Castor oil biodiesel production and optimization

Biodiesel is evolving to be one of the most employed biofuels for partial replacement of petroleum based diesel fuel, especially in recent years. The most widely used feedstocks for biodiesel production are vegetable oils. In this work, biodiesel production from castor oil has been synthesized by homogenous alkaline transesterification. The influence of catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time in the methyl ester content reached by castor oil transesterification have been evaluated. A yield of 95?wt% biodiesel was achieved at 1?wt% KOH, 60?°C, 9:1 methanol:oil ratio and 30?min reaction time. Transesterification at temperature 30?°C gave a yield compatibles with that obtained at 60?°C. The composition of the fatty acid methyl ester was determined by Gas Chromatography. The castor oil biodiesel produced was blended with different concentrations of petrodiesel to obtain B5, B10 and B20. The biodiesel properties and its blends were determined according to the standard test methods of analysis. The results showed that Castor oil biodiesel in the blends could lower the cloud point value, but simultaneously, increases the viscosity of the diesel–biodiesel blends. Thus, castor oil biodiesel with its very low cloud and pour points is suitable for using in extreme winter temperatures.     

Production of biodiesel from unused algal biomass in Punjab, India

Biodiesel from inedible sources has become prominent in last few decades. But it is economically incompatible with petroleum diesel. At the same time, both petro-diesel and biodiesels are concerned with environmental pollution, global warming, etc. Algae, on the other hand, utilize CO2 for their growth and can minimize some sort of pollution level and results in carbon credit for a country. In Punjab, India, algae are seen to grow in many water bodies. But all those are taken away and dumped in vats. Some of this huge biomass was used for production of biodiesel in this work. Extraction of oil from algae was conducted by using Soxtherm(solvent extraction). An amount of 9 wt% of algal oil was extracted by comparatively costly hexane, whereas 8% extraction was done by cheaper acetone. In the transesterification reaction, molar ratio(methanol: oil) of 6:1, catalyst(KOH) concentration of 3 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, 60 min reaction time and a settling time of 2.5 h were found to be optimum conditions to get maximum ester with minimum free fatty acid content and viscosity. A statistical analysis for the transesterification procedure also showed a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1 and catalyst concentration of 3 wt% to be the optimum. Characterization of biodiesel was done and compared with ASTM/BIS standards. Most important properties of biodiesel ester like viscosity(3.12 c St or 3.12 mm2/s), cloud and pour point(-1 and-6 °C, respectively), flash and fire point(153 and 158 °C), carbon residue content(0.03%), acid number(0.36 mg of KOH/gm) were within the range of concerned standards.     

High operative heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

Our work aims to produce a new catalyst that was a highly operative in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil WCO. A heterogeneous solid acid catalyst (RS-SO₃H) was prepared by fast pyrolysis of rice straw, then it was followed by a sulfonation process. It was formed by using concentrated sulfuric acid. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the chemical structure consists of sheets of amorphous carbon with hydroxyl and carbonyl (OH and COOH) groups as well as high density of SO₃H. The surface area of RS–SO₃H and the average pore size were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface area analyzer. The results of Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that RS–SO₃H has favorable thermal stability. Conventional energy sources were exhausted. So, we examined the catalyst activity on developing alternative energy resources, It became more imperative and environment friendly. WCO is attracting increased attention in the biodiesel production by transesterification process. The factors affecting the transesterification process include reaction time and temperature, catalyst concentration and methanol: oil molar ratio, were studied. The maximum mass yield of biodiesel extended to 90.37%. The content of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is around 97.71 wt%, conversion efficiency% of raw material reached 90.38 wt% and %free fatty acid (%FFA) conversion was 91.1% at optimum conditions: 10 wt% catalyst using methanol: oil molar ratio (20:1) at 70 °C for 6 h. The FAME content% was determined by gas chromatography (GC). The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced are close to the commercial diesel and the ASTM standards biodiesel D6751. The reusability of the used catalyst indicated that the catalyst was highly operative in production biodiesel. Where % conversion efficiency of raw oil under optimized conditions decreased from 90.37 to 88.56% after 8 cycles. The %FFA conversion was constant around 91.1% until 7 runs then it decreased.     

