广西北部湾水域贝类重金属污染分析与南宁市民贝类食用风险分析

分析产于广西北部湾的四种主要养殖贝类——近江牡蛎、文蛤、翡翠贻贝、华贵栉孔扇贝——中的铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)重金属残留水平,并利用靶标危害系数(THQs)对南宁市人群贝类食用风险进行了评估.结果显示:近江牡蛎和华贵栉孔扇贝的重金属污染水平较高,铜、镉是近江牡蛎的主要污染因子,铜、镉元素残留量超标率达62.5％、75％.华贵栉孔扇贝的镉、铬元素残留超标率达100％、11.25％.其余两种贝类均未出现重金属元素超标现象.南宁市市民在正常的消费量下,摄入牡蛎引起的铜、镉元素、及由扇贝消费引起的镉元素的THQs相对较高,分别为0.823、0.759、0.757,可见食用牡蛎和扇贝存在一定的健康风险.大量消费牡蛎和扇贝时,会富集大量的Cu、Cd、Cr等元素,对人体健康造成一定的危害.     

五种经济贝类的营养成分及蛋白质质量分析

研究栉孔扇贝、文蛤、太平洋牡蛎、紫贻贝和毛蚶5种经济贝类的营养成分,并进行蛋白质营养价值评价。结果表明,这5种贝类蛋白质含量高营养价值好,脂肪含量低,矿物质含量丰富,具有较好的开发和利用价值。     

麻痹性贝类毒素监测指示贝种的筛选研究

为了解深圳地区贝类麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poison,PSP)染毒情况,对深圳地区主要贝类养殖海域养殖的10种贝类麻痹性贝类毒素染毒情况进行调查。筛选并确定PSP监测指示贝种,进而测定不同养殖海区PSP污染情况。采用AOAC发布的生物法测定麻痹性贝类毒素含量。华贵栉孔扇贝(Chalmys nobilis)和翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)对PSP蓄积能力强,华贵栉孔扇贝的PSP含量较翡翠贻贝高。确定深圳贝类养殖海域PSP监测指示贝种为华贵栉孔扇贝和翡翠贻贝,全年对两种贝类的PSP监测结果表明PSP含量超过有关标准规定的安全限量的情况时有发生。本研究为实施有效的监测预警管理制度提供了科学依据。     

上海市售贝类产品中麻痹性贝类毒素污染状况调查及其评价

目的 调查上海市售贝类产品中麻痹性贝类毒素污染状况。方法 2010年8月~2011年7月间, 在上海水产品批发市场进行5种贝类样品采集, 每月抽取样品24份, 全年共288份。采用生物法(SC/T 3023-2004)对其进行了麻痹性贝类毒素的检测, 其中虾夷扇贝的肠腺和肌肉(扇贝柱)进行分开测定。结果 缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、牡蛎、文蛤、虾夷扇贝肠腺和肌肉中麻痹性贝类毒素的含量范围分别为ND~121.5 MU/100 g、ND~113.4 MU/100 g、ND~177.7 MU/100 g、ND~124.6 MU/100 g、261.7~3363.5 MU/100 g和ND。全年麻痹性贝类毒素的平均含量分别在98.5±10.5 MU/100 g、78.6±9.3 MU/100 g、50.4±10.1 MU/100 g、40.6±14.8 MU/100 g、1242.2±974.3 MU/100 g和0。按照目前我国贝类产品主要出口国家和国际组织对麻痹性贝类毒素的限量要求进行评价, 仅仅是虾夷扇贝肠腺中麻痹性贝类毒素超标, 超标率为98%, 因此在食用扇贝时应去除其肠腺; 而其余贝类产品中麻痹性贝类毒素均在限量规定范围内。结论 上海市售贝类产品对食用的安全性不产生负面影响。     

