基于卡尔曼一致滤波器的WSN时间同步算法

提出一种基于分布式卡尔曼一致滤波器的无线传感器网络时间同步算法.该算法不需要将网络分层,每个节点都和它的相邻节点交换时间消息,通过分布式卡尔曼一致滤波器估计本节点的时钟偏移和频率偏移,使得全网所有节点的虚拟全局时钟逐渐收敛一致.仿真实验表明,提出的算法在多跳网络中误差累积较小,具有较高的同步精度,同时对存在节点失效或新节点加入的动态网络具有良好的可扩展性.     

集员卡尔曼滤波器在电机故障诊断中的应用

本文针对伺服电机提出了一种基于集员卡尔曼滤波器的故障诊断方法并进行了实际应用. 首先, 基于运动学关系和数据驱动技术构建了伺服电机的综合系统动态. 之后, 针对电机的位置–速度模型设计了一个中心对称多面体卡尔曼滤波器来检测位置传感器和速度传感器是否发生故障. 同时, 针对电机的力矩–速度模型设计了一个中心对称多面体卡尔曼滤波器来检测力矩执行器故障和速度传感器故障. 然后, 基于上述的两个中心对称多面体卡尔曼滤波器提出了一种故障隔离律, 可以定位出伺服电机故障部件的位置. 最后, 通过一个实际的伺服电机实验平台对所提出方法进行了应用, 并验证了其可行性与有效性     

无线传感器网络中基于量化观测的粒子滤波状态估计

无线传感器网络环境下处理分布式状态估计问题,由于网络中的带宽限制,减少通信成本是非常重要的一个环节,需要将观测值量化后再传送.针对非线性系统的状态滤波问题,本文提出了一种基于量化观测的粒子滤波状态估计算法,并阐述了基于量化观测的状态估计过程.文中分别采用基于均匀量化(UQDPF)和非均匀量化(NUQDPF)观测的分布式粒子滤波算法进行状态估计,通过被动跟踪仿真实例,利用均方根误差(RMSE)比较了误差性能,并且比较了在不同量化级数下的非均匀量化算法的跟踪误差,仿真结果表明,基于非均匀量化观测的粒子滤波器具有更高的跟踪精度,是一种有效的非线性滤波算法.     

无人机自适应姿态角度估计仿真

针对复杂环境下传感器噪声未知且不断变化,会导致姿态融合结果不准确的问题,设计了一种基于单新息自适应算法的卡尔曼滤波器,对加速度计和陀螺仪噪声协方差进行在线估计。首先,介绍了能够结合各个传感器优势的无人机姿态融合算法。然后,设计了采用基于单新息自适应算法的卡尔曼滤波器,给出了能够在线估计加速度噪声协方差R和陀螺仪噪声协方差Q的自适应算法。MATLAB仿真表明单新息自适应卡尔曼滤波器在环境噪声变化时,能够更准确地获得无人机的姿态信息,提高了姿态融合精确度,提高了滤波器的鲁棒性。     

随机性参数分布式量化估计及其最优比特分配

本文研究总比特率给定下随机向量参数分布式量化估计及其最优比特分配问题.与现有文献大都假定每个传感器的量化比特率给定而不是最优分配下研究随机性参数的分布式量化估计问题不同的是,本文将综合考虑最优量化器、最优估计器算法以及给定总比特率下的最优比特分配问题.针对向量状态标量观测模型,首先借助现有文献给出基于量化观测的最优估计器及其误差协方差阵形式表达,其次得到各传感器的渐近最优量化器实际为著名的Lloyd-max量化器,且各传感器的渐近最优量化级数与信噪比成正比,同时引入一种次优的求解非负整数比特率的方法.考虑到当传感器数目比较大时,初始的最优估计器算法运算量很大,设计了一种渐近等价的迭代量化估计器算法,其计算负担大大减轻,且对于存在延迟或丢包的网络环境亦适用,增强了算法的鲁棒性.仿真结果表明,本文提出的最优比特分配方案估计性能明显优于一般的均匀比特分配方案.     