Fuel properties and emission characteristics of biodiesel produced from unused algae grown in India

The high price of different biodiesels and the need for many of their raw ingredients as food materials are the main constraints to be overcome when seeking the best potential alternative fuels to petro-diesel. Apart from that, some properties like high density, viscosity and acid value along with low cloud and pour points preclude their use in compression ignition(CI) engines as these properties can cause serious damage to the parts of the engine and reduce engine life. In this experiment, biodiesel was produced from the oil of unused algae by a two-step ‘acid esterification followed by transesterification' procedure. Taguchi's method was applied to design the experiment, and a L25 orthogonal array was prepared to optimize the biodiesel production procedure. The optimized conditions for transesterification were: methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst(KOH) concentration of 2.5 wt%, reaction time of 90 min and reaction temperature of 50 ℃,achieving a biodiesel production of 89.7% with free fatty acid content of 0.25%. It was found that the CI engine emitted less CO, CO_2 and hydrocarbon and higher NO_x using algal biodiesel than that using petro-diesel. All properties of the algal biodiesel were within the limit of ASTM standards.     

油脂酯交换制备生物柴油的反应分离耦合工艺

在500mL的酯交换反应和甘油分离耦合实验装置上进行了大豆油制备生物柴油的试验和反应条件的研究。结果表明,在反应温度60℃、醇油摩尔比4.5~ 5.0、进料速度500~2 000 mL/h和催化剂质量分数0.50%~0.75%（相对于油）的条件下,制备的生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯相对含量不低于97%。此工艺具有反应速度快、平衡转化率和选择性高的特点。所制备的生物柴油及其与-10号柴油的调合产品B5都分别满足国标要求。     

阳离子交换树脂催化油脂副产物制备生物柴油的动力学研究

以棕榈油脱臭馏出物(PODD)和无水甲醇为原料,强酸性阳离子交换树脂为固体酸催化剂,在自制的固定床反应器中进行酯化反应,合成了脂肪酸甲酯(生物柴油)。考察了反应温度、催化反应时间、物料摩尔比对游离脂肪酸转化率的影响。实验结果表明,适宜的反应条件为:反应温度333.15K、催化反应时间56.28min、甲醇与PODD的摩尔比17.25,在此条件下游离脂肪酸转化率为81.66%。同时提出了固定床脂肪酸催化酯化反应的动力学模型,根据实验数据拟合得到动力学参数,酯化反应的活化能为47.761kJ/mol,指数前因子为59.641L/(kmol.min)。该模型能较好地描述固定床脂肪酸催化酯化的反应过程。     

生物柴油组成与组分结构对其低温流动性的影响

在分析生物柴油分子结构的基础上,应用色-质联用仪、低温性能测试仪、溶液结晶原理和相似相溶原理研究生物柴油的低温流动性。提出了生物柴油是由高熔点饱和脂肪酸甲酯和低熔点不饱和脂肪酸甲酯组成的伪二元组分溶液的观点。基于46种生物柴油组成与冷滤点的实验结果,建立了相关性很好的冷滤点预测模型。研究表明,生物柴油主要由14～24个偶数碳链的脂肪酸甲酯组成,低温流动性主要取决于饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量和分子结构;生物柴油的冷滤点随着饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量的增加呈线性增加,饱和脂肪酸甲酯烷基碳链越长增加幅度越大;根据组成可直接预测生物柴油的冷滤点。     

Preparation and characterization of biodiesel produced from fish oil

This study evaluated the production of biodiesel using fish oil as raw material. Two-stage alkaline-catalysis transesterification was performed with 6/1 molar ratio of methanol to oil at 55°C in the presence of 1 wt. % base amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH). The fuel properties of the biodiesel were further analyzed. The characterizations of the produced biodiesel showed that it met ASTM D 6751 standard with respect to acid number, flash point, water and sediment, free and total glycerin, sulfur content, distillation temperature, etc. It was found that cold soak and oxidative stability were out spec due to the high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the fish oil. However, through blending with used cooking oil biodiesel, in spec biodiesel fuel could be achieved.     

Removal of Naphthenic Acids of a Second Vacuum Fraction by Catalytic Esterification

Abstract

This article introduces a catalytic esterification process to reduce the acid number of a high acid content petroleum fraction. The fraction was treated with methanol under conditions sufficient to form the naphthenic acid esters. In this way, the acid number of the petroleum fraction could be lowered. SnO could accelerate petroleum oil esterification. The acid removal ratio was much higher in the presence of SnO than without it. The optimal reaction conditions were: reaction temperature 300°C, the quantity of methanol in oil was 5.0 wt%, the quantity of catalyst SnO was 4.0 wt%, and a longer reaction time was preferable.     