不同保存条件对贝类体内微生物的影响

对在4、15、22、-18℃保存不同时间的菲律宾蛤仔、栉孔扇贝和长竹蛏体内细菌总数和大肠菌群的含量进行测定,研究不同保存条件下贝类体内微生物变化规律。发现-18℃保存超过24h导致贝类体内细菌含量的降低;其他各实验温度下保存的贝类,在12h内细菌总数没有明显变化;4℃保存24h内大肠菌群的含量没有明显变化。22℃保存的贝类活体体内的细菌总数和大肠菌群含量呈正相关。实验结果表明,4℃保存12h以内对贝类体内微生物无显著影响。结合其他研究结果可以推断,贝类在更接近于0℃的环境下,体内微生物的原始状态可以保持更长时间。     

贝类水产品汞含量及其健康风险评估

目的:采集厦门地区4种贝类水产品(即牡蛎、花蛤、缢蛏和蚬)240份,根据相关标准进行汞污染评价和食用安全性分析。方法:用微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定这4种水产品的汞含量。结果:4种贝类产品中汞含量在9.788～147.1μg/kg(干重)之间,牡蛎、花蛤、缢蛏和蚬的平均汞含量分别为48.04,43.11,55.48和44.95μg/kg(干重),所测贝类样品汞含量均远低于国家标准(GB18406.4-2001)限量。不同区域同一贝类的汞含量不存在显著性差异,但不同贝类品种间的汞含量存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。居民消费贝类产品所摄入的汞量均未超过PTWI的限量值〔<5μg/kg(体重)〕。结论:采集地区的贝类产品未受汞污染。对于汞含量较高的牡蛎等贝类产品有必要控制其摄入量,以保障居民身体健康。     

河北省市售贝类中脂溶性毒素的调查研究

目的调查河北省市售贝类中脂溶性贝类毒素的污染状况。方法在2018年8月—2020年4月间,对河北省市售7大类贝类样品进行采集,共354份,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)进行脂溶性贝类毒素的检测。结果 354份样品中,阳性样品17份,检出率为4.8%,检出含量较低,检出品种有毛蚶、贻贝、扇贝、牡蛎,毒素组分有虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxin,YTX)、同源虾夷扇贝毒素(homo-YTX)、大田软海绵酸(okadaicacid,OA)、鳍藻毒素(dinophysistoxins, DTXs)(DTX1、DTX2)、蛤毒素2(pectenotoxin-2, PTX2)。结论河北省市售贝类中脂溶性贝类毒素暴露风险很低。     

雷州市沿海几种贝类营养成分的分析

采用微量凯氏定氮法、索氏抽提法、烘箱干燥法和等离子体发射光谱法对雷州市沿海的近江牡蛎、翡翠贻贝、栉孔扇贝、丽文蛤、毛蚶和长竹蛏等六种贝类营养成分进行分析.结果表明：六种贝类营养成分丰富,它们蛋白质含量高（平均含量为10.13%）,脂肪含量低（平均含量为2.71%）,还含有大量人体必需的矿质元素.尤其是翡翠贻贝富含微量元素Se,近江牡蛎富含Ca、Zn等元素.该分析研究为当地沿海综合利用和开发海洋贝类资源提供了营养评价的参考依据.     

基于非靶向代谢组学技术的氨基脲胁迫雌性栉孔扇贝的毒性作用机制研究

目的 本研究基于非靶向代谢组学技术,分析了暴露于50 mg.L^-1氨基脲72 h的雌性栉孔扇贝性腺代谢物组成及含量变化,以探究氨基脲对雌性栉孔扇贝性腺组织毒性及其作用机制。结果 非靶向代谢组学结果表明：与对照组相比,在氨基脲胁迫下,雌性栉孔扇贝性腺组织代谢物发生改变,共有64种差异表达代谢物,其中上调33个,下调31个;在HMDB数据库中进行比对分析,注释到36个差异表达代谢物,主要功能分类为有机酸及其衍生物、脂类和类脂分子及有机氮化合物等。差异代谢物功能通路的富集结果表明：氨基酸代谢、脂质代谢、信号转导、核苷酸代谢和内分泌系统等生物过程受到显著影响。根据筛选出的差异代谢物的生理功能及其涉及的代谢通路分析,差异代谢物鸟氨酸上调,推断雌性栉孔扇贝通过增加鸟氨酸含量,维持其正常生长过程。推测氨基脲可能通过影响栉孔扇贝的AMPKα-2 mRNA表达,进而影响了核苷酸代谢通路和类脂肪代谢作用通路,使得栉孔扇贝体内软脂酸含量下降。氨基脲可能通过对NMDAR的拮抗作用以及对GAD(谷氨酸脱羧酶)的抑制,干扰神经信号传导,导致雌性栉孔扇贝相关行为异常。结论 本研究探究了氨基脲对雌性栉孔扇贝性腺组织毒性作用及栉孔扇贝的响应调控机制,为后期深入研究氨基脲毒性作用机制提供理论依据。     