基于动态Lloyd-Max量化的网络化系统实时状态估计

针对网络化线性动态系统的实时状态估计,采用均方误差(MSE)作为性能准则,研究了最优实时量化与估计结构和具体实现方案。根据估计-量化分离原理,优化问题可以等效转换为一阶高斯-马尔可夫信源的最优量化与重构问题,分析了最优实时量化与估计的等效结构形式。基于向量Lloyd-Max量化原理和量化信源预测分布的高斯近似,设计了递推形式的动态Lloyd-Max量化与估计(DLMQE)实现方案,其中采用双边同步器利用发送端和接收端的共有信息实现编码与解码操作的同步,并导出了最优实时估计和误差协方差阵的解析形式。仿真结果表明,所提出的DLMQE方案估计性能优于现有的量化卡尔曼滤波器(QKF),且即使对于较低量化比特率的区域,DLMQE算法依然有效。     

基于自适应固定滞后卡尔曼平滑器的状态观测器在假手上的应用

针对以电位计为角度传感器的假手系统,提出了一种基于自适应固定滞后卡尔曼平滑器的状态观测器以观测手指的当前位置、速度和加速度信息.首先,分析了卡尔曼滤波器滤除电位计热噪声并观测速度与加速度的合理性,进而建立了其系统的离散状态转移矩阵.其次,相比卡尔曼滤波器,卡尔曼平滑器在参数相同的情况下具有更好的平滑效果,据此提出一种基于固定滞后卡尔曼平滑器的状态观测器,并通过引入渐消因子以提高动态响应特性.同时给出了一种将本文算法滞后特性降至一个控制周期的有效实现方式.最后,在HIT-V仿人假手实验平台上进行了实验验证.实验结果表明,相比对原始数据直接进行差分,该方法将速度噪声降低了20倍以上,加速度噪声降低了10 000倍以上.相比标准卡尔曼滤波器和固定滞后卡尔曼平滑器,该方法在动态响应方面具有更好的效果.     

卡尔曼一致性滤波器的丢包性能分析及能量优化

针对无线传感器网络(wireless sensor networks,WSNs)在实际应用中不可避免的数据包丢失现象,本文研究了分布式卡尔曼一致性滤波算法(distributed Kalman consensus filtering algorithm,DKF)在两类丢包情况下的稳定性和滤波性能问题,通过矩阵论理论分析得出了估计误差协方差收敛所能容忍的极限丢包率.然后,考虑到传感器节点能量有限,基于逾渗模型构建了一种能量可调的改进型分布式一致性卡尔曼滤波器,该滤波器充分利用无线传感器节点冗余布置的特点,以较小的滤波精度下降为代价,获取网络寿命的大幅度提高,实现了该分布式滤波器在滤波精度与能量消耗两个关键指标的有效权衡.最后利用仿真实例验证了所提出算法的有效性.     

磁强计辅助MEMS惯性器件的新型数据融合算法

为实现载体姿态精确测量,设计了一种新型数据融合算法,用以替代传统的卡尔曼滤波器;首先,研究了陀螺仪、加速度、磁强计的姿态测量方法,通过试验分析测量误差分量,然后根据误差频域的差异性提出一种互补滤波器,并在二阶低通滤波器模型下推导出新型数据融合算法模型,最后,以FPGA为处理单元、MEMS惯性元件和磁罗盘为传感器单元开发一套小型姿态检测系统,进行可行性分析和精度估算;从载体的三维转动试验结果可以看出,新型融合算法测量值和卡尔曼滤波器输出值之差保持在±0.07°以内,并且不需要对传感器噪声特性精确标定;在运算时间方面,互补滤波器仅需360μs,卡尔曼滤波器是它的3倍多,因此新型数据融合算法效率更高。     