磁性固体碱催化剂在棕榈油制备生物柴油中的应用研究

采用煅烧法制得磁性固体碱催化剂CaO/Fe3O4，考察了该催化剂催化24℃分提棕榈油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油的最佳反应条件及催化剂使用寿命。结果表明，最佳反应条件为醇油摩尔比8、催化剂用量4％、反应温度65℃、反应时间2.0 h。在该条件下制得的生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯含量为98.2%，其性能指标均达到国家标准GB/T-20828-2007的要求。在棕榈油制备生物柴油过程中重复利用催化剂CaO/Fe3O4进行酯交换反应8次，产物中脂肪酸甲酯含量均在96.5％以上。     

无甘油副产生物柴油的组分分析及其燃烧性能

以氢氧化钾为催化剂催化棕榈油和新型甲酯化试剂MC进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油,采用气相色谱和气质联用的方法对反应产物进行了定性、定量分析。分析结果表明,由该工艺制得的生物柴油由主产物脂肪酸甲酯和副产物甘油碳酸酯组成。测定了生物柴油的主要物理性能指标,同时在柴油机未作任何调整的情况下进行了台架试验,考察了生物柴油与0#柴油混合燃料对柴油机燃烧过程、经济性和排放性的影响。实验结果表明,制得的生物柴油的密度、酸值和运动黏度均符合国家标准,将其与0#柴油混合(生物柴油体积分数20%)后可直接应用于柴油机,MC和甘油碳酸酯对缸内燃烧过程和经济性影响很小;燃用添加MC和甘油碳酸酯的混合燃料能有效降低柴油机碳烟、碳氢化合物和CO的排放量,NOx排放量稍有增加。     

Production of biodiesel from dairy wastewater sludge: A laboratory and pilot scale study

This study investigates the production of biodiesel from activated sludge of milk processing plant as a low cost feedstock. The method involves lipid extraction, refining and optimization of biodiesel from activated sludge under laboratory conditions. These results were scaled up to a pilot plant was analyzed. In the laboratory study, the sludge yielded 18.81?wt% of crude lipid. It is degummed and dewaxed to get refined oil that is used for the production of biodiesel. The optimal reaction parameters were 0.8?wt% catalyst; a temperature of 55?°C; 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio for 40?min. The process is scaled up to a prototype demonstration plant with a batch size of 10?kg. The dried sludge yielded 16.2?±?1.3?wt% and 13.64?±?0.8?wt% of crude lipid and biodiesel respectively. Biodiesel made in pilot plant is compared with ASTM standards.     

用于棉籽油制备生物柴油的固体酸催化剂研究

研制出适用于棉籽油与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油的固体酸催化剂。考察了催化剂活性组分比例、焙烧温度和焙烧时间等制备条件对催化剂活性的影响。研究结果表明,在n（Al）：n(Zr)：n（La）＝1：0.4：0.08、焙烧温度550℃、焙烧时间5h的条件下优化制备的S2O82-/Al2O3-ZrO2-La2O3固体酸催化剂,用于酯交换反应时具有良好的催化活性和稳定性,在反应温度150 ℃、醇油摩尔比12:1、固体酸催化剂用量为油质量的4％、反应时间6h的条件下产物中棉籽油甲酯含量达到95.8％,催化剂重复使用10次后甲酯含量仍维持在86％左右;制备得到的生物柴油质量达到国家柴油机燃料调合用生物柴油（BD100）标准。     

Kinetic study and techno-economic indicators for base catalyzed transesterification of Jatropha oil

Fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) has been identified as biodiesel alternative fuel obtained from renewable sources. Efforts in Egypt are directed toward the development of new non-edible sources. At the forefront of these non-edible sources comes Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) because it has been grown successfully in Egypt using primary treated municipal wastewater for irrigation. Based on previous research findings for the production of biodiesel from (JCO) using heterogeneous catalyst, some kinetic data on the transesterification reaction were provided. This was achieved by conducting the reaction at various temperatures, reaction time, and dose of catalyst and reactant molar ratios. The transesterification reaction was observed with regard to the percent biodiesel yield versus time and the reaction order was found to be a first order reaction rate equation. Techno-economic indicators revealed that the price of biodiesel produced by heterogeneous base catalyzed method was $0.665/L with a gross profit per year of $37,403,643.     