大连海域贝类麻痹性贝毒的污染状况调查与分析

采用小白鼠生物测试法对2007年5月至2008年12月间大连长海县海域内的主要经济贝类的麻痹性贝毒(PSP)污染情况进行监测.分析结果表明,不同种类的贝类PSP含量依次是:虾夷扇贝＞紫石房蛤＞海螺＞鲍鱼;虾夷扇贝的PSP污染最为严重,且污染程度存在季节差异,夏春两季高,秋冬两季低.     

2018—2020年河北省市售贝类中麻痹性贝类毒素污染状况调查分析

目的了解2018—2020年河北省市售贝类中麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poison,PSP)污染状况。方法 2018年8月—2020年5月间,对河北省市售的7种双壳贝类,共508份进行检测分析。样品经0.5%乙酸水提取,石墨化碳黑固相萃取柱净化,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果 508份样品,PSP阳性样品24份,检出率为4.7%, 15份样品超过世界卫生组织规定安全限量,超标率为3.0%。检出贝类为贻贝、毛蚶、杂色蛤、扇贝, PSP含量范围分别为217.0~13001.8μg石房蛤毒素当量(saxitoxin equivalent, STXeq/kg)、217.0~4893.2μg STXeq/kg、217.0~503.6μg STXeq/kg、217.0~11024.5μg STXeq/kg;超标贝类为贻贝、毛蚶、扇贝。贝类中检出的PSP类型有GTX1、GTX4、GTX2、GTX3、neoSTX、STX。结论河北省市售贝类麻痹性贝类毒素暴露风险整体较低,秦皇岛地区贻贝等贝类产品在4、5月份较易受到PSP污染,应持续关注,加强早期监测预警。     

秦皇岛海域食用贝类重金属污染情况分析

为了解秦皇岛海域食用贝类中重金属的污染水平及其存在的健康风险。采用电感耦合等离子体发射质谱法(ICP-MS)和原子荧光光谱法测定了该地区15种常见贝类肌肉和内脏中As(无机砷和总砷)、Pb(铅)、Cr(铬)、Cd(镉)、Hg(甲基汞)的含量,并采用污染指数法、系统聚类法评价了各重金属的污染特征和分类。结果表明:海虹(贻贝,Mytilus edulis)、栉孔贝(Chlamys farreri)、生蚝(Ostrea gigas thunberg)和毛蚶子(Scapharca subcrenata)等的重金属综合污染(MPI)较高。根据NY 5073-2006 无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准进行重金属评价。秦皇岛海域食用贝类六种重金属含量最高为Cd,均值为1.129 mg/kg,超出NY 5073-2006 无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准,污染较严重,总As和无机As均值分别为0.161、0.021 mg/kg。Cr和Hg均值分别为0.107和0.013 mg/kg,均未受污染,Pb均值为0.188 mg/kg,污染较轻。但部分贝类Cd污染比较严重。其中内脏污染比肌肉部分严重,尤其是大小海螺(Busycon canaliculatu)。因此,需进一步研究秦皇岛海域可食用贝类中Pb和Cd的污染来源并进行有效防治。     

