以及上述模型直观的图形显示方式。最后,通过实例给出了电力企业信息集成的解决方案和基于Web服务器的企业信息集成应用程序实现技术。     

电力市场交易算法研究与实现

针对目前我国省级发电侧且交易方式以购电合同 市场交易为主的电力市场中的交易算法进行了研究，给出了分别为金融和物理两种不同形式购电合同时的排序交易算法以及相应现货价格制定方法的具体实现，并对两种交易模式分别存在的问题进行了探讨，在此基础上提出了新的交易模式及算法解决方案。最后对几种交易算法各自的优缺点进行了比较，认为没有一种交易模式可以圆满地解决电力市场交易中出现的各种问题，需要在具体实施中进行一定的平衡选择。     

带分布式电源配电网的最小路可靠性分析方法

配电网原有的可靠性分析计算模型及方法由于接入大量分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)而不再适用,因此,有必要提出了计及DG的配电网最小路可靠性分析方法。新的方法结合DG孤岛运行方式,将整个配电系统拓扑结构进行矩阵化处理,采用最小路法对含DG的配电网可靠性进行了评估。对IEEE RBTS Bus6系统的主馈线F4可靠性指标分析表明,该方法能很好的反映DG对配电网的供电可靠性影响,能得到合理的含DG的配电网拓扑结构。该方法易于对原始数据进行修改,具有很强的实用性。     

IFIX在卷烟厂自动化生产物流监控系统中的应用

介绍了iFIX工控组态软件在卷烟厂的自动化生产物流监控系统中的应用。详细论述了生产物流监控系统的结构、组态过程、软硬件配置及软件设计等。可见iFIX在大型复杂生产物流分布式控制系统中的应用是可行的,保障了生产过程的连续运行,同时降低了生产制造成本。     

基于PLC和组态技术的涂装生产线控制

利用组态技术实现了涂装车间生产线的控制,介绍了系统的硬件结构,并对采用的网络结构进行了详细的解释,整个方案安全可靠、经济实用,投入使用后,在该涂装车间得到良好的反应。     

电力市场运营系统的自适应设计构想

描述了中国分层分区电力市场的结构和特征；通过分析电力市场的交易类型，总结了适应中国各级电力市场发展的4种运营模式；详细论述了中国电力市场的发展对电力市场运营系统架构、应用功能和核心算法的深刻影响；在研究分析的基础上，提出了适应多种电力市场运营模式的电力市场运营系统设计思想；根据该设计思想研制开发的电力市场运营系统，可以在不同电力市场发展阶段灵活配置，适应性强，达到了预期设计目标。     

Nash equilibria in competitive electric energy markets

Several countries have modified the structure of their Electric Energy Markets (EEM) by the introduction of various levels of competence in the generation, transmission and distribution areas, which allows the generators to sell their production at a short-term market price (or spot price). The fundamental premise of the regulation is that the global efficiency can be improved through a strong competence in a market structure governed by explicit rules. The Game Theory is the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers. In this paper, the Game Theory is proposed to analyze the economic behavior of the generators to make their offers to the short-term EEM. The IEEE 9-bus system is used to illustrate the main features of the proposed method.     

实用化电力系统短期负荷预测软件的设计与实现

介绍了短期负荷预测软件 fhycl．0的没计原则、系统构成、预测模型库、数据校核的原理以及简易专家系统、跨平台接口的实现。该软件人机界面友好、运行稳定、迅速，提供多种预测模型，适用范围广泛。     

敞开式隔离开关典型结构与故障分析

隔离开关的型号虽然多样,但大体包括开断元件、支撑绝缘件、传动元件、基座及操动机构五个基本部分,每个部分有其对应故障形式。对于不同型号隔离开关,支撑绝缘件与操作机构发生故障的原因基本相同,而开断部分的触头与传动机构由于结构差异较大,故障类型与原因差异也较大,本文意在从隔离开关的结构出发,归纳常用型号隔离开关的典型故障,为隔离开关的生产与检修提供参考。     

电力系统暂态稳定分析的能量函数法

介绍暂态能量函数法（ＴＥＦ）的一种新型解算方法,其运算速度、数值鲁棒性、适用问题大小及模型多样性方面可以满足生产实际的需要。这种方法具有以下两个主要特点：使用网络结构保持模型,充分利用稀疏矩阵法。其基础是主导不稳定平衡点的求解、自动变阶变步长积分法及主导不稳定平衡点的新求法。用本方法编制的程序通过ＥＰＲＩ６机试验系统的求解得到了满意的结果。     

A strategic production costing model for electricity market price analysis

Production costing models (PCMs) have been extensively used to analyze traditional power systems for decades. These tools are based on the costs of production, but in oligopolistic electricity markets market prices can not be explained attending just to marginal costs but instead bid prices have to be considered, since market participants seize their dominant position in the market looking for higher profits. Thus, the merit order composition criteria applied in traditional PCMs has to be somehow reconsidered in order to be able to represent the agents' strategic bidding. The objective of the strategic production costing model (SPCM) presented in this paper is to evolve the PCM approach to adapt it to the actual wholesale electricity markets without losing its typical advantages. The generalization proposed allows to represent an oligopolistic hydrothermal electricity market and provides the system price-duration curve as well as the income and expected costs of every generating agent. Compared with other oligopolistic models, the main advantage of the SPCM is its potential computational speed, which makes it very suitable for risk analysis studies that require considering a large number of scenarios.     

Identification of a class of non‐linear parametrically varying models

The aim of this paper is to propose a novel class of non‐linear, possibly parameter‐varying models suitable for system identification purposes. These models are given in the form of a linear fractional transformation (LFT) where the ‘forward’ part is represented by a conventional linear regression and the ‘feedback’ part is given by a non‐linear dynamic map parameterized by a neural network (NN) which can take into account scheduling variables available for measurement. For this specific model structure a parameter estimation procedure has been set up, which turns out to be particularly efficient from the computational point of view. Also, it is possible to establish a connection between this model class and the well known class of local model networks (LMNs): this aspect is investigated in the paper. Finally, we have applied the proposed identification procedure to the problem of determining accurate non‐linear models for knee joint dynamics in paraplegic patients, within the framework of a functional electrical stimulation (FES) rehabilitation engineering project. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

共直流母线交流传动节能系统的混杂系统建模与分析

为了节约能源在工业生产中,共直流母线交流传动系统被广泛采用。针对因系统复杂难以建模问题,引入混杂系统理论,在分析共直流母线交流传动节能系统结构及特点的基础上,构造了系统的形式化模型及其等效电路,建立了等效电路中受控功率源的混杂Petri网模型和电网整流装置的混杂自动机模型,进而得到系统整体模型。分两种工况仿真研究系统直流母线的功率和电压,讨论了不同工况下的处理方法,验证了所建模型的合理性。