一种多滤波器组合导航数据融合方法

针对组合导航系统中使用单天线GPS接收机时导致姿态角不易收敛的问题,提出了一种互补滤波器和卡尔曼滤波器相结合的数据融合算法;该方法首先通过MEMS惯性传感器与磁强计设计了一种互补滤波算法;针对载体在变速运动过程中加速度计的倾角测量值有较大误差,影响互补滤波器输出精度的问题,通过GPS接收机和加速度计设计了卡尔曼滤波模型,将卡尔曼滤波器输出速度的微分量反馈给互补滤波器,实现了对互补滤波器中载体运动加速度的补偿;基于以上解算方法,以FPGA为核心处理器设计了组合导航系统并进行了车载实验;实验中,该方法有效补偿了汽车变速过程中的倾角测量误差,证明了该方法的有效性。     

Novel sensor scheduling and energy-efficient quantization for tracking target in wireless sensor networks

This paper focuses on sensor scheduling and information quantization issues for target tracking in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To reduce the energy consumption of WSNs, it is essential and effective to select the next tasking sensor and quantize the WSNs data. In existing works, sensor scheduling’ goals include maximizing tracking accuracy and minimizing energy cost. In this paper, the integration of sensor scheduling and quantization technology is used to balance the tradeoff between tracking accuracy and energy consumption. The main characteristic of the proposed schemes includes a novel filtering process of scheduling scheme, and a compressed quantized algorithm for extended Kalman filter (EKF). To make the algorithms more efficient, the proposed platform employs a method of decreasing the threshold of sampling intervals to reduce the execution time of all operations. A real tracking system platform for testing the novel sensor scheduling and the quantization scheme is developed. Energy consumption and tracking accuracy of the platform under different schemes are compared finally.     

Data fusion for target tracking in wireless sensor networks using quantized innovations and Kalman filtering

A novel networked data-fusion method is developed for the target tracking in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Specifically, this paper investigates data fusion scheme under the communication constraint between the fusion center and each sensor. Such a message constraint is motivated by the bandwidth limitation of the communication links, fusion center, and by the limited power budget of local sensors. In the proposed scheme, each sensor collects one noise-corrupted sample, performs a quantizing operation, and transmits quantized message to the fusion center. Then the fusion center combines the received quantized messages to produce a final estimate. The novel data-fusion method is based on the quantized measurement innovations and decentralized Kalman filtering (DKF) with feedback. For the proposed algorithm, the performance analysis of the estimation precision is provided. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

基于UKF区域交叉定位的WSNs Sink节点动态跟踪算法

为了提高无线传感器网络（ WSNs）使用寿命,对WSNs的目标跟踪方式进行研究,提出基于无迹Kalman滤波（ UKF）的WSNs Sink节点动态跟踪算法,以实现高效节能的资源管理和利用方式。首先利用UKF算法对目标节点的下一位置进行预测,然后通过四圆区域定位交叉定位算法对Sink节点的位置区域进行局部准确定位。实验结果表明：这种动态的Sink节点预测定位算法能够有效缩短数据发射传感器和Sink点之间的距离,减少跳数,从而实现负载均衡降低能耗的效果。     

基于有限反馈机会波束的无线传感器网络

无线传感器网络中的传感器要把被监测的数据有效地传输到远端的收集器,且其节点的能量有限,为了提高衰落无线信道中无线传感器网络通信的有效性,提出基于有限反馈机会波束的无线传感器网络,基站设置多天线,传感器节点设置单天线,构成MISO系统,在每一时隙基站选择处于峰值状态的传感器节点进行通信。设置反馈门限,当传感器节点的接收信干噪比大于反馈门限时,对信干噪比进行量化,再将量化电平反馈给基站;否则,无需进行量化和反馈。以吞吐量最大化为原则设定最佳反馈门限和量化电平,在瑞利块衰落信道中对系统进行仿真,结果表明:随着节点数的增加,该系统的反馈数可降至传统模拟反馈的1%以下,大大降低了反馈量,提高了系统的效率和节点能量利用率。     

Sensor selection strategies for state estimation in energy constrained wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) enable a wealth of new applications where remote estimation is essential. Individual sensors simultaneously sense a dynamic process and transmit measured information over a shared channel to a central base station. The base station computes an estimate of the process state by means of a Kalman filter. In this paper we assume that, at each time step, only a subset of all sensors are selected to send their observations to the fusion center due to channel capacity constraints or limited energy budget. We propose a multi-step sensor selection strategy to schedule sensors to transmit for the next T steps of time with the goal of minimizing an objective function related to the Kalman filter error covariance matrix. This formulation, in a relaxed convex form, defines an unified framework to solve a large class of optimization problems over energy constrained WSNs. We offer some numerical examples to further illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm.     