天津市市售贝类腹泻性贝类毒素的调查研究

目的 对2011年2月-2012年1月天津市售双壳经济贝类腹泻性贝毒(DSP)污染状况进行为期一年的抽样,调查其食用安全性.方法 分别采用小鼠生物法和液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC/MS-MS)对可食部分进行检测,测定毒素含量及分析毒素组成.结果 在所抽查的10种103个贝类样品中,只有产自河北唐山的毛蚶中5月和8月采集的样品中有2个呈阳性且均超标.对阳性样品进行LC/MS-MS检测,检出DTX-1和YTX毒素.结论 腹泻性贝毒在天津市场范围内检出率及含量整体水平不高,但应提示有关部门应在春季预防,在夏季加强对食用贝类的监测和宣传,以保证市民健康安全.     

基于机器学习算法的牡蛎肥满度分类

目的 基于机器学习算法，对同样重量范围下的牡蛎按照肥满度高低进行分类。方法 首先利用数字图像处理技术提取牡蛎外部形态特征, 获得牡蛎的粗糙度，伸长率，紧密度，长轴，短轴，面积等特征指标作为参数。然后利用机器学习算法在数据分析上的强大功能，采用随机森林(random forest, RF)算法与梯度提升决策树 (Gradient Boosting Decision Tree, GBDT) 算法分别构建肥满度识别模型。最后，将模型用于不同重量范围的牡蛎样本，对牡蛎进行肥满度识别分类。结果 对于0~50g的牡蛎, RF算法能取得较好的效果，肥满度识别率达到79.3%，50~100g的牡蛎，GBDT算法的肥满度识别率达到86.4%。结论 相对于传统的按照重量对其肥满度分类而言，本方法能够快速有效的识别出相同重量范围下牡蛎肥满度的高低, 为牡蛎分类提供了新的方法。     

Selection of bioindicators of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in mollusks in the Chinese Bohai Sea

Mollusks, including bivalve and gastropod samples, were collected in the summer of 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the spatial patterns of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), and polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the coastal water of the Chinese Bohai Sea. Seven species of mollusks, including Rapana venosa (Rap), Neverita didyma (Nev), Scapharca subcrenata (Sca), Mytilus edulis (Blue mussel, Myt), Amusium (Amu), Meretix meretrix (Mer), and Crassostrea talienwhanensis (Oyster, Ost) were investigated to select appropriate bioindicators. Compared with other species, Ost and Myt possess higher lipid contents and have higher concentrations of OCPs and PBDEs. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that the most influential factor on the contaminant concentrations in mollusks is the trophic level (TL), followed by the lipid contents. Concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and PBDEs correlated negatively with the TL of the selected mollusks. Results of principal component and correlation analyses suggest that Ost and Myt can be used as potential bioindicators of pollution by OCPs, PCBs, and PBDEs of the Chinese Bohai Sea.     

青岛地区部分水产品中氧化三甲胺含量的测定

目的优化建立水产品中氧化三甲胺(trimethylamine-N-oxide,TMAO)离子色谱法测定的前处理方法,并对青岛地区常见水产品的氧化三甲胺含量进行测定。方法考察了三氯乙酸(TCA)法、Tris-TCA法、Tris-乙腈法三种常用的前处理方法对离子色谱测定结果的影响并进行了优化,收集了青岛常见水产中具有代表性的品种,采用非抑制性离子色谱法对氧化三甲胺含量进行了测定。结果测定了头足类、硬骨鱼类、贝类和甲壳类等21种青岛地区常见水产品中的氧化三甲胺含量。其中,阿根廷鱿鱼TMAO含量最高,为8791.89 mg/kg;硬骨鱼TMAO含量范围为350~2300 mg/kg;甲壳类除了刀额新对虾以外,含量均在1700 mg/kg之上;贝类TMAO含量均在500mg/kg之下。结论所测海产品中,头足类、甲壳类的氧化三甲胺含量较高,贝类含量较低,大致呈现头足类甲壳类硬骨鱼类贝类的趋势。     