Optimization of safflower oil transesterification using the Taguchi approach

Biodiesel is an alternative renewable fuel which is produced by using biomass resources. Its physicochemical properties are close to those of the petroleum diesel fuel. This study highlights biodiesel production from safflower seed oil. The main aim of this experimental work is to optimize the process parameters, namely the methanolto-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature for biodiesel production. The Taguchi robust design approach was used with an L9 orthogonal array to analyze the influence of process factors on performance parameters. The results showed that the optimum yield of biodiesel was 93.8% with viscosity 5.60 c St, with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 4:1, catalyst concentration of 1.5 wt%, reaction time of 90 min and reaction temperature of 60 ℃. The catalyst concentration was found to be the most influencing parameter which contributed 51.1% and 50.8% of the total effect on the yield of biodiesel, Y_1, and viscosity of biodiesel, Y_2, respectively.     

尿素包合法分离生物柴油中不饱和脂肪酸甲酯

以废弃油脂所制的生物柴油为原料,以甲醇为溶剂,采用尿素包合法分离不饱和脂肪酸甲酯。适宜工艺条件为:m(尿素):m(生物柴油)=1.7:1,甲醇用量比5.7～7.4 mL/g(以生物柴油计),包合温度5℃,包合时间18 h。在此条件下,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯收率44.64%,质量分数90.23%。     

Effect of operating conditions on alkylation of toluene with methanol

P-xylene (PX) is widely used as a raw material of synthesis of terephthalic acid (PTA) and polyester. With the demand of PTA and polyester, PX is demanded eagerly. The process for preparing PX through alkylation of toluene with methanol has been concerned widely. In an experiment HZSM-5/Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by loading pseudoboehmites on HZSM-5. The strength of B acid is adjusted, so side reactions can be controlled effectively. The optimum operating conditions are that molar ratio of toluene to methanol is 2.0, reaction temperature is 410°C, carrier gas flow is 7 mL/min, and WHSV is 1.0 h^?1 by investigating the effect of operating conditions on toluene conversion and PX selectivity. Toluene conversion and PX selectivity are up to 46.2% and 68.07%, respectively, under the optimum operating conditions.     

固定化脂肪酶催化制备生物柴油

利用自制的酶柱反应器,通过改变反应液流量、溶剂的种类、反应时间以及水含量等参数,考察了大豆油和甲醇在固定化脂肪酶(Cand ida sp.99-125)催化下进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件,并用气相色谱对产物进行了分析。实验结果表明,反应液流量和水含量对转化率影响比较大,转化率随反应液流量的增加出现先增后减的趋势,采用正己烷为溶剂要优于其它溶剂。当以固定化的脂肪酶为催化剂、正己烷为溶剂、n(大豆油)∶n(甲醇)=1∶3、m(大豆油)∶m(水)=5∶1、反应时间为24h、反应液流量1.2mL/m in时,产物中主要脂肪酸甲酯的质量分数可以达到91.87%。     

The qualitative evaluation of cost effective one test-run determination of aromatic hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters content in fossil diesel fuels by high performance liquid chromatography

A high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for quantifying blends of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) in fossil diesel fuel. The qualitative evaluation of a one test-run determination for aromatic hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters content shows that the developed test method gives accurate and reliable test results in the range from 0.3% (m/m) to 30% (m/m) for fatty acid methyl esters content. The uncertainty for the determination of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) content is comparable to the evaluated uncertainty for the standardized test procedure using infrared spectroscopy prescribed in the European norm for fossil diesel fuel.     

反胶束体系中脂肪酶催化乙酸甲酯与棉籽油合成生物柴油

在丁二酸二酯磺酸钠(AOT)反胶束体系中,采用游离脂肪酶催化棉籽油与乙酸甲酯反应制备生物柴油。考察了AOT浓度、水与AOT的质量比(ζ0)、脂肪酶用量、缓冲溶液pH、乙酸甲酯与棉籽油的摩尔比(r)、反应温度、摇床转速等因素对脂肪酶催化合成生物柴油的影响,并考察了脂肪酶的重复使用性能。经单因素实验及正交实验,得出优化的反应条件:AOT浓度40mmol/L,ζ0=7,脂肪酶用量10mg(溶液体积为2.5mL),缓冲溶液pH=7,r=3,反应温度35℃,摇床转速160r/min。在优化的反应条件下,产物脂肪酸甲酯的单程收率最高可达65.53%。酯交换制备生物柴油的影响因素大小依次为:缓冲溶液pH>反应温度>r>脂肪酶用量>AOT浓度>摇床转速>ζ0。与甲醇和碳酸二甲酯作为酰基受体相比,乙酸甲酯为酰基受体时脂肪酶的稳定性较好。