Dynamic key management in wireless sensor networks: A survey

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a vast field of applications, including environment monitoring, battlefield surveillance and target tracking systems. As WSNs are usually deployed in remote or even hostile environments and sensor nodes are prone to node compromise attacks, the adoption of dynamic key management is extremely important. However, the resource-constrained nature of sensor nodes hinders the use of dynamic key management solutions designed for wired and ad hoc networks. Hence, many dynamic key management schemes have been proposed for WSNs recently. This paper investigates the special requirements of dynamic key management in sensor network environments, and introduces several basic evaluation metrics. In this work, the state of the art dynamic key management schemes are classified into different groups and summarized based on the evaluation metrics. Finally, several possible future research directions for dynamic key management are provided.     

A detailed review of energy-efficient medium access control protocols for mobile sensor networks

This article reviews the state-of-the-art energy-efficient contention-based and scheduled-based medium access control (MAC) protocols for mobile sensor networks (MSNs) by first examining access schemes for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Efficient and proper mobility handling in sensor networks provides a window of opportunity for new applications. Protocols, such as S-MAC, reduce energy consumption by putting nodes to sleep after losing to channel contention or to prevent idling. Sleeping is a common method for energy-efficient MAC protocols, but delay depends on sleep duration or frame time, and longer delays lead to higher packet lost rate when nodes are unsynchronized due to network mobility. MS-MAC extends S-MAC to include mobility-awareness by decreasing this sleep duration when mobility is detected. S-MAC with extended Kalman filter (EKF) reduces mobility-incurred losses by predicting the optimal data frame size for each transmission. MMAC utilizes a dynamic mobility-adaptive frame time to enhance TRAMA, a scheduled-based protocol, with mobility prediction. Likewise, G-MAC utilizes TDMA for cluster-based WSNs by combining the advantages of contention and contention-free MACs. Z-MAC also combines both methods but without clustering and allows time slot re-assignments during significant topology changes. All of the above MAC protocols are reviewed in detail.     

无线传感器网络能量管理研究

传感器节点能量受限的特点使能量管理成为无线传感器网络(WSNs)设计的一个重要内容。对近年来无线传感器能量管理的研究进展进行了讨论和综述,指出了WSNs能量管理面临的问题与挑战。在分类阐述和比较当前具有代表性的各种休眠机制的同时,介绍了动态电压调节、动态功率管理、数据融合等能量管理策略。最后,指出了WSNs能量管理的未来发展方向。     

Target tracking in wireless sensor networks using adaptive measurement quantization

Quantization/compression is usually adopted in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) since each sensor node typically has very limited power supply and communication bandwidth.We consider the problem of target tracking in a WSN with quantized measurements in this paper.Attention is focused on the design of measurement quantizer with adaptive thresholds.Based on the probability density function (PDF) of the signal amplitude measured at a random location and by maximizing the entropy,an adaptive design method for quantization thresholds is proposed.Due to the nonlinear measuring and quantization models,particle filtering (PF) is adopted in the fusion center (FC) to estimate the target state.Posterior Cram’er-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for tracking accuracy using quantized measurements are also derived.Finally,a simulation example on tracking single target with noisy circular trajectories is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

基于WSNs的医院环境监测系统设计

针对传统医院环境监测系统现场布线难、设备移动性差、测量精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于无线传感器网络( WSNs)技术的医院环境监测系统,并详细介绍了该系统的结构、通信机制及软件实现流程.系统由无线传感器节点依据无线通信机制形成WSNs.在分析影响WSNs能耗的主要因素和现有节能技术基础上,提出了一种基于能量均衡的数据可靠传输算法,即动态能量管理分簇算法( DPMCA),该算法把DPM技术和CA有效结合,有效解决了传统医院环境监测系统中存在的问题.