山渣汁的品质分析与研究

对市售9种山楂汁的主要质量指标进行了测定。结果表明,目前市售山楂汁某些重要营养成分如维生素C和总酸的含量普遍较低,维生素C的平均含量仅为1．53mg/100mg,总酸含量为0．16%。30%的供试样品的苯甲酸钠含量超过国家食品添加剂使用卫生标准所允许的最大的使用量。分析了影响山楂汁质量的原因,并提出了提高山楂汁质量的技术改进意见。     

Fumonisin B1 contamination of home-grown corn in high-risk areas for esophageal and liver cancer in China.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is reportedly the causative agent of several animal mycotoxicoses and has etiologically been linked to human oesophageal and liver cancer in certain areas of South Africa and China. To study a possible relationship between exposure to FB1 and human cancer risk, the current status of FB1 contamination in food samples in Huaian and Fusui, where incidences of oesophageal and liver cancer are amongst the highest in China, was investigated. A total of 259 corn samples were collected from individual households in five villages of different townships in Huaian during December 2001 and December 2002, and in four villages of different townships in Fusui during May 2001 and May 2002. Corn samples were also collected from individual households in two villages in Huantai, an area with low incidences of both cancers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunoaffinity-HPLC methods were used for FB1 analysis. In corn samples from Huaian, FB1 was detectable in 95.7% (112/117) of the samples, with an average of 2.84 mg kg-1 (range 0.1-25.5 mg kg-1). FB1 was detected in 83.0% (78/94) of the Fusui samples, with an average of 1.27 mg kg-1 (range 0.1-14.9 mg kg-1), and in 83.3% (40/48) of Huantai samples, with an average of 0.65 mg kg-1 ranging from 0.1 to 5.7 mg kg-1. The level of FB1 in corn samples from Huaian was significantly higher than from Huantai (P < 0.001). In addition, 47 of 112 (42.0%) positive Huaian samples had FB1 level greater than 2.0 mg kg-1, which was significantly higher than 10.0% (4/40) of Huantai samples (P < 0.001). Furthermore, variations were found between samples collected in different years and different villages. The high contamination rates of FB1 found in food from these areas, along with previous reports, suggest a possible contributing role of FB1 in human esophageal- and hepato-carcinogenesis.     

Geographical and annual variation in lipophilic shellfish toxins from oysters and mussels along the south coast of Korea

To better understand critical aspects of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) occurrence in a chief producing region of bivalves in Korea, the geographical and annual variation of DSP toxins and other lipophilic toxins in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in an area on the south coast of Korea from 2007 to 2009. The total lipophilic shellfish toxin (LST) levels in bivalves showed geographical and annual variations. LSTs were detected mostly in the hepatopancreas of mussels from Jinhae Bay throughout the entire year, except in November and December of 2007, but were almost undetectable in all samples during the entire year in 2009. The peak DSP toxin (okadaic acid plus dinophysistoxin 1) levels in the hepatopancreas of mussels from Jinhae Bay and the Tongyeong region were 945.3 and 37.6 ng/g, respectively. The DSP toxin content was about 10 times higher in mussels than in oysters collected from the same region. The major toxins in bivalves were okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin 1; however, pectenotoxin 2 or yessotoxin was occasionally detected as a major component. The results of a quantitative analysis of phytoplankton showed that Dinophysis acuminata was the most probable source of the LSTs, with the exception of yessotoxin. When the highest DSP toxin level was measured (945.3 ng/g in the hepatopancreas of mussels from Jinhae Bay), the toxin concentration in whole mussel tissue was calculated to be 114.0 ng/g. The calculated highest DSP toxin level in whole oyster tissue from both regions was 15.0 ng/g. The calculated maximum toxicities in whole mussel and oyster tissues were lower than the regulatory limit (160 to 200 ng/g) in Korea, the European Union, and the United States. Korean oysters (242 samples) and mussels (214 samples) were thus deemed safe for consumption. But because such variation was detected in a relatively small area of the coast, it is possible that at some locations or during a specific period LST levels could exceed the standard and a few consumers could be at risk of experiencing DSP.